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1.
We investigated spatial and temporal changes in spectral irradiance, phytoplankton community composition, and primary productivity in North Inlet Estuary, South Carolina, USA. High concentrations of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) were responsible for up to 84 % of the attenuation of photosynthetically available radiation (PAR). Green-yellow wavelengths were the predominant colors of light available at the two sampling sites: Clam Bank Creek and Oyster Landing. Vertical attenuation coefficients of PAR were 0.7–2.1 m?1 with corresponding euphotic zone depths of 1.5–6.7 m. Phytoplankton biomass (as chlorophyll a [chl a]) varied seasonally with a summer maximum of 16 μg chl a l?1 and a winter minimum of 1.4 μg chl a l?1. The phytoplankton community consisted mainly of diatoms, prasinophytes, cryptophytes and haptophytes, with diatoms and prasinophytes accounting for up to 67 % of total chl a. Changes in phytoplankton community composition showed strongest correlations with temperature. Light-saturated chl a-specific rates of photosynthesis and daily primary productivity varied with season and ranged from 1.6 to 14 mg C (mg chl a) ?1?h?1 (32–803 mg C m?3?day?1). Calculated daily rates added up to an annual carbon fixation rate of 84 g C m?3?year?1. Overall, changes in phytoplankton community composition and primary productivity in North Inlet showed a strong dependence on temperature, with PAR and spectral irradiance playing a relatively minor role due to short residence times, strong tidal forcing and vertical mixing.  相似文献   

2.
Measurements of primary production in surf-zone habitats are relatively rare and often utilize simulation approaches, owing to the physical challenges of working in surf. The study reported here examined primary production in situ at two open ocean sandy beaches in southeastern North Carolina during relatively calm summer conditions. In situ bottle incubations using 14C uptake methods were complemented by simultaneous measures of phytoplankton photo-physiology assessed by Fast Repetition Rate Fluorometry (FRRF) in flow-through mode at the two sites across a spring-neap tidal cycle in July, 2010. The surf-zone phytoplankton was dominated by small centric and pennate diatoms as well as cyanobacteria and chlorophytes with biomass concentrations of 3.63?C9.23?mg chl a m?3. Primary productivity was relatively high, ranging from 31.5?C88.0?mg?C?m?3?h?1 by 14C. Biomass-specific productivity averaged ??9.4?mg C (mg chl a)?1?h?1 by 14C, indicating healthy phytoplankton populations. Measurements of the functional absorption cross section of photosystem II, ??PSII, via FRRF were 327?C380, comparable to values reported by other investigators of open ocean phytoplankton. Averaged values of the maximum effective quantum yield, F v/F m, corresponded to proportions of photochemically competent PSII reaction centers of 62.6?% to 72?%, indicating that the phytoplankton were nutrient-replete. These data suggest that the surf zone, although a spatially confined habitat, is a productive one that plays a significant role in coastal ocean ecology. Further investigation is needed to better understand primary productivity of phytoplankton in the surf zone and the effect of the dynamic environment on their physiological responses.  相似文献   

3.
The impact of mesozooplankton (>210 μm, mostly adult copepods and late-stage copepodites) and micrometazoa (64–210 μm, mostly copepod nauplii) on phytoplankton size structure and biomass in the lower Hudson River estuary was investigated using various14C-labeled algal species as tracers of grazing on natural phytoplankton. During spring and summer, zooplankton grazing pressure, defined as %=mg C ingested m?2 h?1/mg C produced m?2 h?1 (depth-integrated rates)×100, on total phytoplankton ranged between 0.04% and 1.9% for mesozooplankton and 0.1% and 6.6% for micrometazoa. The greatest grazing impact was measured in fall when 20.2% and 44.6%, respectively, of the total depth-integrated primary production from surface water phytoplankton was grazed. Mesozooplankton exhibited some size-selective grazing on phytoplankton, preferentially grazing the diatomThalassiosira pseudonana over the larger diatomDitylum brightwelli, but this was not found for micrometazoa. Neither zooplankton group grazed on the dinoflagellateAmphidinium sp. We conclude that metazoan zooplankton have a minimal role in controlling total phytoplankton biomass in the lower Hudson River estuary. Differences in the growth coefficients of various phytoplankton size-fractions—not grazing selectivity—may be the predominant factor explaining community size-structure.  相似文献   

4.
Sediment-water exchanges of ammonium (NH4 +), nitrate + nitrite (NOx ?), filterable reactive phosphorus (FRP, primarily ortho-phosphate), and oxygen (O2) under aphotic (heterotrophic) conditions were determined at 2–5 stations in the Neuse River Estuary, from 1987 to 1989. Shallow (1 m), sandy stations were sampled along the salinity gradient. Fluxes from deep (>2 m) sites were compared to the shallow sites in two salinity zones. Grain size became finer and organic content increased with depth in the oligohaline zone but not in the mesohaline zone. Net release of NH4 + and FRP occurred at all sites. Fluxes varied from slight uptake to releases of 200–500 μmol m?2 h?1 (NH4 +) and 150–900 μmol m?2 h?1 (FRP). Net NOx ? exchange was near zero, but were ±100 μmol m?2 h?1 over the year. Release of NH4 + and FRP from the shallow sandy stations decreased with distance down the estuary, but O2 uptake did not change. The deeper oligohaline site had twofold higher rates of NH4 + and FRP release and O2 uptake than the shallow site, but no differences occurred between depths in the mesohaline zone. Temperature and organic content were important controls for all fluxes, but water column NOx ? concentration was also important in regulating NOx ? exchanges. Ratios of oxygen consumption to NH4 + release were near the predicted ratio (Redfield model) at oligohaline sites but increased down estuary at mesohaline sites. This may be due to greater nitrification rates promoted by autotrophy in the sediments.  相似文献   

5.
Sediment-water oxygen and nutrient (NH4 +, NO3 ?+NO2 ?, DON, PO4 3?, and DSi) fluxes were measured in three distinct regions of Chesapeake Bay at monthly intervals during 1 yr and for portions of several additional years. Examination of these data revealed strong spatial and temporal patterns. Most fluxes were greatest in the central bay (station MB), moderate in the high salinity lower bay (station SB) and reduced in the oligohaline upper bay (station NB). Sediment oxygen consumption (SOC) rates generally increased with increasing temperature until bottom water concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO) fell below 2.5 mg l?1, apparently limiting SOC rates. Fluxes of NH4 + were elevated at temperatures >15°C and, when coupled with low bottom water DO concentrations (<5 mg l?1), very large releases (>500 μmol N m?2 h?1) were observed. Nitrate + nitrite (NO3 ?+NO2 ?) exchanges were directed into sediments in areas where bottom water NO3 ?+NO2 ? concentrations were high (>18 μM N); sediment efflux of NO3 ?+NO2 ? occurred only in areas where bottom water NO3 ?+NO2 ? concentrations were relatively low (<11 μM N) and bottom waters well oxygenated. Phosphate fluxes were small except in areas of hypoxic and anoxic bottom waters; in those cases releases were high (50–150 μmol P m?2 h?1) but of short duration (2 mo). Dissolved silicate (DSi) fluxes were directed out of the sediments at all stations and appeared to be proportional to primary production in overlying waters. Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) was released from the sediments at stations NB and SB and taken up by the sediments at station MB in summer months; DON fluxes were either small or noninterpretable during cooler months of the year. It appears that the amount and quality of organic matter reaching the sediments is of primary importance in determining the spatial variability and interannual differences in sediment nutrient fluxes along the axis of the bay. Surficial sediment chlorophyll-a, used as an indicator of labile sediment organic matter, was highly correlated with NH4 ?, PO4 3?, and DSi fluxes but only after a temporal lag of about 1 mo was added between deposition events and sediment nutrient releases. Sediment O:N flux ratios indicated that substantial sediment nitrification-denitrification probably occurred at all sites during winter-spring but not summer-fall; N:P flux ratios were high in spring but much less than expected during summer, particularly at hypoxic and anoxic sites. Finally, a comparison of seasonal N and P demand by phytoplankton with sediment nutrient releases indicated that the sediments provide a substantial fraction of nutrients required by phytoplankton in summer, but not winter, especially in the mid bay region.  相似文献   

6.
Benthic macroinvertebrate biomass and ammonium excretion rates were measured at four stations in the Gulf of Mexico near the Mississippi River mouth. Calculated areal excretion rates were then compared to sediment-water nitrogen fluxes measured in benthic bottom lander chambers at similar stations to estimate the potential importance of macroinvertebrate excretion to sediment nitrogen mineralization. Excretion rates for individual crustaceans (amphipods and decapods) was 2–21 nmoles NH4 + (mg dry weight)?1 h?1. The mean excretion rates for the polychaetes, Paraprionaspio pinnata [6–12 nmoles NH4 + (mg dry weight)?1h?1] and Magelona sp. [27–53 nmoles NH4 + (mg dry weight)?1h?1], were comparable or higher than previous measurements for similar size benthic or pelagic invertebrates incubated at the same temperature (22±1°C). Although the relatively high rates of excretion by these selective feeders may have been partially caused by experimental handling effects (e.g., removal from sediment substrates), they probably reflected the availability of nitrogen-rich food supplies in the Mississippi River plume. When the measured weight-specific rates were extrapolated to total areal biomass, areal macroinvertebrate excretion estimates ranged from 7 μmole NH4 + m?2h?1 at a 40-m deep station near the river mouth to 18 μmole NH4 + m?2h?1 at a shallower (28-m deep) station further from the river mouth. The net flux of ammonium and nitrate from the sediments to the water measured in bottom lander chambers in the same region were 15–53 μmole NH4 + m?2h?1 and ?25–21 μmole NO3 ? m?2h?1. These results suggest that excretion of NH4 + by macroinvertebrates could be a potentially important component of benthic nitrogen regeneration in the Mississippi River plume-Gulf shelf region.  相似文献   

7.
Rainfall events cause episodic discharges of groundwaters contaminated with septic tank effluent into nearshore waters of the Florida keys, enhancing eutrophication in sensitive coral reef communities. Our study characterized the effects of stormwater discharges by continuously (30-min intervals) measuring salinity, temperature, tidal stage, and dissolved oxygen (DO) along an offshore eutrophication gradient prior to and following heavy rainfall at the beginning of the 1992 rainy season. The gradient included stations at a developed canal system (PP) on Big Pine Key, a seagrass meadow in a tidal channel (PC), a nearshore patch reef (PR), a bank reef at Looe Key National Marine Sanctuary (LK), and a blue water station (BW) approximately 9 km off of Big PIne Key. Water samples were collected at weekly intervals during this period to determine concentrations of total nitrogen (TN), ammonium (NH4 +), nitrate plus nitrite NO3 ? plus NO2 ?), total phosphorus (TP), total dissolved phosphorus (TDP), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), and chlorophyll a (chl a). Decreased salinity immediately followed the first major rainfall at Big Pine Key, which was followed by anoxia (DO <0.1 mg I?1), high concentrations of NH4 + (≈24 μM), TDP (≈1.5 μM), and chl a (≈20 μg I?1). Maximum concentration of TDP (≈0.30 μM) also followed the initial rainfall at the PC, PR, and LK stations. In contrast, NH4 + (≈4.0 μM) and chl a (0.45 μg I?1) lagged the rain event by 1–3 wk, depending on distance from shore. The highest and most variable concentrations of NH4 +, TDP, and chl a occurred at PP, and all nutrient parameters correlated positively with rainfall. DO at all stations was positively correlated with tide and salinity and the lowest values occurred during low tide and low salinity (high rainfall) periods. Hypoxia (DO <2.5 mg I?1) was observed at all stations follwing the stormwater discharges, including the offshore bank reef station LK. Our study demonstrated that high frequency (daily) sampling is necessary to track the effects of episodic rainfall events on water quality and that such effects can be detected at considerable distances (12 km) from shore. The low levels of DO and high levels of nutrients and chl a in coastal waters of the Florida Keys demand that special precautions be exercised in the treatment and discharge of wastewaters and land-based runoff in order to preserve sensitive coral reef communities.  相似文献   

8.
An enclosure experiment in the Patos Lagoon estuary, southern Brazil (32°S, 52°W) investigated the response of phytoplankton to the enhancement of mesozooplankton and fish abundance. Addition of nutrients (NO3 ? and PO4 ?) stimulated the growth of 3–20 μm diameter phytoplankton, especially the diatomCylindrotheca closterium, which, in turn, was heavily grazed by the dominant mesozooplankter, the copepodAcartia tonsa. Acartia did not consume small (2–3 μm) autotrophic flagellates and the cyanobacteriaAnabaena sp., despite their high cell number. Largest grazing ofC. closterium by the copepod occurred only after a decrease of ciliate abundance. The addition of mesozooplankton did not change the levels of primary production, but it significantly increased the phytoplankton assimilation number. Highest chlorophylla concentrations were measured in enclosures stocked with juveniles of the fishXenomelaniris brasiliensis. The large phytoplankton biomass and low mesozooplankton abundance found in this treatment indicates an, effective predator-mediated action on the phytoplankton community.  相似文献   

9.
Sediment oxygen uptake and net sediment-water fluxes of dissolved inorganic and organic nitrogen and phosphorus were measured at two sites in Fourleague Bay, Louisiana, from August 1981, through May 1982. This estuary is an extension of Atchafalaya Bay which receives high discharge and nutrient loading from the Atchafalaya River. Sediment O2 uptake averaged 49 mg m?2 h?1. On the average, ammonium (NH4 +) was released from the sediments (mean flux =+129 μmol m?2 h?1), and NO3 ? was taken up (mean flux =?19 μmol m?2h?1). However, very different NO3 ? fluxes were observed at the two sites, with sediment uptake at the upper, river-influenced, high NO3 ? site (mean flux =?112 μmol m?2 h?1) and release at the lower, marine-influenced low NO3 ? site (mean flux =+79 μmol m?2 h?1). PO4 3? fluxes were low and often negative (mean flux =?8 μmol m?2 h?1), while dissolved organic phosphorus fluxes were high and positive (mean flux =+124 μmol m?2 h?1). Dissolved organic nitrogen fluxes varied greatly, ranging from a mean of +305 μmol m?2 h?1 at the lower bay, to ?710 μmol m?2 h?1 at the upper bay. Total dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus fluxes indicated the sediments were a nitrogen (mean flux =+543 μmol m?2 h?1) and phosphorus source (mean flux =+30 μmol m?2 h?1) at the lower bay, and a nitrogen sink (mean flux =?553 μmol m?2 h?1) and phosphorus source (mean flux =+17 μmol m?2 h?1) in the upper bay. Mean annual O∶N ration of the positive inorganic sediment fluxes were 27∶1 at the upper bay and 18∶1 at the lower bay. Based on these data we hypothesize that nitrification and denitrification are important sediment processes in the upper bay. We further hypothesize that Atchafalaya River discharge affects sediment-water fluxes through seasonally high nutrient loading which leads to net nutrient uptake by sediments in the upper bay and release in the lower bay, where there is less river influnces.  相似文献   

10.
In order to examine the effects of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR, 280–400 nm) on photosynthesis of differently cell-sized phytoplankton, natural phytoplankton assemblages from the coastal waters of the South China Sea were separated into three groups (>20, 5–20, and <5 μm) and exposed to four different solar UV spectral regimes, i.e., 280–700 nm (PAR?+?UVR), 400–700 nm (PAR), 280–400 nm (UV-A?+?B), and 315–400 nm (UV-A). In situ carbon fixation measurements revealed that microplankton (>20 μm) efficiently utilized UV-A for photosynthetic carbon fixation, with assimilation number of up to 1.01 μg C (μg chl a)?1?h?1 under 21.4 W?m?2 UV-A alone (about half of noontime irradiance at the surface), about 40 % higher than nanoplankton (5–20 μm). UV-B (280–315 nm) of 0.95 W?m?2 reduced the carbon fixation by approximately 20 and 57 % in microplankton and nanoplankton assemblages, respectively. In contrast, smaller picoplankton (<5 μm) was unable to utilize UV-A for the photosynthetic carbon fixation. In addition, only micro-sized assemblages demonstrated the UV enhancement on their primary productivity in the presence of PAR, by about 8 % under moderate intensities of solar radiation.  相似文献   

11.
Seasonal patterns of aboveground and belowground biomass, leaf chlorophyll (chl) content, and in situ differences in photosynthetic parameters were examined in the shoal grass Halodule wrightii along an estuarine gradient in the western Gulf of Mexico. Continuous measurements of biomass were collected over a 5-yr period (1989–1994) with respect to several abiotic factors in three estuarine systems that were characterized by significant differences in salinity and ambient dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN; NO2 ?+NO3 ?) regimes that ranged from 5–25‰ (0–80 μM DIN) in the Guadalupe estuary to 35–55‰ (0–9 μM DIN) in the upper Laguna Madre, Photosynthesis versus irradiance (P vs. I) parameters, measured from December 1989 to April 1991, showed no significant differences among the three sites, and there were no significant differences in leaf chlorophyll content and chl a:b ratios among sites over the entire 5-yr period. Saturation irradiance in Halodule wrightii is estimated at 319 μmoles photons m?2 s?1 based on measurements collected at the three sites over a 2-yr period. No strong seasonal variations were observed in total plant biomass, but root:shoot ratios (RSR) showed a clear pattern of maximum RSR values in winter and minimum values in summer. There were no significant differences in RSR among sites, and no consistent correlations could be established between plant parameters and sediment porewater NH4 +, salinity, or temperature. Sediment porewater NH4 + values generally ranged from 50 μM to 400 μM (average 130–150 μM) but could not be correlated with significant differences in sediment composition between the sites. The high productivity of Halodule wrightii under a variety of light, nutrient, and salinity conditions explains its ubiquitous distribution and opportunistic strategy as a colonizing species. However, the persistence of a dense algal bloom in Laguna Madre coincident with low DIN levels (<5 μM) contradicts previously accepted relationships on nutrient stimulation of algal growth, and provides strong evidence that water quality parameters for estuarine seagrasses are decidedly estuarine-specific. Consequently, a knowledge of the long-term history of estuarine systems is critical to habitat managers, who are required to establish minimum water quality criteria for the protection of submerged aquatic vegetation in estuarine systems. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A01BY074 00028  相似文献   

12.
In an attempt to more fully understand the dissolved inorganic nitrogen dynamics of the Neuse River estuary, 15NH4 + and 15NO3 ? uptake rates were measured and daily depth-integrated rates calculated for seven stations distributed along the salinity gradient. Measurements were made at 2–3-wk intervals from March 1985 to February 1989. Significant dark NH4 + uptake occurred and varied both spatially and seasonally, accounting for as much as 95% of light uptake with the median being 33%. Apparent NH4 + uptake ranged from 0.001 μmol N 1?1 h?1 to 4.2 μmol N 1?1 h?1, with highest rates occurring during late summer-fall in the oligohaline estuary. Apparent NH4 + uptake was significantly related to NH4 + concentration (p<0.01); however, the regression explained <3% of the variation. Daily-integrated NH4 + uptake ranged from 0.1 mmol N m?2 d?1 to 133 mmol N m?2 d?1 and followed the trend of apparent uptake. Annual NH4 + uptake of the estuary was significantly lower in 1988 than for any other year. Dark uptake of NO3 ? was only 14% of maximum light uptake. Apparent NO3 ? uptake rates ranged from 0.001 μmol N 1?1 h?1 to 1.84 μmol N 1?1 h?1 with highest rates occurring in the oligohaline estuary. Apparent NO3 ? uptake was significantly related to NO3 ? concentration (p<0.01); however, the regression explained <5% of the variation. In general, NO3 ? uptake was only 20% of total dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) uptake. Daily-integrated NO3 ? uptake ranged from 0.1 mmol N m?2 d?1 to 53 mmol N m?2 d?1 and followed similar patterns of apparent uptake. Annual NH4 + uptake was 11.39 mol N m?2 yr?1, 10.28 mol N m?2 Yr?1, 10.93 mol N m?2 yr?1, and 7.38 mol N m?2 yr?1, and 1.84 mol N m?2 yr?1, with the 4-yr mean being 10.0. Annual NO3 ? uptake was 3.12 mol N m?2 yr?1, 3.40 mol N m?2 yr?1, 1.96 mol N m?2 yr?1, and 1.84 mol N m?2 yr?1, with the 4-yr mean being 2.6. The total annual DIN uptake was more than twice published estimates of phytoplankton DIN demand, indicating that there is an important heterotrophic component of DIN uptake occurring in the water column. The extrapolation of nitrogen demand from primary productivity results in serious underestimates of estuarine nitrogen demand for the Neuse River estuary and may be true for other estuaries as well.  相似文献   

13.
The metabolic rate of individual habitats can differ significantly in their contribution to the total system productivity of estuaries. Changing environmental conditions such as those created by tidal exchange can frequently alter these rates. In an effort to quantify these rate responses, metabolic rates were measured for macroalgal and sediment habitats at different salinities. Microcosms representing the two habitats were incubated at three salinity ranges (high: 25 to 31‰; moderate: 12 to 18‰; and low: 0 to 4‰) and production and respiration rates were estimated. The production rates for both habitats were proportional to the salinity of the water in the incubation, with the lowest metabolic rates associated with the lowest salinity. Average macroalgal habitat net production rates were 879 mg O2 m?2 h?1, 609 mg O2 m?2 h?1, and 451 mg O2 m?2 h?1 at high, moderate, and low salinity treatments, respectively, and the dark respiration rates were ?401 mg O2 m?2 h?1, ?341 mg O2 m?2 h?1, and ?333 mg O2 m?2 h?1. Average sediment habitat net production rates were 60 mg O2 m?2 h?1, 13 mg O2 m?2 h?1 and 10 mg O2 m?2 h?1 and the respiration rates were ?114 mg O2 m?2 h?1, ?55 mg O2 m?2 h?1, and ?31 mg O2 m?2 h?1 at high, moderate, and low salinity treatments. The larger contribution of macroalgal habitats to system metabolism may account for observed diurnal changes in water column oxygen levels in some estuaries. Macroalgal production rates explained 83% of the increase in water column oxygen levels during daylight hours and macroalgal respiration rates explained 65% of the decline in oxygen levels during the night. The contribution of macroalgal metabolism to the system can be influenced by even short-term changes in water column salinity. Environmental processes that alter salinity levels on hourly time scales may moderate the effect of macroalgal metabolism on oxygen levels.  相似文献   

14.
The rate of zooplankton ammonium regeneration was measured in Great South Bay, Long Island, New York, between July 1982 and May 1984. Ammonium excretion by macrozooplankton (>200 μm) ranged from 7 μg atoms NH4 1+?N m?3 d?1 in winter to 156 μg-atoms NH4 1+?N m?3 d?1 in spring. Ammonium excretion by ctenophores was greater than or equivalent to that of macrozooplankton during the period of ctenophore biomass maximum in summer and fall. The temperature coefficient (Q10) for NH4 1+ excretion was 1.74 from 2.2 to 27.5°C for macrozooplankton and 1.63 between 17 and 26°C for the ctenophores. Ammonium nitrogen excretion by macrozooplankton and ctenophores combined, accounted for 1 to 3% of phytoplankton nitrogen requirements in summer when primary productivity was high and 39% in the spring. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A01BY040 00005  相似文献   

15.
In situ carbon flux measurements and calculated burial rates are utilized to construct an organic carbon budget for the upper meter of sediment at a single station in Cape Lookout Bight, a small marine basin located on the Outer Banks of North Carolina, U.S.A. (34°37′N, 76°33′W). Of 149 ± 20 mole · m?2 · yr?1 of total organic carbon deposited, 35.6 ± 5.2 mole · m?2 · yr?1 is recycled to overlying waters, 84 ± 18% as ∑CO2 and 16 ± 8% as CH4. Approximately 68 ± 20% of the upward carbon flux is supported by sulfate reduction while 32 ± 16% takes place as the result of underlying methanogenesis. Measured ∑CO2 and CH4 sediment-water fluxes range seasonally from 1900–6300 and 50–2500 μmole · m?2 · hr?1 respectively.The mean residence time of metabolizable organic carbon in the upper 80 cm of sediment is approximately four months with greater than 98% of the calculated total remineralization taking place within three years. In spite of large upward fluxes of methane, larger molecules derived from metabolizable sedimentary organic carbon appear to be the dominant reductants for dissolved sulfate.  相似文献   

16.
Seasonal changes in phytoplankton biomass and production, total zooplankton biomass, and biomass and potential production rates of the two dominant copepods, Acartia hudsonica (formerly called Acartia clausi) and Acartia tonsa are described for several stations in Narragansett Bay, R.I. Plankton in the bay behaved as a single population with simultaneous changes occurring at the upper bay (Station 5) and the lower bay (Station 1). Phytoplankton biomass was higher in the upper bay ( \(\bar x\) =16.95 mg chl a·m?3) than in the lower bay ( \(\bar x\) =6.37 mg chl a·m?3) and these 0269 0101 V differences in biomass were reflected in the phytoplankton production rates. The zooplankton, which was dominated by A. hudsonica in the spring and early summer and A. tonsa during summer and fall, showed no such consistent differences between the stations. Mean A. hudsonica biomass (St 1, \(\bar x\) ;=82.7 mg dry wt·m?3; St 5, _ \(\bar x\) ;=95.2 mg dry wt·m?3) exceeded that of A. tonsa (St 1, \(\bar x\) ;=56.7 mg dry wt·m?3; St 5, \(\bar x\) ;=60.0 mg dry wt·m?3). Potential production rates of the two Acartia 0269 0101 V spp. were strongly temperature dependent. Despite the higher biomass levels of A. hudsonica, low temperatures resulted in lower potential production rates ( \(\bar x\) ; St 1=7.25 mg C·m?3 day?1; \(\bar x\) ; St 5=10.77mg C·m?3 day?1) and biomass doubling times of up to 9.6 days. Potential production rates of A. tonsa at summer temperatures were high ( \(\bar x\) ; St 1=19.0 mg C·m?3 day?1; \(\bar x\) ; St 5=22.9 mg C·m?3 day?1) and biomass doubling times were generally less than one day.  相似文献   

17.
Phytoplankton productivity and the factors that influence it were studied in the Logan River and southern Moreton Bay, a large embayment on the east coast of Australia. Phytoplankton productivity, dissolved and total nutrient concentrations, and turbidity were determined throughout high and low rainfall periods to characterize light and nutrient influences on productivity. Turbidity and nutrient concentrations were highest at upriver sites, but productivity was highest at the river mouth and within the river plume. Phytoplankton productivity peaked after rainfall events (>150 mg C m?3 h?1), commensurate with a decrease in dissolved nitrogen concentrations. Productivity responses to increased nutrient concentrations and light availability were determined in laboratory incubations. During summer, productivities at the bay sites were stimulated by nitrogen (N) enrichment, while productivities at upriver sites were stimulated by phosphorus (P) addition. Light stimulation of productivities was more pronounced at upriver sites than bay sites. The relative magnitude of nutrient and light stimulation of productivities indicate a predominance of light limitation upriver, significant N limitation within the Logan River plume, and little effect of light, N, or P at sites beyond the Logan River plume. Productivity decreased with seasonal decreases in temperature. Lower water temperatures in winter probably helped determine maximum rates of phytoplankton productivity. The combination of light and N limitation of productivity during summer, and temperature limitation during winter, account for low areal productivities (<0.6 g C m?2 d?1), compared with other rivers and estuaries worldwide.  相似文献   

18.
We measured dissolved and particulate organic carbon (DOC and POC) in samples collected along 13 transects of the salinity gradient of Chesapeake Bay. Riverine DOC and POC end-members averaged 232±19 μM and 151±53 μM, respectively, and coastal DOC and POC end-members averaged 172±19 μM and 43±6 μM, respectively. Within the chlorophyll maximum, POC accumulated to concentrations 50–150 μM above those expected from conservative mixing and it was significantly correlated with chlorophylla, indicating phytoplankton origin. POC accumulated primarily in bottom waters in spring, and primarily in surface waters in summer. Net DOC accumulation (60–120 μM) was observed within and downstream of the chlorophyll maximum, primarily during spring and summer in both surface and bottom waters, and it also appeared to be derived from phytoplankton. In the turbidity maximum, there were also net decreases in chlorophylla (?3 μg l?1 to ?22 μg l?1) and POC concentrations (?2 μM to ?89 μM) and transient DOC increases (9–88 μM), primarily in summer. These occurred as freshwater plankton blooms mixed with turbid, low salinity seawater, and we attribute the observed POC and DOC changes to lysis and sedimentation of freshwater plankton. DOC accumulation in both regions of Chesapeake Bay was estimated to be greater than atmospheric or terrestrial organic carbon inputs and was equivalent to ≈10% of estuarine primary production.  相似文献   

19.
Oceanic upwelling results in the intermittent intrusion of cold ocean water enriched in nitrate, and to a lesser extent soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), into the Kariega Estuary (South Africa). Laboratory measocosm experiments were conducted to determine the effects of such changes on fluxes of dissolved nutrients across the surface of a salt marsh within the estuary. When replicate mesocosms of the tidal creek and salt marsh were inundated with nonupwelled water (at 25°C and nitrate concentrations of 4.5 μmoll?1), nitrate fluxes in both regions were small, and the tidal creek exhibited net uptake (negative value) of nitrate from the water column (?85 μmol m?2 tide?1), and the marsh, net release (positive values; 113 μmol m?2 tide?1). When the mesocosms were inundated with upwelled water, at 16°C and with nitrate concentrations of 24.2 μmol l?1, both regions exhibited large net uptakes of nitrate (?514 μmol m?2 tide?1 and ?226 μmol m?2 tide?1 for the tidal creek and salt marsh, respectively). In contrast to nitrate, the fluxes of nitrite, ammonium, and SRP were not significantly different under upwelling and nonupwelling conditions, probably because initial concentrations in the two water types were similar. To determine the extent to which the nitrate uptakes were caused by decreased water temperatures or increased concentrations of nitrate, experiments were conducted in which mesocosms were inundated with water with a range of nitrate concentrations (1.8–25 μmol l?1), at two temperatures representative of summer upwelling (16°C) and nonupwelling conditions (25°C). In both regions, the net fluxes of nitrate were positively correlated with initial concentrations of nitrate in the water column. For any given concentration, the fluxes at 16°C fell within the range of values at 25°C, indicating that the shifts in fluxes caused by upwelling occurred in response to increased concentrations in the water column and not reduced temperatures.  相似文献   

20.
Throughflow marsh flumes were used to measure total sediment exchanges (TSS) between the marshes and water column of two Louisiana estuaries. One, the Barataria Basin estuary, is isolated from significant riverine sediment input. There were significant (p<0.05) imports of 33.9 to 443 mg TSS m?2 h?1 at the Barataria Basin brackish marsh (BM) site. The Barataria Basin saltmarsh (SM) site exported TSS in two summer samplings, but significant uptake was measured in April (166 mg m?2 h?1) and November (45 mg m?2 h?1) during a winter frontal passage event. The other estuary, Fourleague Bay, receives large sediment inputs from the Atchafalaya River, and TSS imports of 22.5 to 118.5 mg m?2 h?1 were measured at the BM site here. We calculated sediment accumulation from fluxes quantified in marsh flumes using site-specific sedimentological data and flooding regimes at each site. Water level records from May 1987 to April 1989 showed an extended period of unusually low flooding frequencies. As a result, calculated accretion rates were low, with monthly rates of 0.02 to 0.11 mm and ?0.06 to 0.06 mm at the Barataria BM and SM sites, respectively, and ?0.18 to 0.08 mm at the Fourleague Bay marsh flume site. Actual net sediment deposition, determined by feldspar marker horizon analysis, was 0.7–1.6 mm mo?1 at the Barataria SM and 0.2–1.3 mm mo?1 at the Fourleague Bay BM. Even the highest calculated accretion rates, based on flume measurements, were half to one order of magnitude lower than actual measured sediment deposition. This discrepancy was probably because: 1) most sedimentation occurs during episodic events, such as Hurricane Gilbert in September 1988, which deposited 3.5–15.5 mm of sediment on the Barataria Basin saltmarsh, or 2) most vertical accretion in Louisiana marshes occurs via deposition of in situ organic matter rather than by influx of allochthonous sediment. Our results affirm the variability of short-term sediment transport and depositional processes, the close coupling of meteorologic forcing and flooding regime to sediment dynamics, and the importance of understanding these interrelated mechanisms in the context of longer term measurements.  相似文献   

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