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1.
The concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni and Fe were determined in the surface sediment and marine gastropod Nerita lineata collected in May 2005 from the intertidal zone of Dumai, Sumatera, Indonesia and Johor, Peninsular Malaysia. The results showed that metal concentrations in sediment and the soft tissue of N. lineata varied at different sampling stations. Mean heavy metal concentrations were 0. 92 μg/g(Cd) ;6.40 μg/g(Cu) ;32.77 μg/g(Pb) ;54.41μg/g(Zn) ;11.56 μg/g(Ni) and 2.97%(Fe) in sediment from Dumai and 1.15 μg(Cd) ;26.73 μg/g(Cu) ;53.45μg/g(Pb) ;130.77 μg/g(Zn) ;20.79 μg/g( Ni ) and 2.72% (Fe) in sediment from Johor. Concentrations of metals in gastropod N. lineata were 0.71 μg/g(Cd) ;15.16 μg(Cu) ;9.35 μg/g(Pb) ;94.69 μg/g(Zn) ;5.08 μg/g(Ni) and 397.97 μg/g(Fe) in samples from Dumai and 1.24 μg(Cd) ;18.02 μg/g(Cu) ;19.75 μg/g(Pb) ;95.09 μg/g(Zn) ;5.57 μg/g ( Ni ) and 473. 56 μg/g (Fe) in samples from Johor. Although they were not statistically significant (p >0.05), heavy metal concentrations in N. lineata were correlated with the concentrations of respective metals in sediment in both samples from Dumai and Johor. In general, samples of sediment and gastropod from Johor accumulated significantly higher heavy metal concentrations when compared to samples from Dumai(p < 0. 05). Higher concentrations of metals were recorded in samples collected from the stations close to the industrial and anthropogenic activities in both Dumai and Johor areas. However, most of the concentrations were still comparable to the previous reported studies from other geographical areas. 相似文献
2.
采用溶胶 -凝胶方法 ,以 Co(AC) 2 、Zn(AC) 2 、Mg(AC) 2 、Ca(AC) 2 、Y2 O3、L a2 O3为掺杂物 ,对 Sr Ti O3进行了掺杂研究 ,研究结果表明 ,以醋酸盐为掺杂物所制得的样品 ,分散开的颗粒近似呈球形 ,粒径约为5 0 nm ,主相是 Sr Ti O3;以氧化钇为掺杂物所制得的样品 ,颗粒明显呈六边形 ,粒径约为 2 5 0 nm。各样品的阻温曲线显示 ,室温电阻率可达 10 6 欧姆·厘米。各样品的表征都是基于 XRD分析、TEM分析 相似文献
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超旱生植物红砂与珍珠光合生理生态日变化特征初探 总被引：9，自引：3，他引：6
超旱生植物红砂与珍珠长期生活在严酷的生境中,形成了独特的生物学特性和生理生态适应性。在自然条件下研究了两种超旱生植物的光合生理生态日变化特征。结果表明,红砂和珍珠光合作用受环境变化影响明显,具有一定的可塑性:①在土壤含水量（SWC）、光、温、湿等条件较好的8月22日,两植物净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率(Tr)日变化呈不明显双峰型。Pn红砂高于珍珠,日平均分别为(7.74±0.79)μmol\5m-2\5s-1 和(5.64±0.75)μmol\5m-2\5s-1;Tr也是红砂高于珍珠,日平均分别为(24.38±3.07)mmol\5m-2\5s-1和(15.41±2.01)mmol\5m-2\5s-1;水分利用效率（WUE）则相反,日平均珍珠大于红砂,分别为0.35 μmol·mmol-1和0.31 μmol·mmol-1。②在SWC、光、温、湿等条件较差的9月28日两植物Pn、Tr日变化呈单峰型,且值明显小于8月22日,而WUE则高于8月22日。通过对两种超旱生植物小枝水势、叶片气孔导度及叶绿素荧光参数生理特性变化的分析,得出两植物光合作用受到气孔和非气孔等多种环境及自身因子的影响。 相似文献
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SHI Dong LI Li-juan LI Jin-feng JI Lian-min SONG Fu-gen PENG Xiao-wu ZHANG Li-cheng ZHANG Yu-ze LI Hui-fang SONG Xue-xue NIE Feng ZENG Zhong-min LIU Zhi-qi GUO Fan 《盐湖研究》2019,27(2):95-110
In this work,problems encountered by tri-butyl phosphate( TBP) in the industrialization of lithium extraction from salt lake brine were discussed in detail. The behavior of N,N-bi-( 2-ethylhexyl) acetamide( N523) during lithium extraction was investigated,and its disadvantages were analyzed in the view of practical application. An N523-TBP mixture extraction system was proposed to alleviate or avoid the defects that N523 and TBP met when they were used separately. The optimal composition of this mixture extraction system was determined to be 20% N523-30% TBP-50% kerosene.The effects of brine acidity,Fe/Li molarity ratio,phase ratio and chloride ion concentration on lithium extraction efficiency were discussed. The operation conditions in single-stage extraction were optimized as brine acidity = 0. 05 mol/L,Fe/Li molarity ratio = 1. 3,and phase ratio = 2. The high concentration of chloride ions in brine was beneficial for the extraction of lithium. The structure of the extracted complex was proposed as( LiFeCl_4·n N523·m TBP)·( 2-n) N523·( 2-m) TBP( m + n = 2) by chemical analysis and slope-fitting methods. The extraction thermodynamic functions were calculated preliminarily,and the results suggested that the extraction process was an exothermic( ΔH 0) and spontaneous( ΔG 0) reaction,and the degree of disorder increased( ΔS 0) during the extraction process. This work will give some guidance to the lithium industry of Qinghai in both the fundamental theory and practical application. 相似文献
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采用毛细管气相色谱法(GC-ECD)对北极新奥尔松地区地表沉积物、苔藓和动物粪便中的有机氯农药(OCPs)和多氯联苯(PCBs)进行分析研究。所有样品和空白的回收率分别为69.5%-92.2%(78.8%)、75.1%-112.1%(98.5%)和67.7%-95.1%(79.5%),相对标准偏差分别为6.7%、8.0%和11.3%。检测到OCPs中主要的单体是HCHs和DDTs,浓度范围分别为0.86-4.50ng/g(2.24ng/g)和0.22-1.09ng/g(0.55ng/g),其中HCHs主要以α,β异构体为主,二者占HCHs总量的81.6%,DDTs则主要以单体p,p′-DDD为主。样品中PCBs的浓度范围在0.20-3.25ng/g(0.84ng/g)之间,主要由四氯、五氯和六氯代PCBs同类物组成,分别占总量的23.8%、26.7%和32.3%。本文对HCHs和DDTs各组分间的比值进行了对比研究,并对PCBs同系物进行了主成分分析,证实大气传输是新奥尔松地区环境中POPs污染来源的主要途径之一,并且POPs污染来源具有相同的输入途径。 相似文献
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对前期制备出的原位AlN/AZ91镁基复合材料进行轧制及热处理工艺研究,利用X-ray衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、光学显微镜(OM)、能谱仪(EDS)等对不同轧制及热处理工艺条件下镁基复合材料轧制板材的微观组织进行表征,并对复合材料进行室温拉伸力学性能测试和分析。结果表明:通过优化轧制及热处理工艺,显著改善了原位AlN/AZ91复合材料的微观组织,成功制备出抗拉强度358MPa,屈服强度333MPa,延伸率5.4%的原位AlN/AZ91镁基复合材料轧制板材。 相似文献
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古尔班通古特沙漠6种荒漠草本植物的生物量分配与相关生长关系 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
选取古尔班通古特沙漠6种优势草本（2种短命植物,2种类短命植物,2种一年生长营养期植物）,对比分析了生物量分配及相关生长关系的异同。结果表明：（1）粗柄独尾草（Eremurus inderiensis）和细叶鸦葱（Scorzonera pusilla）的地下生物量较高,根冠比分别为1.412、2.751;小花荆芥（Nepeta micrantha）、琉苞菊（Hyalea pulchella）和雾冰藜（Eremurus inderiensis）、角果藜（Scorzonera pusilla）的地下生物量均较小,根冠比无显著差异,分别为0.150,0.184,0.144,0.101;2种类短命植物具有相似的叶片生物量分配比例,但其余4种植物的叶片生物量分配比例均存在显著差异。（2）6种植物的根冠比随个体增大均呈异速减小,而叶片生物量分配比例与植株大小的关系不一致,表现为异速减少（如细叶鸦葱）或保持恒定（如粗柄独尾草）的趋势。（3）小花荆芥和琉苞菊的地下与地上生物量间为等速生长关系,而粗柄独尾草、细叶鸦葱、角果藜以及雾冰藜则呈现出个体越大地下生物量分配比例越少的格局（异速生长）;6种植物的地下与叶片生物量间均为等速生长关系,且具有共同的相关生长指数（1.035）。6种植物的根冠比和叶片生物量分配比例的差异不仅与物种自身的遗传特性有关,还受个体大小的影响;地下与地上生物量分配存在等速和异速生长的差异;叶片与地下生物量间具有相同的生物量分配速率,表现出对干旱荒漠环境的趋同适应。 相似文献
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《地理学报(英文版)》2019,(10)
A model integrating geo-information and self-organizing map(SOM) for exploring the database of soil environmental surveys was established. The dataset of 5 heavy metals(As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb) was built by the regular grid sampling in Hechi, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in southern China. Auxiliary datasets were collected throughout the study area to help interpret the potential causes of pollution. The main findings are as follows:(1) Soil samples of 5 elements exhibited strong variation and high skewness. High pollution risk existed in the case study area, especially Hg and Cd.(2) As and Pb had a similar topological distribution pattern, meaning they behaved similarly in the soil environment. Cr had behaviours in soil different from those of the other 4 elements.(3) From the U-matrix of SOM networks, 3 levels of SEQ were identified, and 11 high risk areas of soil heavy metal-contaminated were found throughout the study area, which were basically near rivers,factories, and ore zones.(4) The variations of contamination index(CI) followed the trend of construction land(1.353) forestland(1.267) cropland(1.175) grassland(1.056), which suggest that decision makers should focus more on the problem of soil pollution surrounding industrial and mining enterprises and farmland. 相似文献
10.
The effects of salinity on soil organic carbon(SOC) and its labile fractions including microbial biomass carbon(MBC) and easily oxidation organic carbon(EOC),basal soil respiration,and soil nematode community in the Fluvents,an oasis in an arid region of northwestern China were investigated.Five sites were selected which had a salinity gradient with different groundwater table from 1.0 m to 4.0 m.Soils were sampled at the 0–20 cm plough layer from 25 irrigated fields of five sites and electrical conductivity was measured in the saturation paste extracts(ECe).Soils were categorized into five salinity levels:(1) non-saline,(2) very slightly saline,(3) slightly saline,(4) moderately saline,and(5) strongly saline according to the values of ECe.The results show that SOC and total nitrogen concentration,cation exchange capacity(CEC),and the concentrations of labile organic fractions(MBC,EOC),and basal soil respiration decreased significantly with increasing ECe.The relationships between ECe and MBC,EOC and basal soil respiration were best described by power functions.Slight and moderate salinity had no significant impact on soil nematode abundance,but excessive salt accumulation led to a marked decline in soil nematode community diversity and abundance.Soil salinity changed soil nematode trophic groups and bacterivores were the most abundant trophic groups in salt-affected soils.Further study is necessary to identify the response of soil microbial processes and nematode community dynamics to soil salinity. 相似文献
11.
甘肃敦煌西湖荒漠-湿地生态系统优势植物种群分布格局及种间关联性 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
基于25个样地、375个样方和150条样线的调查资料,采用扩散系数(C)、负二项参数(K)、平均拥挤度(m*)、丛生指标(D、聚块性指标(PI)、Green指数(GI)、Cassie指标(GA)和Moristia指数(Ⅰδ)等8个指标以及方差比率(VR)法,对甘肃敦煌西湖荒漠-湿地生态系统优势植物种群的空间分布格局、聚集强度和种间总体关联性进行了研究.结果表明:①研究区8种优势种群均为聚集分布(p＜0.01).其中,多枝柽柳群落、多枝柽柳沙包群落和胡杨群落均具有较高聚集程度,而疏叶骆驼刺群落和芦苇群落均具有较低聚集程度.②研究区优势种群中灌(乔)木层均为聚集分布(p＜0.05).③研究区优势种群在各海拔梯度上均为聚集分布(p＜0.05).随海拔梯度的增加,种群聚集强度增加,且种群聚集程度变化较为平缓.④研究区植物群落中,灌(乔)木层主要种群的种间联结表现为显著的正关联,乔灌草和草本层的主要种群的种间联结表现为显著的负关联.应用2×2联列表x2统计量、联结系数(AC)和共同出现百分率(PC)等方法,综合分析了敦煌西湖主要种群的种间联结显著性和关联强度.结果表明:研究区大多数种群种间关联程度不显著(p＞0.05),不关联的种对数明显要多于显著关联种对数,显著负关联的种对数多于正关,说明种群对生境和资源要求不一样,与总体种间相关性检验的方差比率VR值的结果一致,群落中优势物种处于不稳定阶段. 相似文献
12.
AGUIRRE-SALADO Carlos Arturo TREVIO-GARZA Eduardo Javier AGUIRRE-CALDERóN Oscar Alberto JIMéNEZ-PéREZ Javier GONZáLEZ-TAGLE Marco Aurelio VALDEZ-LAZALDE José René MIRANDA-ARAGóN Liliana AGUIRRE-SALADO Alejandro Iván 《地理学报(英文版)》2012,22(4):669-680
Spatially-explicit estimation of aboveground biomass(AGB) plays an important role to generate action policies focused in climate change mitigation,since carbon(C) retained in the biomass is vital for regulating Earth’s temperature.This work estimates AGB using both chlorophyll(red,near infrared) and moisture(middle infrared) based normalized vegetation indices constructed with MCD43A4 MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) and MOD44B vegetation continuous fields(VCF) data.The study area is located in San Luis Potosí,Mexico,a region that comprises a part of the upper limit of the intertropical zone.AGB estimations were made using both individual tree data from the National Forest Inventory of Mexico and allometric equations reported in scientific literature.Linear and nonlinear(expo-nential) models were fitted to find their predictive potential when using satellite spectral data as explanatory variables.Highly-significant correlations(p = 0.01) were found between all the explaining variables tested.NDVI62,linked to chlorophyll content and moisture stress,showed the highest correlation.The best model(nonlinear) showed an index of fit(Pseudo-r2) equal to 0.77 and a root mean square error equal to 26.00 Mg/ha using NDVI62 and VCF as explanatory variables.Validation correlation coefficients were similar for both models:lin-ear(r = 0.87**) and nonlinear(r = 0.86**). 相似文献
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以内蒙古河套灌区湿地植物芦苇(Phragmites australis)根际土壤为材料,采用分离培养法对天然湿地和退化湿地的芦苇根际细菌多样性进行了研究。16SrRNA基因系统发育分析的结果显示,分离自天然湿地芦苇根际的45株细菌分属于γ-变形菌纲(44.44%)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)(42.22%)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)(13.33%)3大类群,其中,γ-变形菌纲为最优势类群,芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)(42.2%)为最优势菌属;分离自退化湿地芦苇根际的44株细菌分属γ-变形菌纲(13.63%)、β-变形菌纲(6.82%)、厚壁菌门(47.73%)及放线菌门(Actino-bacteria)(31.82%)4大类群,其中厚壁菌门为最优势类群,芽孢杆菌属(40.9%)为最优势菌属。研究结果表明,天然湿地和退化湿地芦苇根际细菌都具有较丰富的多样性,但天然湿地与退化湿地芦苇根际细菌群落结构存在一定差异。 相似文献
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南京太平门地段雪松树年轮及其根土中化学元素含量的相关性研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
１９９４年在南京市太平门街道采集了五株雪松的年轮样及其根部土壤（黄棕壤ｐＨ＝６．６８）,分别测定了Ｌｉ、Ａｌ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｍｎ、Ｃｏ、Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ、Ｂａ和Ｐｂ等１１种化学元素含量,实测结果验证了雪松年轮与其根部当年土壤中化学元素含量满足对数线性相关模式;ｌｇＣ′（Ｚ,ｔ）＝ａ（Ｚ）＋ｂ（Ｚ）ｌｇＣ（Ｚ,ｔ）。根据年轮元素含量Ｃ（Ｚ,ｔ）可以重建过去根土中元素含量Ｃ′（Ｚ,ｔ）,即反映环境（土壤）中元素含量的逐年演变的年份序列。利用Ｃ（Ｚ,ｔ）中最低含量可估算该地段黄棕壤的土壤元素背景值。 相似文献
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Exploring the database of a soil environmental survey using a geo-self-organizing map: A pilot study
A model integrating geo-information and self-organizing map (SOM) for exploring the database of soil environmental surveys was established. The dataset of 5 heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb) was built by the regular grid sampling in Hechi, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in southern China. Auxiliary datasets were collected throughout the study area to help interpret the potential causes of pollution. The main findings are as follows: (1) Soil samples of 5 elements exhibited strong variation and high skewness. High pollution risk existed in the case study area, especially Hg and Cd. (2) As and Pb had a similar topo-logical distribution pattern, meaning they behaved similarly in the soil environment. Cr had behaviours in soil different from those of the other 4 elements. (3) From the U-matrix of SOM networks, 3 levels of SEQ were identified, and 11 high risk areas of soil heavy metal-contaminated were found throughout the study area, which were basically near rivers, factories, and ore zones. (4) The variations of contamination index (CI) followed the trend of construction land (1.353) > forestland (1.267) > cropland (1.175) > grassland (1.056), which suggest that decision makers should focus more on the problem of soil pollution surrounding industrial and mining enterprises and farmland.
相似文献16.
为了快速有效检测南疆地区典型土壤（沙壤土）的盐分含量变化,利用光谱仪和电导仪测得南疆阿拉尔市红枣种植区盐渍土近红外高光谱和电导率数据,基于7种不同光谱预处理方法和2种特征波长选择算法,分别建立多元线性回归（MLR）和偏最小二乘回归（PLSR）的土壤盐分监测模型。结果表明：7种预处理方法中,归一化,多元散射,变量标准化和一阶导数能够有效提高土壤盐分的预测模型精度。基于多元逐步回归（SMR）波长选择方法的多元线性回归（SMLR）模型的Rval2>0.948 9,RPD>6.294 9,RMSEP<0.435 6;基于连续投影算法（SPA）的多元线性回归（SPA-MLR）模型的Rval2>0.956 8,RPD>6.922 1,RMSEP<0.361 6,预测结果要优于偏最小二乘回归（PLSR）模型,其中基于归一化处理后的SMLR和SPA-MLR的预测精度最为理想,分别为Rval2=0.979 2,RPD=9.907 8,RMSEP=0.287 6和Rval2=0.980 5,RPD=10.50,RMSEP=0.278 3,而且筛选的特征波长较少。说明归一化是更有效的光谱预处理方法,多元线性回归（MLR）更适合建立南疆典型沙壤土盐分含量的预测模型。 相似文献
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18.
老挝VIIRS活跃火的主要自然地理要素特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用美国国家航空航天局火灾信息资源管理系统（FIRMS）VIIRS V1活跃火、先进星载热发射和反射辐射仪全球数字高程模型（ASTER GDEM）、MODIS NDVI/LSWI与土地覆被数据产品（FROM-GLC）,基于GIS定量分析老挝2012—2017年从分省到国家不同空间尺度活跃火频次的动态变化,并重点分析2015厄尔尼诺年活跃火频次及其与海拔、坡度、植被-水分（NDVI *、LSWI）指数、土地覆被等主要自然地理要素的相关特征。结果表明：① 老挝活跃火频次呈先增后减的趋势,峰值在2015厄尔尼诺年,主要集中在上、中寮,其中琅勃拉邦、沙耶武里与沙湾拿吉三省居前三位,而万象市、塞公和赛宋本则居后三位。② 老挝2012—2017年活跃火发生频次与地形因素（海拔、坡度）的关系基本相同,活跃火集中在海拔1000 m以下、坡度小于30°的低山-丘陵区。其中,上寮活跃火集中分布在500~1000 m、10~30°的斜陡坡山地,中、下寮集中在500 m以下、2~20°的缓斜坡丘陵。③ 活跃火高度集中在旱季,以3月、4月最多,并集中分布在NDVI为0.4~0.8和LSWI为0.2~0.6的中高覆盖度植被区。④ 老挝活跃火主要发生在森林这一土地覆被类型中,且以上寮最为集中,而中寮多以农田、草地和灌丛活跃火为主。综上,基于自然地理要素的活跃火特征分析可以有效识别其发生类型,即老挝活跃火主要由刀耕火种农业所引起。 相似文献
19.
Household CO_2 emissions were increasing due to rapid economic growth and different household lifestyle. We assessed per capita household CO_2 emissions(PHCEs) based on different household consuming demands(including clothing, food, residence, transportation and service) by using provincial capital city level survey data in China. The results showed that:(1) there was a declining trend moving from eastward to westward as well as moving from northward to southward in the distribution of PHCEs.(2) PHCEs from residence demand were the largest which accounted for 44% of the total.(3) Correlation analysis and spatial analysis(Spatial Lag Model(SLM) and Spatial Error Model(SEM)) were used to evaluate the complex determinants of PHCEs. Per capita income(PI) and household size(HS) were analyzed as the key influencing factors. We concluded that PHCEs would increase by 0.2951% and decrease by 0.5114% for every 1% increase in PI and HS, respectively. According to the results, policy-makers should consider household consuming demand, income disparity and household size on the variations of PHCEs. The urgency was to improve technology and change household consuming lifestyle to reduce PHCEs. 相似文献
20.
旱地紫色土团聚体特征的指标比较 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
土壤团聚体是土壤肥力的基础，团聚体结构对土壤肥力有重要的影响。用团聚体几何平均直径(GMD)、平均重量直径(MWD)、粒径分布分形维(D)和表面分形维(P)分别对紫色土团聚体及水稳性团聚体进行分析：几何平均直径(GMD)、平均重量直径(MWD)、粒径分布分形维(D)和表面分形维(P)从不同角度反映紫色土团聚体特征；几何平均直径(GMD)、平均重量直径(MWD)对团聚体和水稳性团聚体分布均能较好地反映；粒径分布分形维(D)和表面分形维(P)能更好地反映团聚体的水稳性和抗蚀性，是描述土壤团聚体水稳性和抗蚀性的新指标和新方法。 相似文献