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1.
周期荷载作用下盐岩声发射特征试验研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
通过改变恒幅荷载条件下的上限应力、下限应力以及加载速率等试验条件,基于声发射技术对盐岩疲劳损伤特征进行试验研究。试验发现,盐岩声发射信号出现在加载阶段和卸载初期,而砂岩声发射信号一般集中出现在上限应力处;盐岩疲劳寿命对下限的依赖程度大于砂岩;随着上限应力的增大,盐岩声发射振铃数增多。加载速率的提高会加速盐岩的疲劳破坏。通过对比声发射振铃数累计曲线和应变累计曲线,发现两者有很好的对应关系,说明二者在反映盐岩疲劳损伤时具有一致性。最后对盐岩进行3级变幅荷载试验,发现第3级声发射振铃数比相同上、下限应力的恒幅荷载条件下多,说明变幅荷载造成的盐岩损伤比恒幅荷载条件下严重。 相似文献
2.
饱水作用对砂岩变形及强度特征影响显著,考虑岩体实际赋存环境,为了解复杂应力路径下饱水砂岩宏细观力学特性,利用RMT-150C岩石力学多功能试验机及SEM电镜扫描技术,对饱水砂岩进行循环荷载作用后卸荷破坏试验,研究不同影响因素作用下的疲劳损伤特征,重点分析了加载频率、上限应力等因素对卸荷变形、强度及细观损伤特征的影响规律。研究表明,根据试验设计方案获得的饱水砂岩应力-应变曲线大致可以划分为5个典型阶段,其中,同一应力状态下,疲劳损伤阶段轴向不可逆应变在等速变形阶段的应变速率随加载频率的增大迅速增加,这表明上限应力的“门槛值”极有可能是变化的,且与加载频率及循环次数密切相关;同时,卸围压变形破坏阶段的总应变及围压卸荷量均随加载频率（或上限应力）的增大而减小,与该阶段持续时间随加载频率（或上限应力）的变化规律一致。不仅如此,通过分析饱水砂岩破坏面细观损伤特征发现,加载频率与上限应力作用下的细观损伤特征差异显著,其中破坏面微裂隙面积占比随加载频率增大而减小,上限应力则恰好相反。 相似文献
3.
为研究盐岩在循环荷载作用下的疲劳特性和微观结构变化,对盐岩试件展开了不同上限应力下的单轴疲劳试验;同时,利用SEM和NMR设备观测了盐岩试验前后的微观结构。结果表明：循环荷载作用下,盐岩内部裂纹发育以晶间裂纹的生成为主,且裂纹数量随上限应力比（上限应力与单轴抗压强度的比值）增大而增加。循环荷载作用后（12 000次循环）,盐岩内部大孔隙和总孔隙数量增加,小孔隙数量减少,且大孔隙和总孔隙增加的数量及小孔隙减少的数量均随上限应力比增大而增加。上限应力比为0.40且荷载循环次数N≤2 000次时,盐岩内部小孔隙、大孔隙和总孔隙数量均随荷载循环次数增加而增加;但小孔隙数量的增长速率大于大孔隙,此时盐岩孔隙结构变化以小孔隙萌生为主。上限应力比为0.40且荷载循环次数N >2 000次时,盐岩内部大孔隙和总孔隙数量仍随荷载循环次数增加而增加,而小孔隙数量不断减少,此时盐岩孔隙结构变化以大孔隙生成为主。通过求解S形函数反函数的方法,建立了一个形式简单、参数少,且能够描述盐岩累计不可逆变形发展全过程的经验疲劳模型,并利用盐岩疲劳试验结果验证了模型的合理性。 相似文献
4.
为研究三向应力状态下周期荷载对工程岩体长期稳定性的影响,对黄砂岩试样进行了不同围压的常规三轴压缩试验和周期轴向荷载疲劳试验,得到了黄砂岩疲劳破坏的轴向、环向及体积变形特性。试验结果表明:常规三轴轴向周期荷载作用下,黄砂岩疲劳破坏的轴向、环向以及体积变形受到静态应力-应变曲线变形量的控制;疲劳破坏轴向、环向的峰值变形和不可逆变形均符合三阶段倒S型曲线发展演化规律;围压对轴向变形发展规律有一定强化作用,对环向变形发展规律却有所抑制;在疲劳破坏变形过程中,峰值应变ε_(max)具有和不可逆应变ε~p相似的发展规律,弹性应变ε~e在3个阶段基本保持不变,不可逆应变增量Dep的变化规律能够反映3个阶段应变速率的发展演化规律;变形比强度更适合作为岩石疲劳破坏的依据,黄砂岩的疲劳破坏变形特性研究为建立岩石的疲劳破坏力学模型做了基础。 相似文献
5.
《岩土力学》2017,(9):2531-2538
为了合理地描述岩石的阻尼行为,提出了考虑轴向和环向阻尼振动的岩石阻尼参数计算方法;通过动循环荷载、分级循环荷载和常幅循环荷载试验,对比分析了这3种不同应力路径下砂岩、砾岩及砂砾岩的阻尼特性,得到了阻尼参数对应力幅值、应变幅值的响应特性,揭示了常幅循环加载过程中阻尼比和阻尼系数随循环次数的演化规律;从熵守恒和能量守恒定律出发,建立了岩石阻尼比随循环次数演化的经验模型。结果表明:(1)动荷载下岩石的阻尼比与轴向应变幅值成线性递增,而阻尼系数恰好相反;分级循环荷载下岩石的阻尼参数都随应力幅值成线性递增。(2)疲劳破坏门槛值是岩石耗散能和阻尼比演化规律发生变化的分界点,在应力上限高于疲劳破坏门槛值时,耗散能、阻尼比及阻尼系数随循环次数都呈3阶段的变化规律,演化曲线呈半U型;在应力上限低于疲劳破坏门槛值时,呈现2阶段的发展规律,演化曲线呈L型;(3)通过砂岩的阻尼比试验,验证了所建模型能够描述砂岩在常幅循环荷载过程中阻尼行为。 相似文献
6.
砾性土的动力强度和变形特性是分析砾性土地基及其构筑物地震永久变形的基础。本文采用大型动三轴仪对饱和砾性土进行不排水循环三轴试验,系统地研究了两种砾性土在循环加载条件下的不排水强度和变形特性,探讨了循环应力比、平均固结应力、固结应力比、初始孔隙比和循环次数对砾性土变形和超静孔压特性的影响。试验结果表明：砾性土的累积轴向应变和超静孔压比随循环应力比、平均固结应力和初始孔隙比的增大而增大,超静孔压比随固结应力比的增大而减小;当循环次数小于20时,固结应力比对累积轴向应变的影响较小,而当循环次数大于20时,累积轴向应变随固结应力比的增大而减小。根据试验结果,建立了考虑平均固结应力、初始孔隙比、循环次数和累积轴向应变影响的不排水动力强度和超静孔压经验模型,其计算值与试验结果比较吻合,说明该模型可以较为准确地描述循环荷载作用下砾性土的不排水动力强度、超静孔压和累积变形的变化规律。 相似文献
7.
为了研究盐岩在低频循环荷载作用下的蠕变特性,采用恒轴压、循环围压的应力加载方式对盐岩开展了低频循环荷载蠕变试验。试验结果显示,当蠕变时间较短时,盐岩轴向蠕变曲线近似为平滑曲线,波动性不大;当时间增加到一定程度以后,盐岩变形随围压变化而发生明显的波动。总体来看,循环荷载下盐岩轴向蠕变曲线与Burgers模型蠕变曲线较为相似。将Burgers模型分解为Maxwell模型和Kelvin模型,忽略材料的疲劳效应,分别推导了恒轴压、循环围压应力加载方式下Maxwell模型和Kelvin模型的轴向蠕变方程,分析了荷载循环周期对模型蠕变性的影响规律;将循环荷载下Maxwell模型和Kelvin模型的轴向蠕变方程进行叠加,得到了循环荷载下Burgers模型的轴向蠕变方程,并利用盐岩蠕变试验结果对其合理性进行了验证。结果表明:拟合曲线和试验曲线吻合良好,该模型能够较好地反映盐岩在循环荷载作用下的蠕变特性和荷载变化对盐岩蠕变性的重要影响,特别是能够反映出不同荷载循环周期下盐岩变形随荷载变化而发生的明显的波动现象。 相似文献
8.
三轴应力状态下盐岩强度分析探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过分析盐岩在三轴应力状态下的变形,说明了较高围压下盐岩的大变形特性,提出了三轴应力状态下,利用轴向荷载除以试件初始横截面面积得到应力-应变关系存在的问题,据此对工程应变和对数应变进行了分析和对比,阐明了这两种应变的适用条件,并开展了不同围压下的试验测试和对试验结果对比分析。研究揭示了应利用对数应变分析盐岩的大变形特性和对变形后的应力进行修正,得到了盐岩的工程应变和对数应变均可表示为围压的线性函数,围压为20 MPa时的轴向压缩变形量是5 MPa时的3.09倍。围压越高,对数应变修正得到的最大轴向应力与不修正的差值越大,用对数应变修正后的轴向应力低于不修正的结果,围压达到20 MPa时,前者仅为后者的63.85%。 相似文献
9.
为研究地下盐穴储气库受间歇性周期注、采循环载荷作用下围岩的非连续疲劳破坏演化过程,对取自巴基斯坦的深层盐岩进行了室内三轴间隔疲劳试验研究,并分析了三轴状态下不同围压、不同应力等级对盐岩间隔疲劳的影响。试验结果表明：（1）与单轴间隔疲劳相比,围压的存在不仅提高了盐岩的抗压强度,而且增加了盐岩的疲劳寿命,围压越高增加的幅度越明显。（2）三轴间隔疲劳试验中,盐岩间隔后循环中的残余应变大于间隔前的残余应变。这与单轴间隔疲劳得到的结果一致,但围压的上升会导致盐岩的残余变形积累速度以及间隔前后循环残余的变形差值都减小。（3）随着应力等级的升高,残余应变以及时间间隔前后的残余应变差值都呈现增大的趋势。 相似文献
10.
盐岩具有较好的蠕变特性和损伤自恢复性,被公认为储能或油气储备的理想介质。对盐岩复杂力学行为进行准确表征和预测是保障盐穴地下空间利用工程安全性的基础。通过定义硬化参量等特征因子,建立了新的能够考虑复杂加卸载路径的盐岩蠕变疲劳本构模型。基于盐岩变形位错机制,引入双曲线阻尼元件,作为表征岩石硬化程度的状态变量;通过硬化参量的演化,考虑加卸载历史对盐岩变形行为的影响。借鉴经典Norton模型的应力-应变关系建立蠕变疲劳本构的基本框架关系。通过引入裂隙扩展因子,假设初始形核长度,考虑材料的断裂韧度,修正邻近破坏阶段(加速变形阶段)的应力-应变关系。该模型能够很好地预测常规蠕变、循环加卸载、下限间隔循环加卸载、梯形波蠕变循环加卸载等常见复杂加卸载路径下的塑性变形特征,且能够较好地表征恒荷载蠕变与循环加卸载之间的相互影响。新的蠕变疲劳本构模型中大部分参数具有较为明确物理意义,参数a表征盐岩稳态变形阶段应力与变形率的关系因子,参数b为确定盐岩第一阶段减速变形阶段的关系因子,参数d0和μd分别表示初始裂纹形核量和裂隙扩展速率因子,共同修正模型临界破坏阶段的应力... 相似文献
11.
Yong-Jie Yang Lu-Yi Xing Hui-Qiang Duan Lei Deng Yan-Chao Xue 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2018,11(18):560
The experimental study of fatigue damage to coal under cyclic loading is important for guiding the design of pillars in underground coal mines where the pillars may be affected by repeated mining activity. In this paper, the strength, deformation, energy dissipation, and fatigue of samples of coal from a mine in China are studied using cyclic loading with a servo-controlled rock mechanical test system. The results indicate that coal is more likely to suffer fatigue damage than other, harder, rock lithologies. Under uniaxial cyclic loading, the fatigue failure “threshold value” for the coal samples studied is less than 78% of its uniaxial strength, but there is also a certain amount of fatigue damage when the cyclic loading/unloading experiments are carried out below the threshold value for fatigue failure. Axial deformation during the tests can be divided into three stages: initial deformation, constant steady deformation, and accelerated deformation. Transversal deformation can be divided into two stages: stable deformation and accelerated deformation. During cyclic loading experiments, imminent sample failure is signaled when transversal deformation increases significantly and quickly and the deformation recovers little when the load is removed. With an increasing number of loading/unloading cycles, a graph of energy dissipation per unit volume versus number of cycles presents an L-shaped curve when the coal samples do not suffer fatigue failure. However, for the coal samples that do rupture due to fatigue, the curve is U-shaped. Under cyclic loading, the evolution of compaction, strain hardening, strain softening, and failure of coal can be revealed in great detail by fatigue damage experiments. 相似文献
12.
岩石低周疲劳损伤模型与损伤变量表达方法 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
在岩石（体）工程领域,周期荷载作用下岩石的疲劳破坏特性与岩体的长期稳定性密切相关。针对目前对混凝土疲劳损伤研究较多,但对岩石疲劳损伤研究相对较少这一现状,运用损伤力学方法对以累积塑性应变表达的损伤变量进行了分析,指出了目前常用的以累积塑性应变表达的损伤变量表达式存在的理论上的缺点,建立了一种新的岩石疲劳损伤变量表达方法。为研究岩石在疲劳荷载作用下力学性能不断劣化的过程,从连续介质损伤力学的基本理论出发,分析岩石在疲劳荷载下的损伤发展和变形规律,并考虑岩石材料的硬化特性,推导了低周疲劳损伤演化方程,经低周疲劳试验数据分析,所建模型可以较好地反映岩石的疲劳损伤演化规律,可用于岩石在低周疲劳荷载作用下的有限元分析。 相似文献
13.
The fatigue damage behavior of granite under constant and variable amplitude loadings is studied. The experimental analysis reveals that there is a three‐stage law for the fatigue damage evolution as a function of absolute or relative cycle and the inverted‐S damage model proposed by the author, in this case, is capable of representing the damage behavior of rock. However, when the logarithmic cycle is considered, there are only two stages, i.e. steady and accelerated stages and the fatigue damage evolution greatly depends on the properties of rock and stress level. Accordingly, the fatigue damage evolution curves have been categorized into three types. Then, the effect of maximum stress, amplitude and fatigue initial damage on the damage evolution of rock is investigated. The analysis reveals that the damage evolution greatly depends on these influencing factors. The fatigue life decreases with the increase in the maximum stress, amplitude and fatigue initial damage due to the decrease in the proportion of the first stage to the whole fatigue process and the increase in the damage rate in the first stage. Meanwhile, a linear‐exponential formula is used to model the fatigue damage behavior of rock subjected to cyclic loading. This damage model is superior to the inverted‐S damage model in the convenience of establishment of critical instability point. The physical meanings of its constants have been illuminated and the applicability of this model to constant and variable amplitude cyclic loading explored. The fitting results for the test data show that this damage model can properly represent the fatigue damage behavior of rock. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
14.
姜德义杨镇宇范金洋李宗泽锁进杰陈结 《岩土力学》2023,(2):403-414
作为一种典型软岩,盐岩力学特性的时间相关性显著,准确预测和评估盐穴储气库加卸载过程中的变形损伤能力,关系到能源储备库的长期安全稳定运行。为研究盐岩的速率效应,进行了不同加卸载速率的疲劳试验。基于现有蠕变本构模型,构建了速率效应方程,区分了加卸载过程中的蠕变塑性变形与加载塑性变形。研究结果表明：（1）盐岩的整体疲劳寿命、稳定变形阶段（即第2阶段）疲劳寿命占比基本随加卸载速率的增大而增大。（2）减速变形阶段（即第1阶段）疲劳寿命占比、稳定变形阶段平均残余应变基本随加卸载速率增大而减小。（3）速率耦合疲劳试验中,加卸载速率越大,残余应变越小,蠕变塑性变形随加卸载速率的增大而减小,当加卸载速率由0.04 kN/s增加至5 kN/s时,蠕变塑性变形在循环中的占比由85%下降至36%,呈现出负指数的关系。（4）整个循环加卸载过程中,加载塑性变形、蠕变塑性变形均呈现U型发展趋势,与盐岩疲劳过程的三阶段相对应。该研究结果可以为进一步分析盐岩蠕变塑性与加载塑性奠定基础。 相似文献
15.
Zhechao Wang Shucai Li Liping Qiao Jiangang Zhao 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2013,46(6):1603-1615
A series of laboratory tests were performed to examine the fatigue behavior of granite subjected to cyclic loading under triaxial compression condition. In these tests, the influences of volumetric change and residual strain on the deformation modulus of granite under triaxial cyclic compression were investigated. It is shown that the fatigue behavior of granite varies with the tendency for volumetric change in triaxial cyclic compression tests. In the stress–strain space, there are three domains for fatigue behavior of rock subjected to cyclic loading, namely the volumetric compaction, volumetric dilation with strain-hardening behavior, and volumetric dilation with strain-softening behavior domains. In the different domains, the microscopic mechanisms for rock deformation are different. It was also found that the stress level corresponding to the transition from volumetric compaction to volumetric dilation could be considered as the threshold for fatigue failure. The potential of fatigue deformation was compared with that of plastic deformation. The comparison shows that rocks exhibit higher resistances to volumetric deformation under cyclic loading than under plastic loading. The influence of residual strain on the fatigue behavior of rock was also investigated. It was found that the axial residual strain could be a better option to describe the fatigue behavior of rock than the loading cycle number. A constitutive model for the fatigue behavior of rock subjected to cyclic loading is proposed according to the test results and discussion. In the model, the axial residual strain is considered as an internal state variable. The influences of confining pressure and peak deviatoric stress on the deformation modulus are considered in a term named the equivalent stress. Comparison of test results with model predictions shows that the proposed model is capable of describing the prepeak fatigue behavior of rock subjected to cyclic loading. 相似文献
16.
A nonlinear parallel-bonded stress corrosion (NPSC) model is proposed to simulate the fatigue characteristics of artificial rock (concrete) during cyclic loading. Numerical simulations of fatigue tests replicate the main mechanical features of concrete specimens subjected to cyclic loading observed in the laboratory. A nonlinear reduction speed of the bond diameter between two bonded particles represents the damage rate induced by the fatigue load. The damage rate is proportional to the maximum cyclic load level when the minimum cyclic load level is fixed. Compared with laboratory data, a logarithmic function of bond diameter in the NPSC model resulted in the best fit to simulate the fatigue behaviour of concrete. The simulation includes acoustic emission (AE) monitoring during fatigue tests. The axial strain of the assembly is governed by the evolution of bond breakages. The sum of released bond strain energy is documented as value proportional to cumulative AE energy. The simulation results show very similar evolution compared with laboratory data, which verifies the effectiveness of AE energy simulation.
相似文献17.
In this study, the inclined sandstone specimen is introduced into cyclic loading tests to fulfill the coupled compression-shear loading state. 21 cyclic coupled compression-shear loading tests are conducted on inclined specimens under different loading conditions, including maximum stress levels ranging in 0.80, 0.85, 0.90 and 0.95, and amplitude levels varying in 0.40, 0.50, 0.60 and 0.70. Our testing results systematically revealed the influence of cyclic loading parameters on fatigue mechanical response of rocks under coupled compression-shear loading, regarding the deformation characteristics, energy evolution, damage variable and failure mechanism. Under higher maximum stress or cyclic amplitude, inclined rocks are characterized by larger elastic modulus and higher dissipated energy, resulting in less irreversible strain, faster damage accumulation and shorter fatigue life. Furthermore, a fatigue life prediction method is proposed based on the energy dissipation, and its reliability is verified by comparing with experimental results. In addition, the progressive cracking behavior of rocks is analyzed during the fatigue tests by virtue of digital image correlation technique. Under cyclic coupled compression-shear loading, rock specimens are featured by a prominent shear-dominated failure along its short diagonal direction combined with local tensile damage along the loading orientation.
相似文献18.
循环加卸载下花岗岩非均匀变形演化的声发射特征试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了研究岩石材料在循环加卸载过程中的声发射特征与非均匀变形的对应关系,开展了花岗岩试件单轴循环加卸载试验。利用声发射系统和CCD相机分别对试样变形破坏过程中的声发射信号和试件表面的变形图像进行采集,结合数字散斑相关方法,对试件非均匀变形演化过程中的声发射特性进行研究。研究结果发现：每次循环加载过程中,非均匀变形的最小点皆与应力卸载的最低点相对应。而自局部化带启动后,每次循环加载过程中的非均匀变形的最大点滞后于循环加载应力的顶点。非均匀变形演化与声发射信号存在较好的对应关系,循环加载过程中非均匀变形的首次转折增大点对应声发射信号增加的起点,非均匀变形的最大点对应声发射信号平静期的起点。随循环次数增加,非均匀变形程度与Felicity比呈负相关关系,即非均匀变形越大,损伤程度越大,Felicity比越小。 相似文献