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1.
Maano Ramutsindela 《GeoJournal》2012,77(6):753-763
A persistent theme in land and agrarian studies is the appropriation of land and natural resources by mostly Western foreigners and the inequitable division of land and natural resources between Indigenous people and white settlers. It was this overt racial inequality in land ownership and the accompanying structures of oppression that led to the rise of liberation movements in Africa, South America and Asia. Most, if not all, land and agrarian reform programmes in the former colonies take the racial inequality in land as their point of departure. The same applies to the process of changing the inequalities in the use and ownership of natural resources such as wildlife, fisheries and forests. Whereas critical scholarship and social movements vehemently opposed the racialized nature of land dispossession, less attention has been paid to the persistence of racialized tenure systems. The silence on the racial character of land and natural resource tenure is rather surprising given that colonial tenure systems were based on race and racist grounds. This paper draws on examples from nature conservancies and communal land reform in southern Africa to argue that the dual land and natural resource tenure inherent from colonialism and apartheid remains intact in contemporary southern Africa. It also suggests that the democratic governments in the region and critical scholarship have failed to challenge the racialized character of land tenure. Instead, they continued to reinvent orthodox views of society and culture. Race seems to matter most in property regimes in the region in as far as it relates to equity rather than its initial categorization of people. The consequences of the persistence of the racialized tenure systems are that the success or failure of land and resource use and management reproduces racial explanations. 相似文献
2.
The future of informal settlements: lessons in the legalization of disputed urban land in Recife, Brazil 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Flvio A. M. de Souza 《Geoforum》2001,32(4)
The aim of this paper is to explore the relationship between legalization of land tenure and people's capacity to compete for and sustain their stake in the urban land market. Two aspects of land regularization are taken into account: the benefits of land regularization (as collateral for investments); and the perverse aspects of disputes over improved land (due to increased scarcity of illegal, but affordable housing land). Most research on illegal urban land has systematically investigated how to legalize illegal settlements to improve the effectiveness of service provision, whilst attracting public investments. But, few understand the underlying factors motivating people to improve and consolidate their houses where no legal tenure exists. The absence of substantial understanding about people's perceptions of their tenure security has encouraged most research to conclude that improving tenure security leads to higher levels of housing consolidation. What this paper shows is that the relationship between people's perceptions of land tenure security and housing consolidation is much more malleable and complex than conventionally assumed. The subtle difference between tenure of the land and tenure of the house indicates that people are willing to invest in their housing conditions almost irrespectively of their land tenure situation. This finding challenges the orthodox views of the property rights school of thought. In addition, this paper contends that what legalization is really doing is to reduce the available land stock for the poorest families, because legalization decreases the amount of illegal land (illegal land is undesirable, but affordable for the poor). The orthodox legal system needs to be revised to include the poorest families in the urban society of the new millennium. 相似文献
3.
Joseph Awetori Yaro 《GeoJournal》2010,75(2):199-214
Land in most of Africa is controlled under the customary tenure system which is governed by well intentioned social and cultural
rules meant to grant equal access to families within groups with common interest in land. Rapid changes in the domestic situation
of countries resulting from both refractions of policies and influences from the global economy and emerging complexities
within the local socio-economic context has altered the traditional land tenure systems in most parts of Africa. In the rural
setting and for agricultural purposes, the customary tenure system seems to be crumbling slowly, while in the urban centres
and for housing, industrial and commercial purposes the system has collapsed in favour of a commoditised one. The emerging
patterns of access in Northern Ghana show growing inequalities in access, control and ownership. There is the need for a new
architecture of land rights negotiated by a participatory process and regulated by both state and traditional institutions. 相似文献
4.
Charles de Burlo 《GeoJournal》1989,19(3):317-321
Land is a primary resource for international tourism development. The relation of indigenous systems of land tenure and the history of land alienation to tourism in Pacific Island nations, however, is problematic. Governments of some Pacific Island nations are now emphasizing the traditional land rights of indigenous people in determining land use for economic development. Land is a key resource for the local participation of Islanders in development, and indigenous land claims are a volatile political issue. There has been little substantive research on tourism and land tenure in Melanesia. This paper examines the history of the problem of land alienation, the nature of traditional land tenure, and the relation of current land claims to tourist development in Vanuatu. Land alienations are tied to modern tourist developments, and issues of land tenure are a central aspects of political debate in local cultures. Suggestions are offered for regional planning for tourism, and local control of tourist development and land use. 相似文献
5.
Thomas J. Bassett 《Geoforum》2009,40(5):756-766
Côte d’Ivoire’s adoption of land privatization policies promoted by the World Bank and European Union is producing new land use patterns in the countryside. A centerpiece of these policies is the 1998 Rural Land Law that aims to restructure rural economic life along agrarian capitalist lines. The purported “development” objective of land privatization is to stimulate agricultural productivity based on the assumption that land titling will lead farmers and herders to make greater investments in their production systems. This paper argues that the mobile livestock raising system of immigrant FulBe pastoralists in Côte d’Ivoire is threatened by the new land law. Since mobility is crucial to animal health and fertility rates, I argue that reduced mobility will lead to lower livestock productivity. Although the land law has yet to be implemented, its very existence is leading prospective claimants to test their land rights by planting orchards and lending land to immigrant farmers. The monetization of land lending and grazing rights is increasingly common. Land disputes over who has the power to allocate land are also on the rise. I argue that this heightened interest in “tenure building” is constraining herd mobility, especially for herders with limited resources to negotiate access to rangelands. On the other hand, land privatization is strengthening the hand of local cattle-owning farmers who increasingly practice mobile livestock raising and compete with FulBe herders for grazing lands. Under these new conditions of land access, control, and competition, FulBe herd mobility and productivity are at risk of declining. 相似文献
6.
国土空间开发适宜性评价是国土空间规划编制的重要基础,市县是落实主体功能区划的基本单元,市县级国土空间开发适宜性评价可为国土资源与空间更精细化的管理提供有效支撑。本研究从自然因素和社会经济因素两个方面构建了国土空间开发适宜性评价指标体系,对宜昌市农业生产适宜性及城镇建设适宜性进行了评价,划分出适宜、较适宜、一般适宜、较不适宜和不适宜5类区域。结果表明宜昌市适宜开展农业生产的土地面积为3412 km2,不适宜土地面积为7143 km2;适宜进行城镇建设的土地面积为748 km2,不适宜土地面积为14679 km2。农业生产和城镇建设适宜性评价结果均呈现出典型的区域特征,适宜区主要分布在东部的平原区,区域整体的国土空间开发条件好;不适宜区主要分布在西部山区,区域整体的国土空间开发难度大。适宜性评价结果与规划数据有部分出入,与土地利用现状相差不大,农业生产适宜等级的土地面积比耕地保有量红线面积多132 km2,分布于农业生产适宜和较适宜区的现状耕地占耕地总面积的73.98%;城镇建设适宜等级的土地面积比建设用地底线面积少611 km2,分布于城镇建设适宜和较适宜区的现状建设用地占建设用地总面积的77.99%。将评价结果叠加在谷歌卫星图上,在空间上观察是否与土地现状一致,结果表明农业生产适宜区的评价结果准确率达100%,不适宜区的准确率为93%;城镇建设适宜区和不适宜区评价结果准确率达100%。 相似文献
7.
In Egypt, major sustainability variables could be identified as scarce of soil and water resources, environmental degradation, rapid population growth, institutional arrangement that includes land tenure and farm fragmentation, agricultural administration, lack of infrastructure, and credit utilization. The main objective of the current work is to evaluate the sustainable land use management (SLM) model through biophysics and socioeconomic elements for the purpose of combating sustainability constraints that preclude the agricultural development geospatially. In this research, from the geomorphologic point of view, the obtained results showed three main landscapes. They were identified in the study area as: fluviolacustrine plain, Aeolian deposits, and flood plain. The study area was dominated by some physical and chemical degradation processes with different scales breaking down the equilibrium of soil stability. The SLM model was implemented and assessed from multivariate perspective points of productivity, security, protection, economic viability, and social acceptability. Four SLM classes were outlined as follows: class I, land management practices that did meet sustainability requirements with a score ≥0.65, which represented 31.0 % of the considered agricultural study area; class II, land management practices that were marginally above the sustainability threshold and represented 12.6 %; class III, land management practices that were slightly below the threshold of sustainability and represented 8.60 %; class IV, land management practices that did not meet sustainability requirements with index values >0.1 that represented 47.86 %. As a general conclusion, it is found that land management practices tend to be unsustainable in the area under investigation for certain constraints that play motivated roles in lowering the targeted land sustainability. 相似文献
8.
长株潭地区耕地压力的时空变化及驱动因素分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
利用1997-2010年长株潭地区的土地利用现状数据和社会经济数据,运用耕地压力指数模型和主成分分析法分析了长株潭地区耕地压力的时空分布及驱动因素。结果表明:（1）长株潭地区耕地总量总体呈阶梯减少趋势;（2）整体看,长株潭地区耕地压力指数小于1,耕地压力不明显,但耕地压力指数呈上升-下降-上升走势,耕地压力呈上升势头。（3）具体看,长株潭地区耕地压力:长沙市>株洲市>湘潭市;并且县域空间差异明显,尤其是城区耕地压力指数远大于1,表明城区耕地压力非常大,其他县市压力相对较小。（4）人口快速增长、经济跨越式快速发展、农业机械化普及与农业投入的增加等4个方面是长株潭地区耕地压力变化的主要驱动因素。研究成果有利于提高人们对长株潭地区的耕地保护意识,为促进区域土地合理利用规划,实现两型发展提供科学依据。 相似文献
9.
Investigation of land use changes on soil erosion process using geographical information system 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
K. Solaimani Ph.D. S. Modallaldoust S. Lotfi Ph.D. 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2009,6(3):415-424
Land use change quantified for the last 50 years within and near a fast growing agricultural land in Neka River Basin, using geographic information systems. Land cover and land use change was projected for the next decade using topography, geology, land use maps and remote sensing data of the study area. The study explored the relationships between agricultural land growth and landscape changes. The land use changes assessed among the different land cover classes. It is important to mention that conducting of the present study a very severe land cover changes taken place as the result of agricultural land development. These changes in land cover led to the forest degradation of the study area. Relationship between land-use changes and agricultural growth offered a more robust prediction of soil erosion in Neka watershed. This study aims to find the relationships between land use pattern, erosion and the sediment yield in the study area. The land use coefficient has applied in the model of erosion potential method to forecast the effect of the land type to reduce the erosion. The results of this study indicated that the total sediment yield of the study area has notably decreased to 89.24 % after an appropriate land use/cover alteration. The estimated special erosion for the southern Neka Basin is about 144465.1 m3/km2 where after management policy is predicted 15542.9 m3/km2/y. Therefore, the total difference for the study area has estimated about 128922.2 m3/km2/y. 相似文献
10.
Our research questions and analytical approaches are used to examine coupled human-natural systems in the Northern Ecuadorian Amazon. They are based on complexity theory and extend from our earlier work in Cellular Automata (CA) in which land use/land cover (LULC) change patterns were spatially simulated to examine deforestation and agricultural extensification on household farms. The basic intent is to understand linkages between people and the environment by explicitly considering pattern-process relationships and the nature of feedback mechanisms among social, biophysical, and geographical factors that influence LULC dynamics within the study area. In this research, we describe how our CA modeling approach emphasizes the human dimensions of LULC change by including socio-economic and demographic characteristics at the household-level along with biophysical data that describe the resource endowments of farms, geographic accessibility of farms to roads and communities, and the evolving nature of human-environment interactions over time and space in response to exogenous and endogenous factors.A LULC change scenario is examined by comparing model outcomes generated for a base CA model and an alternative CA model to explore the effects of increases in household income on land use change patterns at the farm level, achieved as a consequence of improved geographic accessibility to roads and communities and increased off-farm employment as a household livelihood strategy. Growth or transitions rules in our CA model, as well as neighborhood associations are sensitive to socio-economic and demographic factors of households, resource endowments of farms, geographic accessibility, and the uncertainty associated with peasant farming in a frontier setting. Model outcomes indicate that increases in household income are associated with more land in pasture and more land being cultivated for crops as a result of greater access to agricultural markets. In addition, more land in secondary forest succession occurs as a consequence of greater access to roads and communities, thereby, affording a better opportunity for off-farm employment and greater levels of household income. 相似文献
11.
H. G. Richter Dr. 《GeoJournal》1984,8(1):67-74
Types and pattern of land use in the GDR are controlled both by the historical development and the strong influences of technological, social and political alterations during the last four decades. Owing to these factors and the favourable natural conditions the share of non-arable area is small. The two basic features of land transformation are land use alteration and intensification. Compared to other European countries the first process lies on the average. It is still remarkable because most alterations of land use drastically reduce the agricultural area. Intensification consequently is the main type of land transformation in all sections of regional development. In most cases the benefit of strong intensification serves to particular users. Therefore various by-effects arise like pollution, contamination, blocking and devastating of renewable natural resources. Under the auspices of long term rationalization land transformation must be accompanied by the development of a dense network of protective measures and reservation areas, and in addition by different types for multiple utilization of renewable natural resources. At present complicated systems of land use are in evolution. 相似文献
12.
David Carr 《Geoforum》2006,37(1):94-103
Agricultural frontiers are hot spots for the most dramatic land cover change in the history of humankind: forest conversion to agriculture. They are also areas of unusually rapid population growth and acute poverty, with scant access to public services and infrastructure. Although a large body of literature explores the determinants of land cover change on the frontier, one issue that has been largely unstudied is that of frontier political and socio-economic development. This paper reports on data from 28 communities along an agricultural frontier in a core conservation zone of the Maya Biosphere Reserve (MBR), where the predominant land tenure systems at the community level appear to be related not only to land use, but also to political organization and human development indicators. 相似文献
13.
Land tenure rights reflect the deeper structures of society, particularly gender distinctions in relation to land. Considering
the structural differences between patrilineal and matrilineal customary tenure systems in East Timor are understudied, this
paper explores men and women’s experiences in accessing land under such arrangements. The comparative analysis of two patrilineal
with one matrilineal land tenure systems in Ainaro and Manufahi districts suggests a significant degree of flexibility within
both systems with respect to the norms of gendered inheritance. Therefore, the binary constructs of ‘patrilineal’ and ‘matrilineal’
societies are limiting. Both men and women in these communities may acquire land rights under different circumstances, mainly
through negotiations with their parents or hamlet chief. Daughters in the patrilineal communities could inherit family land
upon their parents’ death and sons in the matrilineal community could gain land by cultivating and maintaining unclaimed customary
land. Empirical evidence show that inheritance principally determines usufruct rights to land, but marriage exchange practices
complicates a deeper understanding of traditional East Timorese land rights.
相似文献
| Pyone Myat ThuEmail: |
14.
J. Lee 《Environmental Geology》1986,9(1):23-30
Ireland's soil regions consist largely of Luvisols, Cambisols, and Gleysols. Approximately 60% of Ireland's land area is subject
to varying degrees of soil limitations. Twenty-five percent of the land area comprises wet lowland mineral soils.
Ninety percent of Ireland's agricultural area comprises pasture, hay, and silage. Approximately 30% of the agricultural area
is devoted to dairying, and 55% to cattle production. is devoted to dairying, and 55% to cattle production.
Trends in agricultural land use indicate that tillage declined substantially while livestock showed a substantial increase
particularly in the decade 1965–1975. Research concludes that over 2.8 million ha has a capacity to carry at least 100 LU/40
ha (100 acres).
Levels of fertilizer use in Ireland are below EEC levels. The highest fertilizer use levels are associated with the eastern
and southern areas of Ireland. Tillage crops occupy only 10% of the agricultural area, while they account for 26% of tertilizer
and lime use. 相似文献
15.
J.D. Unruh 《GeoJournal》1998,46(2):89-99
For largely agricultural societies in subSaharan Africa, land and attachments to land play a fundamental role in the identity
of individuals and groups. Forced dislocation from land and ‘home areas’ during war, and subsequent attempts at reintegration
following an end to armed conflict is therefore an important influence in identity change. With data gathered in postwar Mozambique,
this article considers the ways that the land tenure dynamic following armed conflict influences identity change within the
recovering customary agricultural population. Following a review of the relationship between land tenure and identity, the
paper provides a brief background of the situation in Mozambique and then, using quantitative data from a social survey, case
study reports, and literature sources, looks at the land tenure influences on attempts at rural reintegration and the subsequent
impacts on identity. These influences include: smallholder-largeholder interaction over land resources, state ownership of
land, postwar development efforts, and the situation of demobilized combatants.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
16.
While national figures of land availability are used to justify accepting large-scale land investors, not very much is known about the local level realities of land availability. By combining remotely sensed data with fieldwork, system dynamics modelling and qualitative research methods, we examine local level realities of land use and availability in the Malen Chiefdom of Southern Sierra Leone. Here, local communities are experiencing the outcomes of large-scale investments in oil palm for biodiesel and other industrial purposes by the SOCFIN Agricultural Company. We find that beyond agricultural production, there are other land uses that are vital for the socio-cultural, economic and environmental realities of communities. The Company does not respect engagements promised to local people to set aside buffer zones around living areas to serve as biodiversity corridors. Local communities are severely deprived of agricultural land and other land resources. The operations of SOCFIN do not take account of present or future land needs of local people. A baseline requirement of food crop land should be set aside for each community, to ensure the attainment of food security in communities affected by land acquisitions. Such baseline requirement should be augmented with local level needs assessments to meet new demand for cropland necessitated by changing demography. This model of land planning can be applied to other land use and additional engagements of large-scale land investors. 相似文献
17.
Jon D. Unruh 《GeoJournal》1995,36(1):19-26
Indigenous resource tenure systems in Africa have evolved to meet the constraints and opportunities of often difficult biophysical environments, while facilitating the operation of complex spatial and temporal land use patterns. Traditional systems provide security of tenure in culturally relevant ways that permit adaptation to new circumstances. On the other hand imposed tenure structures in Africa have often not strengthened individual rights and have often blocked indigenous tenure development and adaption in response to new situations.Pastoralists in Africa have in particular been negatively impacted by the imposition of national tenure systems which in many cases have served to marginalize nomadic populations, with repercussions in land degradation, food security, and instability.In Somalia the transient resource rights and resource use arrangements that are critical to transhumant pastoralism were ignored in the formulation of the national tenure regime which favored crop cultivation. The results were increased land degradation, resource use conflicts, declines in pastoral production, and impacts on Somali clan alliances which in many cases regulate rational resource access and use.Somalia possesses the greatest proportion of pastoralists in Africa. Transhumant pastoralism, as the most widespread agricultural enterprise in the country, will play a critical role in food production for the foreseeable future. However, the relationship between indigenous pastoralist tenure and state imposed tenure has, in many locations decreased the ability of pastoralism to reproduce itself, thereby compromising the rational utilization of very large areas of rangeland interior, which have very few alternative uses. 相似文献
18.
The main objective of this study was to discuss the efficiency of agricultural land suitability for assessing land use types in rural areas. In this research, El-Nubariya area west of Nile Delta was selected as a case study site, which considers one of the high priority regions for future development in Egypt. As input, a total of ten representative soil profiles and number of observations points were used for collecting soil samples. Based on the field survey, laboratory analysis, and satellite image interpretation in cooperation with geographic information system (GIS), the physiographic map was executed. Three main landscape units were identified as follow: marine deposits, eolian deposits, and river terraces. The soils were classified mainly as Typic Torripsamments, Typic Paleorthids, and Typic Calciorthids. Land suitability assessment was done to define maps of the suitable areas for agricultural production using MicroLEIS microcomputer program and ALESarid-GIS system as well. According to the crop suitability results, the most suitable crops to grow in the study area were maize, melon, potato, sunflower, onion, garlic, olive, and date palm in the order indicated. Generally, the data on land suitability resulting from the evaluation models indicated that 56.1 % of the area is considered as suitable, 30.8 % is moderately to marginally suitable, and 13.1 % is not suitable. The main limitation factors for land suitability are the excess of salts, shallow soil depth, and inadequate drainage conditions. The output results are presented as georeferenced soil suitability maps using GIS utilities. 相似文献
19.
Tidal inundation mapping under enhanced land subsidence in Semarang,Central Java Indonesia 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Tidal inundation by high tide under enhanced land subsidence is a damaging phenomenon and a major threat to the Semarang urban
area in Indonesia. It impacts on economic activities, as well as the cost of an emergency program and causes interruption
of pubic services, danger of infectious diseases and injury to human lives. This study examines a spatial analysis tool on
the GIS-raster system for the tidal inundation mapping based on the subsidence-benchmark data and modified detail digital
elevation model. Neighborhood operation and iteration model as a spatial analysis tool have been applied in order to calculate
the encroachment of the tidal inundation on the coastal area. The resulting map shows that the tidal flood spreads to the
lowland area and causes the inundation of coastal settlement, infrastructure, as well as productive agricultural land, i.e.,
the fish-pond area. The monitoring of the vulnerable area due to the tidal inundation under the scenario of extended land
subsidence plays an important role in long-term coastal zone management in Semarang. 相似文献
20.
应用RS、GIS以及GPS集成技术,以黔中喀斯特地区的猫跳河流域为对象,研究了这一地区从1973—2002年间土地利用／覆被的变化过程,并利用典型相关分析法研究了形成这种变化的驱动因素。研究表明,从1973—1990年,猫跳河流域耕地、建设用地、有林地、水域以及裸岩地呈增长趋势,而灌木林和灌草地趋于减少,流域生态环境质量下降。进入20世纪90年代后,有林地、灌草地、建设用地、水域持续增加,灌草地总量变化不大,耕地总量和裸岩地减少,流域生态环境质量趋于好转。定量分析表明,1990年以前,驱动建设用地变化的因素是总人口的变化,1990年以后则是农业产值;1990年以前驱动耕地变化的是农业人口的增长,1990年以后则和粮食产量的提高有关。 相似文献