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探地雷达（GPR）是管线渗漏探测的有效方法,但是当地下介质分布较为复杂时,难以直接从GPR数据剖面图中准确识别出渗漏异常区。为此,针对渗漏异常区含水量高的特点,根据反射波系数与介电常数的关系,提出了GPR数据的电场分量成像技术。利用时间域有限差分法（FDTD）模拟了不同介电参数的地质模型在GPR中的电磁波响应,由正演模拟结果可知分界面两侧介质的介电常数差异性越大反射波能量越强。最后将GPR数据的电场分量成像技术应用于某工业区管道渗漏探测中。试验结果表明,管道渗漏异常区在电场分量图谱中表现为高幅值区。 相似文献
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为研究轻非水相液体污染土壤的介电性质,在实验室条件下,利用石英砂( 粒径0. 106 ～ 0. 212 mm) 、柴油和水的混合物模拟LNAPL 污染土壤,采用开口同轴探头法利用高频电磁波( 200 MHz ～ 3 GHz) 在污染土壤中的反射获得介电常数,并分析土壤中油水体积含量变化与相对介电常数的变化规律。实验结果表明: 非饱和状态下石英砂的相对介电常数随着体积含水量和含油量的增大而增大,达到饱和状态后体积含油量的增加对相对介电常的影响不明显; 被污染的非饱和状态的砂样在放置过程中,相对介电常数随着放置时间的延长呈现先增大最后趋于稳定的变化趋势。 相似文献
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探地雷达测量近地表含水量的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为充分验证探地雷达方法用于测量近地表含水量的有效性和可靠程度,基于探地雷达的反射波法,根据介电常数、电磁波传播速度和含水量三者之间的关系,着重分析了探地雷达反射波法用于测量含水量的相关理论和特点,设计了适用于高频雷达信号的速度分析算法,建立了用于分析该问题的局部含水层模型。利用FDTD方法模拟分析了不同测量方式下,局部含水层的探地雷达响应,借助速度分析理论及Topp公式,反演得到了研究区域的含水量。 相似文献
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焉耆盆地土壤盐分剖面特征及其与土壤颗粒组成的关系 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为查明焉耆盆地土壤盐分剖面特征及其影响因素, 进行土壤样本含盐量及颗粒组成测试, 利用Spearman等级相关分析两者关系.结果表明: 土壤盐分剖面分为3种类型——均布型、表聚型和振荡型, 均布型剖面含盐量最低且分布均匀, 表聚型剖面盐分表聚特征最明显(表聚系数4.20), 振荡型剖面含盐量高且变异程度大(变异系数82.4%); 土样类型中粉质壤土最多(占70.8%), 颗粒组成中粉粒平均含量最高(57.1%); 均布型剖面盐分与粘粒含量相关程度最高(相关系数0.560), 为极显著正相关; 振荡型剖面盐分与砂粒含量相关程度最高(相关系数-0.639), 呈极显著负相关; 表聚型剖面盐分与颗粒组成无明显关系.结合各类剖面分布区域可知, 在砂粒含量与盐分含量较低的非盐渍化地带, 土壤盐分分布主要受粘粒含量影响; 砂粒含量与盐分含量较高的盐渍化地带, 土壤盐分分布主要受砂粒含量影响. 相似文献
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泸西岩溶断陷盆地西南部既比村一带广泛分布着碳酸盐岩,岩溶极为发育,且极不均匀,地表以溶隙、溶沟为主,溶蚀残丘发育,局部发育溶井,出露有既比村大泉。通过开展1∶1万水文地质调查,在综合分析研究基础上,采用高密度电法剖面快速扫面,结合激电测深确定井位,实施的示范孔SK1、SK2钻孔,两个钻孔相距48 m,再进行跨孔CT成像探测地下岩溶发育及地下水的赋存状态实验研究,结果表明跨孔CT成像结果与实际钻探成果解译相差不大,表明该方法能更好地解译出地下岩溶发育及地下水赋水状态特征。采用常规的物探方法仅能推测竖直方向的地质情况,不利于查清横向连续发育的破碎带和溶洞空间分布。跨孔电磁波CT探测技术与钻探相结合,可以弥补这方面的不足。在碳酸盐岩地层中,根据在地下空间中不同发射角度的电磁波能量衰减值,利用反演算法得出地下介质的吸收系数空间分布,重建钻孔之间剖面的吸收系数二维图像,不同的吸收系数判断岩溶发育情况及地下水富水性。跨孔电磁波CT探测在岩溶断陷盆地探测结果说明,这种方法可行有效,为更好地布置钻孔找水提供了先进的技术。 相似文献
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通过野外调查和实验分析,在西安蓝田安村黄土剖面S_4古土壤剖面中发现了具有指示当时土壤水分含量、地下水富集和水分循环的铁锰结核、针铁矿[α-FeO(OH)],在西安地区确定了风化淋滤黄土层和显著迁出了土壤黏化层的CaCO_3结核淀积层。针铁矿呈褐黄色薄膜分布于土体表面,含量可达3.3%。铁锰结核呈黑褐色球形,电镜下多呈结晶粒状,铁锰成分含量很高。针铁矿和铁锰结核富集层厚0.6m,形成于紧靠地下水的位置。通过研究提出了铁锰结核和风化淋滤黄土层及CaCO_3结核淀积层可作为恢复土壤古水分含量的重要指标。针铁矿、铁锰结核和风化淋滤黄土层的形成以及CaCO_3结核与红色铁质胶膜的迁移深度指示,在S_4古土壤发育时期,西安地区为亚热带气候,当时年平均气温为15~16℃,年平均降水量在900~1000mm之间。那时秦岭失去了亚热带与温带气候分界线的作用。在S_4古土壤发育时期,西安地区土壤重力水分布深度达到了3.3m,当时土壤水在经过蒸发与蒸腾消耗之后,3.3m深度范围内剩余的土壤平均含水量一般为25%左右,在针铁矿和与铁锰结核发育层位含水量接近饱和(50%左右)。当时土壤水分非常充足,水分循环正常,水分平衡为正,有较多水分补给地下水,适于茂盛森林植被发育。本文所确定的古含水量指标为国内外第四纪土壤含水量、水分存在形式与水循环研究提供了标准和方法。 相似文献
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龙口煤矿主要为新生界古近系含煤建造,共含煤1、煤2、煤3、煤4四层煤,煤2为全区稳定可采煤层。以往的地震勘探剖面上反映煤2反射特征明显,断点干脆。在新采集的海上三维地震剖面上,煤2局部存夹矸,致使煤2反射波表现异常。通过正演模拟,总结出夹矸层厚度与频率的相互关系及其反射波特征。从实际资料的处理中,可以看出,经保幅处理后的叠前时间偏移剖面,比常规时间叠加剖面更能准确的反映出夹矸层的透镜体反射特征,特别是透镜体的上、下部同相轴反射波组强弱之分更加明显。实际采掘数据表明,地震剖面解释的夹矸分布范围,与实际情况吻合较好。 相似文献
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汤家法 《地质灾害与环境保护》2009,20(3):90-95
土壤水分状况是形成泥石流的关键性水文因素之一。本文以蒋家沟为研究对象,基于水分的物理循环过程并与半分布式水文分布模型TOPMODEL相结合,建立起土壤湿度逐日变化模拟模型。研究表明,流域的平均饱和度是土壤水分条件评估的较好的指标,结合蒋家沟流域2001年暴发的17场次的泥石流事件得到以下一些结论：（1）前期降水主要积累在地表以下约90cm土壤中;（2）65％的流域平均饱和度值是判断激发泥石流的前期土壤水分条件的临界值;（3）2001年蒋家沟流域暴发的17场次的泥石流中,以土体饱和启动为主要类型。本文所构造的模型能够比较好地模拟出流域内土壤湿度逐日变化情况并对激发泥石流的土壤水分条件作出适当的评估。 相似文献
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与广泛分布于干旱河谷的宽级配砾石土体特征不同,冰碛土广泛分布在青藏高原地区,属粗大颗粒多、粘粒含量少、摩擦阻力大、粘滞阻力小的宽级配砾石土体。在冰川融雪与降雨的共同作用下冰碛土体可失稳并起动泥石流,形成灾害。针对冰碛土体起动泥石流机理研究薄弱的现状,本文选取波密县帕隆藏布流域的支流嘎弄沟一冰碛土堆积坡面,通过模拟降水与冰雪融水起动冰川泥石流实验,比较不同颗粒组成、不同实验条件下的土体起动泥石流特征,分析其起动成因及力学特性,探讨冰碛土体起动泥石流的机理。研究发现冰碛土体失稳起动泥石流是粘滞阻力降低、孔隙水压力升高、拖曳力与渗流侵蚀共同作用的结果,起动过程受粘土颗粒含量和径流类型的影响。当粘粒含量较高时(>3%),土体通过铲蚀与面蚀形成泥石流;粘粒含量中低时(不高于3%),大部分坡面土体主要经掏蚀与坍塌起动泥石流;粘粒含量过低时(<0.32%),土体难以起动泥石流。在降水作用下土体孔隙水压力迅速增加,易造成土体破坏,起动泥石流;而在冰雪融水的作用下,土体孔隙水压力波动幅度不大时,土体同样可能发生失稳破坏起动泥石流。 相似文献
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内蒙古鄂尔多斯西北土壤水流动示踪实验及自流井群补给源讨论 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
降水模拟实验证明,鄂尔多斯北部沙土层单次降水入渗最大深度小于1 m,降水在土壤中受到蒸发后排泄到大气中。实验证实,只有当土壤含水率达到最大田间持水率,吸附在土颗粒表面的薄膜水才能克服电磁引力转化为重力水,在重力的作用下继续下渗。鄂尔多斯北部的年降水量小而蒸发量大,降水入渗土壤不能形成累积效应,无法形成连续下渗的重力水流。同位素示踪分析表明,土壤水主要来源于地下潜水,结合土壤含水率与TDS分析证实,地下水是通过薄膜水与蒸发-凝结方式补给到土壤水中,薄膜水从高温区向低温区流动,对于等温的薄膜水而言,薄膜水从厚层向薄层流动。同位素分析表明,都思兔河流域的河水、泉水、井水、湖泊、土壤水接受相同的外源水补给。鄂尔多斯盆地降水比地表水与地下水明显富集重同位素,不符合补给区降水同位素特征。鄂尔多斯盆地地下水分水岭与基底断裂带重合,据此推断,外源水以深循环方式通过基底断裂带补给鄂尔多斯盆地,在干旱地区形成自流井群。 相似文献
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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are the main constituents of clophen (the liquid of the electric transformers and capacitors)
and have been characterized as potential human carcinogens. PCBs can be a hazardous contaminant of soil and groundwater. We
used the mathematical model variably saturated 2D flow and transport (VS2DT model) to simulate the transport of PCBs from
the soil surface to groundwater for a time period of 30 years. We also used a mathematical model to simulate the colloid-facilitated
PCB transport, under saturated flow conditions. The results showed that PCBs dissolved in water cannot be transported to large
depths in unsaturated soils, because of their strong sorption onto soil and low solubility in water. For soils with very low
or no organic matter content, PCB transport is much faster and the probability of groundwater contamination is much higher.
PCBs can partition to colloids originating from dissolved organic matter in groundwater. Colloid-facilitated PCB transport
is faster compared to PCB transport in aqueous solution with no colloids present. 相似文献
15.
在沈抚灌区野外调查和室内外试验的基础上, 建立水分-反应性石油污染物运移的耦合数学模型, 采用数值方法模拟可溶性油(有效油) 的分布规律, 并定量分析了石油污染土壤不同恢复方案的可行性.研究结果表明, 土壤中的化学作用使可溶性油运移速度远远小于土壤水的入渗速度, 所以可溶性油主要分布在土壤耕作层之内, 难以通过灌溉污水的入渗直接污染地下水; 另外, 清污混合灌溉和改变作物结构的控制方案虽然可以大大降低土壤中可溶性油的含量, 但石油污染土壤的彻底恢复还必须依靠地表水或地下水的合理灌溉 相似文献
16.
以生态输水为代表的湿地修复工程在西北内陆流域得到了广泛应用,生态输水情形下地下水与湿地植被的交互作用决定着湿地生态系统的演化过程。以西北典型内陆流域—石羊河流域青土湖湿地为研究区,基于地下水-湿地生态系统多要素一体化动态监测网络,结合稳定同位素和卫星遥感技术手段,分析生态输水情形下的地下水动态变化与湿地植被恢复情况,从水文地质角度揭示地下水与湿地生态系统的协同演化机制。结果显示:夏季末和秋季生态输水时,湖水补给地下水且土壤含水率增大,最大土壤含水率可达0.45 m3/m3;冬季湿地湖面和表层土壤冻结,湖水对地下水补给量减少,春季冻土和湖面消融导致地下水略有回升,同时增大土壤含水率;夏季在下次生态输水前湖面面积最小(湖面面积最小约为1 km2,地下水水位最大埋深为3.6 m),部分区域地下水补给湖水,此时表层土壤含水率也最低(最小土壤含水率为0.01 m3/m3);夏季末和秋季生态输水通过将生态水储存在地下水和土壤中进而作用于次年的植被恢复与生长,增大生态输水所形成的湖面面积有助... 相似文献
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To investigate the groundwater levels changes effects on the transpiration of Salix psammophila (S. psammophila) bush, systemic measurements of meteorological conditions, sap flow of S. psammophila, soil water contents and groundwater levels were conducted in the Hailiutu River catchment, NW of China. Based on the collected field data, Hydrus-1D software package was used to calibrate water movement for root uptake in the saturated–unsaturated zone. The soil hydraulic parameters and root uptake function parameters were calibrated. The simulated results of soil water contents and sap flow fitted well with the observed ones. Based on the calibrated hydraulic parameters, different groundwater levels were imposed at the low boundary to simulate the groundwater levels changes effects on the transpiration. The relationship between ratio of actual transpiration and potential (T/T p) and groundwater water table depth was established. The results shows that the ratio of actual transpiration and potential transpiration decreases with groundwater table depth increase as inverse ‘S’ shape. And the turn point is corresponding to the extinct depth, i.e., no groundwater contribution to S. psammophila transpiration. To further verify this phenomenon is universal, the soil hydraulic parameters were replaced with the other five groups in the calibrated forward model. The results confirmed the similar changes of T a/T p with the groundwater levels changed, i.e. inverse ‘S’ shape. However, the extinction depth is different corresponding to different soil hydraulic parameters. So, the research results indicated the relationship between transpiration and groundwater levels is non-linear function. 相似文献
18.
Axel Bronstert Benjamin Creutzfeldt Thomas Graeff Irena Hajnsek Maik Heistermann Sibylle Itzerott Thomas Jagdhuber David Kneis Erika Lück Dominik Reusser Erwin Zehe 《Natural Hazards》2012,60(3):879-914
Flood generation in mountainous headwater catchments is governed by rainfall intensities, by the spatial distribution of rainfall and by the state of the catchment prior to the rainfall, e.g. by the spatial pattern of the soil moisture, groundwater conditions and possibly snow. The work presented here explores the limits and potentials of measuring soil moisture with different methods and in different scales and their potential use for flood simulation. These measurements were obtained in 2007 and 2008 within a comprehensive multi-scale experiment in the Weisseritz headwater catchment in the Ore-Mountains, Germany. The following technologies have been applied jointly thermogravimetric method, frequency domain reflectometry (FDR) sensors, spatial time domain reflectometry (STDR) cluster, ground-penetrating radar (GPR), airborne polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (polarimetric SAR) and advanced synthetic aperture radar (ASAR) based on the satellite Envisat. We present exemplary soil measurement results, with spatial scales ranging from point scale, via hillslope and field scale, to the catchment scale. Only the spatial TDR cluster was able to record continuous data. The other methods are limited to the date of over-flights (airplane and satellite) or measurement campaigns on the ground. For possible use in flood simulation, the observation of soil moisture at multiple scales has to be combined with suitable hydrological modelling, using the hydrological model WaSiM-ETH. Therefore, several simulation experiments have been conducted in order to test both the usability of the recorded soil moisture data and the suitability of a distributed hydrological model to make use of this information. The measurement results show that airborne-based and satellite-based systems in particular provide information on the near-surface spatial distribution. However, there are still a variety of limitations, such as the need for parallel ground measurements (Envisat ASAR), uncertainties in polarimetric decomposition techniques (polarimetric SAR), very limited information from remote sensing methods about vegetated surfaces and the non-availability of continuous measurements. The model experiments showed the importance of soil moisture as an initial condition for physically based flood modelling. However, the observed moisture data reflect the surface or near-surface soil moisture only. Hence, only saturated overland flow might be related to these data. Other flood generation processes influenced by catchment wetness in the subsurface such as subsurface storm flow or quick groundwater drainage cannot be assessed by these data. One has to acknowledge that, in spite of innovative measuring techniques on all spatial scales, soil moisture data for entire vegetated catchments are still today not operationally available. Therefore, observations of soil moisture should primarily be used to improve the quality of continuous, distributed hydrological catchment models that simulate the spatial distribution of moisture internally. Thus, when and where soil moisture data are available, they should be compared with their simulated equivalents in order to improve the parameter estimates and possibly the structure of the hydrological model. 相似文献
19.
冰湖溃决型泥石流是高原山区特殊的地质灾害,以西藏聂拉木县嘉龙湖为例,建立了一套冰湖溃决型泥石流危险性评价方法.以喜马拉雅山区1970—2015年气温波动频次和聂拉木冰湖溃决历史事件预测了未来10年嘉龙湖溃决的时间概率.利用遥感影像识别嘉龙湖上方不稳定冰体的范围和规模,采用美国土木工程师协会推荐公式和修正的三峡库区涌浪计算方法分析了冰川滑坡产生的涌浪规模,从涌浪波压力和越顶水流推力两方面预测了冰碛坝发生失稳的可能性.采用FLO-2D模拟冰湖溃决泥石流的运动过程,以最大流速和泥深表达了嘉龙湖溃决泥石流的危险程度.评价结果表明:2002年嘉龙湖溃决事件与当年气温偏高有关,未来嘉龙湖发生溃决概率高;冰川滑坡激起涌浪能够翻越坝顶,并引起坝体快速侵蚀而溃决;冰湖溃决泥石流对聂拉木县城河道两侧54栋建筑造成威胁.评价方法实现了冰湖溃决型泥石流危险性的定量分析,评价结果对聂拉木县城泥石流防灾具有现实意义. 相似文献
20.
Soil salinisation determines the distribution pattern of crop processes in irrigation districts. The research presented here was conducted in the Luohui Canal Irrigation District, which is located in the loess area of Shaanxi Province, China. A back-propagation artificial neural network (BPANN) for the soil water-salt state was established to predict soil salinity and alkalinity. The degree of influence of numerous factors on the dynamics was quantitatively determined using the default factor testing method and verified with grey relational analysis. The results show that the BPANN prediction accuracy is very high, and it can efficiently depict the comprehensive relationships between the influential factors and dynamic states. The influence of soil moisture, evaporation, groundwater salt and groundwater depth on the dynamics is significant in the region. The current irrigation method, used for many years, cannot meet the water necessities for the vegetation, causing the groundwater levels to decline and a lowering of the soil moisture zone, leading to the occurrence of serious soil salinisation. Under the action of evaporation, more salt accumulates in the upper part of the soil, resulting in extensive soil salinisation. The higher the groundwater salt content, the more salt is carried by rising capillary water, and the more the soil is salinised. If groundwater depth was to exceed the critical water table, then groundwater and salt would move to the soil surface by moisture evaporation, and salt would build up on the soil surface in this irrigation district. The interactions between each factor forms a complex coupling relationship state. 相似文献