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1.
Emrys Jones 《Geoforum》1979,10(3):215-218
The late 50s and 60s witnessed a great surge of interest in applying scientific methods in geography, resulting in a new rigour of approach, an emphasis on quantitative analyses and the introduction of mathematical techniques. Partly as a reaction the behavioural approach attracted renewed interest in the 1960s. Although the problems of bridging the gap between individual behaviour and geographical generalisations remain, considerable insights have been gained by perception studies. The most recent reaction is a concern with social problems, often engaging geographers in methodological dilemmas of political involvement. These are not mutually exclusive with sequential phases necessarily suggesting progression, but outbursts of interest on continuing different philosophical approaches. 相似文献
2.
The geographical tasks of the Programme are determined by the essence of the geographical approach to the study of global changes of the geosphere-biosphere system. In a generalized form this approach aims at the resolving of two types of questions: a) what local and regional processes and phenomena, in which way and in what degree influence the global geosphere-biosphere system: b) in what regions the current or expected global changes will most likely manifest themselves and what will be the consequences. These questions can be solved by geographers because geographers accumulated empirical and theoretical concepts on the spatial and temporal structure of the geosphere system, which is the focus of the interaction between atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, biosphere, and human society with its economic activity.The present paper is a result of team work. The authors therefore would like to extent their sincere thanks to Yu. P. Badenkov, A. A. Velichko, A. N. Gennadiev, N. F. Glasowski, S. P. Gorshkov, O. V. Gritsai, R. I. Zlotin, G. V. Ioffe, N. S. Kasimov, A. N. Krenke, A. F. Manych, S. M. Myagkov, V. S. Preobrazhensky, Yu. G. Puzachenko, A. B. Savchenko and G. V. Sdasyuk for their contribution to that paper. 相似文献
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Informed consent has often been presented as a kind of ethical panacea, the best way of guarding against medical and scientific abuses of human rights. However recent empirical research has led bioethicists to question both the feasibility and the value of informed consent procedures. This paper also seeks to critique informed consent, but focuses less on its empirical shortcomings. Instead, this paper questions the assumption that ethics involves engaging in the kind of rational, distanced, objective reflection traditionally considered the basis of both scientific observation and ethical decision making. Drawing on recent insights from ethical geography and geographers studying the biotechnology industry, I wish to argue that ethical reflection is a relational and situated process, less about being distanced and objective, and more about recognizing how our ethical decisions are shaped by our social and material environment. 相似文献
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R. Hérin 《GeoJournal》1984,9(3):231-240
Attention has long been given by French geographers to social factors; one of the first overt attempts at a french social geography were made by Abel Chatelain and Pierre George. Their lead was not immediately followed, but another isolated attempt to develop social geography was made by Renée Rochefort. The gap left by French geographers was to some extent filled by sociologists and ethnologists until the 70s. Pierre Claval then sought to use social factors as a means of unifying human geography, but at the same time rejecting marxist interpretations and moving towards behaviourism. A further nucleus of development was established at Lyons around Renée Rochefort; yet other geographers approached social geography by emphasizing social factors in urban studies etc. An aspect of this development was the formation of affiliations of various social scientists to study social change. All the major currents of thought are now present — humanistic, marxist, positivist — and a wide range of themes examined, but without any agreed definition of social geography. Attempts are here made to work towards a definition, emphasizing the relationship between social factors and spatial factors, and between economic infrastructure and juridicial, political and ideological superstructure; recognizing that there is often an hiatus between change on the infrastructure and change in the superstructure.translated by editor 相似文献
8.
Rob Ferguson 《Geoforum》2003,34(1):9-11
This note expands on, and in some respects challenges, the distinction Thrift (Geoforum 33 (2002) 291) makes between the publication practices of young human and physical geographers. Evidence on highly-cited papers by eminent British geographers is used to suggest that human geographers have been publishing mainly in human-geography journals, but physical geographers in a wider range of outlets, for at least two decades; and that the most influential papers of all, human or physical, have generally been in multi- or inter-disciplinary journals. Publication in ‘non-geographical’ journals is desirable since it helps geographers have a wider impact. Conversely, the discipline is harmed if influential outsiders perceive geographers as only concerned with internal debates and seeking to impress each other. 相似文献
9.
Anoop Nayak 《Geoforum》2003,34(3):303-315
This article seeks to bring young respondents more sharply into focus by considering fear of crime ‘through children’s eyes’. By incorporating children’s perspectives it is argued that more inclusive and integrative community safety initiatives may arise. Inspired by the recent flowering of research undertaken in childhood studies by social and cultural geographers, the study seeks to make a theoretical, empirical and spatial contribution to debates in the field. Based on the findings of a large-scale school survey, the responses indicate that children have an acute place-based sensitivity to a range of highly relevant community safety issues. This includes detailed reflections concerning the place of policing, boredom, youth gangs, motorcars and drugs in their neighbourhoods. It is suggested that the inclusion of children’s accounts into geographical debates not only enriches our knowledge of childhood studies, but also adds detail and texture to our understandings of fear of crime. 相似文献
10.
当代地理学特征：发展趋势及中国地理学研究进展 总被引：17，自引：3，他引：17
地理学是一门研究地球表层自然要素与人文要素相互作用及其时空变化规律的科学，它广泛运用现代科学技术手段，具有跨越自然科学与社会科学的性质。面对当前全球变化和可持续发展的世界性科学问题，地理学家根据学科特点和领域优势，抓住机遇、迎接挑战。目前主要研究地球表层系统各界面间的物理、化学、生物及人文过程，探讨多种过程的相互作用机理，探求人类活动与资源环境间相互协调、可持续发展的规律。地理学以“格局—结构—过程—机理”的研究思路贯穿始终。随着新技术、新方法的使用以及观测资料的不断积累，实验测试数据质量的提高和数据量的增加，当今地理学的研究在空间尺度上同时向微观、宏观两个方向扩展，模型研究不断科学化，已具备现代科学的主要特征。总体上，表现为部门地理研究深化，区域综合研究加强。长期以来，中国地理学在自然地理的综合研究、地表自然过程研究、城市与区域发展研究，以及面向社会现实的应用基础研究等方面取得了较好进展。 相似文献
11.
M. Morad 《Geoforum》2004,35(6):661-668
The positivism-inspired hypothetico-deductive method has dominated research practices in geographical sciences for several decades. Notwithstanding its significant contribution, as a widely employed protocol, there is a growing recognition that positivist methods of analysis have failed to accommodate the countless auxiliary assumptions that underlie any geographical research hypothesis, not only in human geography but also in physical geography and geographical information science. The Duhem–Quine thesis has received a significant amount of attention in recent years in scientific and logical theory circles, as a progressive alternative to the hypothetico-deductive method. The thesis’s main attraction to contemporary practitioners of science is that it allows methodologically rigorous ways of resolving inconsistencies between a theoretical system and experience. Under the Duhem–Quine thesis, the use of a multiple organisation of hypotheses in geographical research will militate against an over-dependence on the null-hypothesis which is inconsistent with the fact that conclusions in geographical research are subject to contingent factors such as human participation, measurement error, and ecological fallacies. 相似文献
12.
American pragmatism: Towards a geographical introduction 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Trevor J. Barnes 《Geoforum》2008,39(4):1542-1554
The purposes of the paper are to provide a historical and thematic review of some of the variants of American philosophical pragmatism (old and new), and to point to its potential relevance for geography. The paper is divided into three sections. The first, discusses the origins of American pragmatism focussing on four figures: John Dewey, Oliver Wendell Holmes, William James, and Charles Sanders Peirce. Following the argument of Louis Menand (2001) in The Metaphysical Club, I will suggest that pragmatism took on its peculiar American character as a response to the deep fissures and wounds caused by that country’s Civil War. That war produced a loss of faith, undermining notions of universal progress and absolute truth. Pragmatism was the reaction. The second section brings pragmatism to the present, by focussing on three connected contemporary American pragmatists: Richard Rorty, Richard Bernstein, and Richard Shusterman. The hallmark of their work, and which justifies treating them as a group, is a willingness to stretch pragmatism: first, by making linkages with other anti-foundational, practice-based philosophical traditions, especially those within Continental European philosophy, and which had been shut out of Anglo-American philosophy after the Second World War by the rise of analytic philosophy; and second, by applying pragmatist ideas to issues like the body and popular culture to which it had never been applied. Finally, in the conclusion the paper reflects on the prospects of tethering pragmatism to the work of human geographers. Given the anti-architectonic impulses of pragmatism, such a project cannot simply be one of holus-bolus transferring pragmatism to geography. A different approach is needed, and which is schematically outlined and briefly illustrated using the idea of place. 相似文献
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The complex process of urbanization is obtaining under the impress of scientific and technological revolution of global dimensions. But the process of urbanization depends very much on geographical differentiation of the factors and conditions on the Earth' surface. So it is deeply geographical in its essence. It is not only geographically conditioned but it also has deep spatial manifestations, which makes it one of the most important and universal fields of investigation for the whole system of geographic sciences. The common global features and general regularities of urbanization take peculiar forms in each of the three main groups of countries having different social systems: socialist, economically developed capitalist and developing, which leaves its deep imprints not only on the social contents of urbanization but also on the very process of forming of specific spatial-urbanistic structures, existing on the Earth. To this we should further add the results of working of individual traits of different countries and regions. So to get the real pattern of world urbanization it is necessary to study profoundly not only its global and typological features but also the specific local factors. To these ends geographers must elaborate a system of basic notions and characteristics of the urbanization process and stage. Some of them are treated in this paper. 相似文献
14.
Leslie W. Hepple 《Geoforum》2008,39(4):1530-1541
Geography has had only limited interchange with the American philosophical tradition of pragmatism. This paper claims that a closer engagement with pragmatism has much to offer to geography, not least in providing an arena within which very different types of geographical inquiry - qualitative and quantitative, human and physical - may find some common ground for useful conversation and debate. However, this will only be fully achieved if geography embarks on a threefold engagement with pragmatism: (1) studies that develop and deploy specific pragmatist ideas and concepts within particular geographical research; (2) studies that attempt to relate geographical research to the wider arena of the pragmatic tradition; (3) historical examination of early links between pragmatism, social science and geography. The history and contemporary revival of pragmatism is described, together with its impacts on social theory and social science. The existing literature on geographical engagement with pragmatism is then examined, and it is argued that there is a much broader relevance within both human and physical geography, not linked to particular styles of research. The question of the history of earlier influences of pragmatism on American geography is then raised, and some linkages charted. The philosopher Hilary Putnam has used the term ‘pragmatist enlightenment’ to describe what he sees as the promise of pragmatism, and the paper concludes by suggesting that this also promises an exciting and fruitful engagement for geography. 相似文献
15.
Hemsworth Katie Greer Kirsten Paulin Megan Sutherland Kiethen McLeod Shabogesic Joan 《GeoJournal》2021,87(2):267-280
In this paper, we reflect on an emerging community-based partnership rooted in place-based reparative research. Braiding knowledges (Atalay, 2012) from Nbisiing Anishinaabeg communities, northern Ontario universities, and multi-scalar museums, the partnership focuses on repatriation, reparative environmental histories, and action-based research in the context of settler colonialism and climate change. We reflect on ongoing projects that attempt to put Anishinaabe gikendaasowin (knowledge) into action alongside historical geographical research. We discuss how the partnership resonates with community geography values of relationship, collaboration, equity, and reciprocity, and urge non-Indigenous geographers to acknowledge how Indigenous knowledges and approaches have shaped these ideas long before geography became a discipline. We contend that historical geographers have a deeper role to play in community geography scholarship, citing examples of two projects related to (1) repatriation of Anishinaabeg cultural heritage and (2) storymapping through historical Geographic Information Systems (HGIS). However, we argue, geographers must continue to acknowledge their own positionality in a discipline that was built through settler colonial violence and knowledge production. Finally, we reflect on the role of academic institutions in facilitating First Nation-university-museum partnerships through access to funding, space, and databases, while addressing the challenges of relying on institutional support for reparatory and decolonizing projects.
相似文献16.
《Geoforum》2002,33(2):153-164
The new `geographical economics' introduced by Paul Krugman and others has been dismissed by geographers for a number of reasons, ranging from (mis)treatment of externalities to reliance on formal modelling. These criticisms may be appropriate, but they miss some underlying unit assumptions that cause geographical economics to deal poorly with issues of scale and space. The theories produced by Krugman and others rely on the economic units of the firm, industry and economy for analysis. In contrast, geographers often use spatial units which not only reveal different processes, but can also delimit the economic units. Acknowledgement of the difference in the assumed units of analysis between geographical economics and economic geography is necessary before any useful discourse between the two fields can occur. 相似文献
17.
Mathematical models applied to urban and regional planning have been widely developed during the sixties. Since that time
the scientific and technologic developments have deeply transformed the field of spatial modelling. There has been a reaction
against the idea that reality could be reduced to deterministic models. The paradigms of complexity, chaos, self-organisation,
fractal geometry have made obvious the unpredictability of complex socio-economic systems. At the same time the progress of
computation has led to the substitution of simulation methods to analytic solutions of mathematical models. In such a context,
models are loosing in generality and reproducibility what they earn in adaptation to empirical situations. An important challenge
is also to confirm the pertinence and specificity of the geographical approach. In that respect the spatial analysis programs
must prove the evidence of a common methodology dealing either with physical or human and economic domain. We are working,
for instance, on cellular automata programs applied to the historical evolution of an urban space and also to the run-off
process in an elementary basin. The spatial structure of the models may be slightly different: rectangular or hexagonal tessellations
in the “Human Geography” program, TIN structure, closer to the physical reality, in the other. The relations between the cells
may also differ: they are often defined by a distance matrix for the socio-economic models, but a contiguity matrix is of
course needed for the streaming process. But, beyond these technical differences, it appears that the geographical programs
are developed on a macro-level, that is on aggregate statistical units. The elementary particle is always (or should be for
a geographer...) a material, spatial unit, unlike the drop of water of the hydrologists, or the individual “agents” of the
sociologists' multi-agents systems. The difference between the micro and macro level is not a question of scale, but a difference
of logic. The simulation approach has a requisite, which is a need of systematic validation by a permanent comparison with
the actual situation, but the objective is not prediction. The scientific concern is, before all, a precise understanding
of the past and recent evolutions, more than a forecasting, which escapes to the specific field of scientific research. What
is scientific is what can be measured. The possible prediction may rely on the scientific research, but belongs strictly to
the domain of intellectual and personal thinking.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
18.
The distribution of quantities with respect to each other has concerned many geographers. Here we consider the number of scientists in Canada, and their geographical relationship to each other. The distribution is evaluated by a ‘potential’ model. Generally speaking, the region of high scientific potential corresponds roughly with the Windsor-Quebec City industrial corridor. When the effect of population is subtracted from the results, however, the West Coast has the highest values of potentials. The effect of United States science on Canada is considered by a simple model. Implications of these results are considered from the point of view of science policy. 相似文献
19.
Rolf P. A. Dauskardt 《GeoJournal》1990,22(3):275-283
While medical geographers have generally ignored medical pluralism in developing countries, a small but significant geographical literature on traditional medicine has emerged. Progress for research by geographers on traditional medicine lies through a broader contextualisation of medical pluralism sensitive to the socio-economic and political context of health and disease. In this paper, a brief overview of medical pluralism in South Africa is presented. Issues surrounding the changing geography of traditional medicine are illustrated with reference to urban herbalism on the Witwatersrand. 相似文献
20.
Ron Johnston 《GeoJournal》2009,74(4):347-362
English-language geographical magazines present very different geographical imaginations to their readers than those portrayed
by academic geographers, with whom the editors and publishers of those magazines have very little contact. There is a mutual
lack of appreciation—which could have substantial consequences for the academic discipline. To increase academic geographers’
appreciation of the popular geographies being portrayed, the contents of recent volumes of three magazines—National Geographic, Geographical, and New Zealand Geographic—are distilled, with their major themes identified. One clear conclusion is that there is virtually no contact between the
two imaginations: popular geographical magazines almost entirely ignore the work of academic geographers. 相似文献