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1.
利用激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子质谱 (LA- ICPMS)对扬子克拉通宜昌三峡地区早奥陶世不同时期海相碳酸盐岩地层中的牙形石个体进行了原位分析,并与已发表的世界其他地区古海水的稀土元素 (REE)组成进行了比较,利用 REE和微量元素组成、δ Ce和 Sm/Nd比值等地球化学指标恢复了该时期古海水的地球化学性质.结果表明,该区早奥陶世牙形石的 REE和微量元素地球化学异常与海平面的升降、古环境的变化有关联,与已有的古生物地层、古地理研究结果一致.因此,牙形石的 REE和微量元素地球化学特征可以在古环境再造过程中发挥重要的作用. 相似文献
2.
利用生物成因磷灰石的氧同位素信息能够重建古海水温度,尤其是牙形石,结合其在生物地层学上的研究,它的数据解释具有明确的古环境意义。牙形石微小的个体一直是其精确地球化学分析的限制因素。作为对牙形石微区原位氧同位素测试方法的探索研究,本文利用Cameca IMS--1280 型二次离子质谱仪对牙形石进行了微区原位氧同位素组成测试,通过分析得到可靠的古表层海水温度 ( SST) 记录,表明从晚二叠世到早三叠世SST 存在明显的上升过程。相比常规Ag3PO4 实验方法,牙形石微区原位氧同位素分析方法更加快速,而且能够有效避免牙形石易受到污染的部位,获得更为可靠的牙形石氧同位素组成的测定结果。 相似文献
3.
贵州罗甸二叠纪末生物大灭绝事件后沉积的微生物岩时代和沉积学特征 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8
二叠纪末期发生的显生宙以来最大的生物绝灭事件,使海洋生态系统和陆地生态系统均受到重创之后,微生物岩广泛分布于全球正常浅海地区。研究认为,扬子地台在二叠纪末期存在一次海平面降低的事件,造成研究区二叠纪地层与早三叠世微生物岩之间存在沉积间断或剥蚀,并使三叠纪牙形石混入二叠纪末期的沉积物中。二叠-三叠系界线位于微生物岩层的底界;微生物岩形成于早三叠世最早期,相当于Hindeodus parvus带,是早三叠世最早期开始的海侵事件为其提供生长所需的可容纳空间。在Isarcicella staeschei带-I. isarcica带早期再次发生相对海平面降低事件,之后海平面开始快速上升。研究区早三叠世早期的微生物岩以凝块构造发育为特征,具有斑状、层状、枝状和网状凝块构造4种典型中型构造。结合前人的工作,认为微生物群落通过生物沉积和物理沉积作用形成球状体,球状体汇聚形成不同的中型凝块构造。研究扬子地台早三叠世凝块石的确切时代和结构、构造类型特征,为准确恢复生物大灭绝事件前后的环境变迁以及生物演化事件与环境变化的相互作用关系提供重要的证据。 相似文献
4.
牙形石广泛分布于寒武纪至三叠纪的海洋里。三叠纪牙形石的种类、形态、大小和产出频率受海水盐度、深度、温度和水动力条件等因素控制，不同的牙形石生态特征即牙形石相反映不同的沉积环境，所以，根据三叠纪牙形石相和牙形石特征属种的丰度，不但可区分三叠纪不同的沉积相区（台地相区、台地边缘相区、盆地相区），恢复三叠纪古地理面貌，而且可划分出牙形石生物地理区。中国早三叠世牙形石归属特提斯生物大区亚洲生物省，并可进一步划分出两个生物亚省和若干生态区。 相似文献
5.
西藏西部狮泉河地区二叠纪和三叠纪牙形石的发现及其意义 总被引：2，自引：3，他引：2
西藏西部阿里狮泉河地区的昂杰组、下拉组和左左组中发现牙形石化石。昂杰组的牙形石组合大致对比于中二叠世空谷期早中期Mesogondolella idahoensis-Vjalovognathus shindyensis组合带。下拉组顶部的牙形石组合大致对比于晚二叠世长兴期晚期Clarkina changxingensis带。左左组中含有早三叠世的Neospathodus sp.和Gladigondolella sp.,左左组和下拉组整合接触,左左组主体时代为三叠纪。狮泉河地区在早二叠世末期就开始由冈瓦纳相碎屑岩沉积转变为特提斯相碳酸盐岩沉积,在晚二叠世长兴期和早三叠世依然维持在海相沉积环境中。冈底斯西部在晚二叠世和三叠纪为古陆的观点有待于重新审视。 相似文献
6.
土隆村三叠系剖面,地质构造简单,牙形石极其丰富,整个三叠纪牙形石明显地可分为12个带。其中早三叠世6个带,中三叠世2个带,晚三叠世4个带。 相似文献
7.
贵州二叠纪——三叠纪古气候和古海洋环境的地球化学研究 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
通过对贵州二叠纪和三叠纪地层沉积岩相、古生物组合、稀土元素、碳氧同位素和微量元素地球化学综合研究,发现贵州二叠纪、早一中三叠世和晚三叠世三个地质时期古气候和古海洋环境有明显差别。其中二叠纪为潮湿的热带海洋性气候,海水相对氧化,盐度正常,平均温度为53℃;早一中三叠世为干燥的大陆性气候,海水相对还原,盐度较高,平均温度为38℃;晚三叠世又转变为潮湿的气候,海水相对氧化,盐度正常,平均温度为44℃。,结合泛大陆演化特征,讨论了造成气候变化的原因。 相似文献
8.
拉萨地块晚二叠世-三叠纪地层的研究对认识青藏高原前新生代特提斯演化具有重要意义,但目前对该时期的沉积充填序列及古地理环境尚未形成统一认识.通过对西藏昂仁县孔隆地区开展的详细地层和牙形石相关研究,在木纠错组上部发现了晚三叠世诺利期Epigondolella sp.牙形石分子,在下拉组顶部发现了时代跨越晚二叠统长兴阶和早三叠统印度阶的牙形石Hindeodus typicalis;从而将研究区木纠错组时代重新厘定为晚二叠世长兴期至晚三叠世诺利期,指示拉萨地块西部三叠纪应仍为连续的浅海相沉积. 相似文献
9.
10.
利用激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子质谱(LA-ICP-MS)对三峡地区二叠系茅口组牙形石的U-Th-Pb同位素年龄进行测定。结果表明该地层中牙形石的208Pb/232Th放射年龄为269±44,Ma,207Pb/235U放射年龄为256±39,Ma,接近二叠系茅口组的生物地层年龄。206Pb/238U的年龄为196±6,Ma,虽然准确度较高,但与前人推测的地层年龄相比偏低。此外,作者对牙形石的稀土元素(REE)组成进行了分析,并且发现牙形石的REE组成和Ce异常与古海水氧化还原条件有一定的相关性,可以指示古海水的信息。 相似文献
11.
Milo Barham 《Geology Today》2015,31(2):74-80
Conodonts were small, thin, elongate jawless creatures that were a common component of the marine fauna from the late Cambrian, throughout the Palaeozoic and into the Triassic. For the majority of conodont research history, speculations on conodont affinity were restricted to the histology and arrangement of their mineralized tissues—‘conodont elements’. These conodont elements comprise millimetre‐scale phosphatic microfossils that superficially resemble teeth, and are commonly recovered from the residues of appropriately aged, disaggregated sedimentary rocks. It has only been in the last three decades, since the discovery of exceptionally preserved soft tissues, that the debate on conodont affinity has been refined, though it has hardly been less vigorously debated. Despite being studied extensively for over more than a century and a half, conodonts retain significant enigmatic qualities. Although many geologists today are familiar with the name, knowledge of conodont biology and ecology are often surprisingly lacking or confused, and conodonts remain as largely disembodied microfossil curiosities. Despite this, conodont elements are extensively and variously used in biostratigraphy, thermal maturation studies and palaeoenvironmental reconstructions, while conodonts themselves occupy a potentially critical position in the evolutionary tree of our own phylum—the chordates. 相似文献
12.
E. A. Mathez 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1995,119(2-3):277-286
The rare earth element (REE) contents of pyroxenes and other minerals from the Merensky reef and stratigraphically adjacent rocks of the Atok section, Bushveld Complex, have been determined with the ion microprobe. Merensky reef clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene contain much higher and more variable concentrations of the REE than their cumulus counterparts in rocks several meters below the reef. Chondrite-normalized Merensky clinopyroxene Ce contents vary from 10 to 90 for Ce and from 4 to 17 for Yb. They also possess deep, negative Eu anomalies, the Eu anomalics being deeper for crystals having high REE contents and relatively shallow for pyroxenes with low REE contents. Similar compositional characteristics are displayed by Cl-rich apatite, which is an accessory phase in the rocks. Interstitial pyroxene in cumulates above and below the reef also tends to have elevated REE contents and in general is not in equilibrium with coexisting cumulus minerals. The melt from which the cumulus minerals crystallized falls within the compositional range of continental basalts; that from which Merensky and postcumulus pyroxenes crystallized is inferred to be much more highly enriched in REE than any normal tholeiitic or alkalic basalt. Despite their highly evolved nature in terms of the REE, the Merensky reef pyroxenes are not evolved in terms of major elements. The decoupling of incompatible trace and major elements is best explained by a metasomatic process. It is speculated that metasomatism involved upward percolation of hydrated silicate melt through and its reaction with the crystalline cumulate pile. The fact that the rocks enriched in the platinum group elements are also those that show evidence for metasomatism suggests that these elements were also metasomatically redistributed. 相似文献
13.
Camomilia A. Bright Timothy W. Lyons Michael D. Glascock 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2009,73(6):1609-190
Past workers have used rare-earth element patterns recorded in biogenic apatite as proxies for original seawater chemistry. To explore the potency of this approach, we analyzed Pennsylvanian conodonts from limestones, gray shales, and black shales of the Fort Scott and Pawnee formations (Desmoinesian) and Swope and Dennis formations (Missourian) in Kansas, Missouri, and Iowa, U.S.A. Analysis of individual platform conodonts from seven taxa using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) revealed a consistent enrichment in the middle rare-earth elements (MREE). Analogous MREE enrichment has been observed in authigenic apatite and bulk samples of phosphate-rich black shales from the same formations. Importantly, however, phosphate-depleted shales intimately associated with the P-rich intervals are relatively depleted in MREE. These antithetic patterns argue convincingly for secondary migration from the bulk sediment into the phosphate, and the extent of MREE enrichment in the conodonts is correlated positively with the total REE content. MREE enrichment in conodonts does not vary systematically as a function of lithology, stratigraphic level, conodont genus, geographic location, or with independent estimates of paleoredox conditions in the bottom waters. Collectively, these results argue for postmortem (diagenetic) REE uptake resulting in a pronounced (and progressive) MREE enrichment. Any cerium anomalies, if initially present, were masked by diagenetic uptake of REE. Paleoenvironmental interpretations of conodont REE, particularly for samples exhibiting MREE enrichment, should therefore be viewed with caution. 相似文献
14.
Fifty-seven shallow groundwater samples were collected from Guiyang karst basin, China, to analyze the aqueous rare-earth elements in low-water seasons and it is shown that the total amount of rare-earth elements (ΣREE) in karst groundwater is exceedingly low compared with that in carbonate rocks or weathering crusts of carbonate rocks, and ranges from 0.01 to 0.43, from 0.03 to 0.27, from 0.03 to 0.19 and from 0.05 to 1.38 μg·L-1 for dolomite, dolomitic & limestone, limestone and clastic rock aquifer, respectively. Both distributions and contents of rare-earth elements (REE) in karst groundwater reflect the lithology of host rocks or weathering crusts of carbonate rocks through which groundwater flows. The chondrite-normalized patterns show a non-flat profile with higher enrichment of slightly light rare-earth elements (LREE) than heavy rare-earth elements (HREE), prominent fractionation between LREE and HREE, negative Ce anomalies and negative or positive Eu anomalies. There is more obvious fractionation between LREE and HREE in groundwater than that in carbonate rocks and their weathering crusts due to high contents of HCO3? and PH in groundwater. In shallow karst groundwater, REE(CO3)n2n-3 (n=1 and 2) is the main inorganic species of REE. But for a clastic rock aquifer, both REESO4+ and REECO3+ are the main inorganic species of REE. Species of REE in groundwater is closely associated with the hydrochemical type of groundwater which is predominated by the lithology of host rocks, groundwater-rock interaction and weathering-pedogenesis of carbonate rocks. 相似文献
15.
Given the lacking of effective geothermometer， it is difficult to reconstruct the complex thermal evolution history of marine carbonate rocks. It is considered that conodonts widely distributed in Paleozoic strata are suitable for the reconstruction of thermal history of carbonate strata. In this study， we mainly discussed the basic principle and experimental test method of conodont （U-Th）/He thermochronology， and the influencing factors of conodont （U-Th）/He ages. The thermal diffusion experiment reveals that the closure temperature of conodont （U-Th）/He is 60°~70°. Conodont samples have strong inverse relationship between effective uranium concentration and （U-Th）/He data. The main reasons for the open-system behavior in conodont （U-Th）/He are possible U loss during dissolution procedure using formic acid， the fluidity of U and Th elements during diagenesis， excessive initial He， and the non-uniform parent isotope distributions， etc. The higher CAI values the conodonts have， the more brittle the conodonts will become； the possibility of parent isotope loss will increase， and consistently they have older （U-Th）/He dates and substantially more scattered individual dates. Conodont tissue type also affects the parent isotope distribution and element migration of conodonts， and the change of its microstructure leads to the dispersion of conodont （U-Th）/He dates. Finally， we explored the existing problems and put forward the future hot research and development direction of conodont （U-Th）/He thermal dating system， so as to promote the deep development of relative theory and technology of conodont （U-Th）/He thermochronology. 相似文献
16.
The younger granites in Finland contain more REE than the older ones. In the youngest, postorogenic rapakivi granites, the total REE concentration is highest, the light REE are more enriched, and the negative Eu anomaly is more pronounced than in the older granites. The enrichment of the light REE, the anomalous behavior of the extreme elements (La, Ce, and Lu) in normalized graphs, and the depletion of Eu indicate the degree of differentiation the rock has undergone. These features are usually more pronounced in large, homogeneous granites than in metamorphic or volcanogenic rocks. Silicic vein rocks usually contain less REE than the granites proper; the distribution pattern in many is as in granites, but in some the heavy elements are more enriched. The positive Eu anomaly in Precambrian metamorphic rocks is tentatively attributed to metamorphic differentiation and to the secretion of silicic material from the host rock. 相似文献
17.
碳酸盐岩是地球表层岩石圈的重要组成部分,其化学组成可提供沉积环境与海洋水体演化等信息,然而,前人对碳酸盐岩中稀土等元素的分布与变化特征关注不足。本文选择穿越中国东部6个一级大地构造单元的3条地球化学走廊带,系统采集了582件碳酸盐岩地层样品,并准确分析了包括稀土元素(REE)在内的81项指标的含量。结果表明,中国东部地球化学走廊带碳酸盐岩稀土元素(REE＋Y)总量为(0.59～183)×10-6,均值为24.0×10-6,纯净碳酸盐岩(CMC含量≥99％)均值为4.80×10-6。PAAS标准化后其显示具有轻稀土相对于中稀土和重稀土略亏损、δEu轻微正异常、δCe中度负异常等特征。白云岩中稀土含量、LREE/HREE值一般低于石灰岩;砂泥质含量相近时,前中生代各时代碳酸盐岩稀土分布模式相差不大,各构造单元稀土分布特征基本相似;与其他时代相比,中生代及中新元古代碳酸盐岩具有相对较平坦的稀土分布模式。研究表明,碳酸盐岩中稀土分布受碎屑物质影响明显,表现为稀土元素含量与碳酸根负相关,与碎屑物质相关元素(Si、Ti、Rb、Cs、Th、Zr等)、黏土相关元素(Al、Fe、K等)等正相关。成岩过程及白云化过程对较纯净碳酸盐岩中稀土分布特征影响不明显。我国古生代纯净碳酸盐岩分布模式受控于海相环境,其分布模式与现今海水相近;中生代纯净石灰岩受到陆相或海陆交互相的影响,具有较平坦的稀土分布模式。氧化还原条件对δCe的影响较δEu更为明显,δCe值受海相环境控制,极端正异常值(δCe＞1.3)受到还原环境或/和热液影响。若假定海水中REE自中元古代至今无太大变化,各时代稀土元素分配系数均值介于103.55～102.39,分配系数差异是造成碳酸盐岩中轻稀土亏损、Ce负异常及Y正异常的主要原因。微生物(席)可富集稀土等金属元素并改变沉积环境,这可能是造成中新元古界碳酸盐岩较平坦的稀土分布模式的主要原因。 相似文献
18.
Iron-manganese concretions and their surrounding soil materials from six sites in New Zealand have been analysed for rare-earth elements (REE). The samples studied fall into two groups: (1) those in which Ce is the only REE enriched in the concretions relative to the surrounding soil materials; and (2) those in which all REE are enriched in the concretions relative to the surrounding soil materials and in which Ce and Tb show consistently higher degrees of enrichment than do other REE. Comparison of enrichment factors (i.e., concentration in concretions/concentration in surrounding soil materials) indicates that Ce and total REE enrichment is related to Mn rather than Fe enrichment in concretions. Other trace element results show that As is enriched in all the concretion samples. 相似文献
19.
羌塘地体西南缘布木错—雄巴日—羌多—赛登地区分布着大量呈岩株或岩枝状的中酸性-基性侵入岩,其岩石地球化学特点是低SiO2(67.99%~73.32%)、高Al2O3(12.82%~15.02%),属于过铝质花岗岩,里特曼指数(2.09~2.63)σ<3.3,属钙碱性花岗岩类;稀土元素显示为轻稀土较强富集和重稀土强亏损的特征,岩浆结晶分异程度较高。岩石地球化学特征和稀有元素特征图解指示花岗岩构造环境有一定的差异性,以I型为主,其形成及侵位应与古特提斯洋的闭合、新特提斯洋的扩张有关,属同碰撞型造山花岗岩。通过对该区多个花岗岩体锆石LA-ICPMS 测定,测得其形成年代为116~107 Ma,与早白垩世晚期羌塘地体南缘的陆-陆碰撞作用时间相吻合。 相似文献