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1.
角闪岩作为中下地壳的重要物质组成,其岩石和矿物的变形行为及力学强度表现直接制约着中下地壳力学属性与状态,因此开展对其中重要组成矿物角闪石的变形行为和地震波各向异性研究,具有重要地质意义.以红河-哀牢山剪切带中出露的变形角闪岩中角闪石为研究对象,其中显微构造分析表明,变形角闪岩分别呈现出粗、中粒条带状糜棱岩和细粒条带状超糜棱岩.分别对这3种变形岩石中的角闪石矿物颗粒进行了EBSD晶格优选定向分析和地震波各向异性计算,结果表明3种变形角闪岩中的角闪石呈现出不同取向及典型晶质塑性变形特征,(100)[001]主要滑移系发育,同时发育不同程度的(010)[001]和(110)[001]次级滑移系.我们认为在剪切变形过程中,角闪石双晶滑移和解理面滑移共同作用致使角闪石细粒化.从粗粒到细粒条带状角闪石,随着角闪石颗粒粒度减小,角闪石中AV_p也有逐渐变小的趋势,表明角闪石变形行为、形态优选定向及晶格优选定向共同影响着地震波各向异性. 相似文献
2.
钠长石的实验变形及其显微构造的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
钠长石的变形机制受其架状结构中Al、Si有序程度控制。在800℃时,实验变形的多晶钠长石呈半脆性;在1020℃时,试样呈韧性。机械双晶和重结晶作用仅出现在高温钠长石之中,表明位错的活动性和晶界的迁移速度随结构的无序程度提高而增加。绝大多数的机械双晶是钠长石律双晶,这可通过滑移双晶的位错成因模式予以解释。机械双晶、位错滑移和重结晶作用是钠长石塑性变形的主要机制,它们之间具有密切的相互联系。 相似文献
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基于EBSD技术利用方解石双晶恢复古应力方向的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
方解石机械e-双晶是低温、低围压和低有限应变下主要的晶体塑性变形机制。假设方解石双晶面为剪切面,双晶形成方向平行于最大有效剪应力方向,最大主应力(σ1)和最小主应力(σ3)与主晶c-轴和e-双晶法线四者共平面,与c-轴夹角分别为71°和19°,与e-双晶面夹角为45°,确定方解石主晶和双晶的晶体学方位即可确定主应力方向。电子背散射衍射(electron backscatter diffraction,简称EBSD)技术可以精确测定方解石主晶和双晶的晶体学参数。从样品野外采集、室内薄片切制、EBSD数据获取、数据处理等方面详细介绍了利用方解石双晶恢复古应力方向的方法。 相似文献
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北祁连山加里东期板块俯冲带的南缘的橄榄岩体,是时代为495～522 Ma的玉石沟蛇绿岩套底部地幔岩残片,主要由尖晶石相的方辉橄榄岩和纯橄岩组成,流动构造(包括叶理和线理)发育。强烈的构造重结晶作用使方辉橄榄岩呈典型的残斑结构,而纯橄岩则以粒状变晶结构为特征。橄榄石普遍发育平行(100)面的扭折带,根据扭折带测得橄榄石以(010)[100]高温滑移系为主。组构特征表明方辉橄榄岩的橄榄石Ng[010]沿与叶理面垂直的压应力方向优选方向,而纯橄岩则经历了强烈的旋转剪切流变。利用氧化缀饰法揭示出橄榄石的位错构造十分发育,包括高密度自由位错、倾斜壁、扭转壁(位错网格)、亚晶粒构造、位错弓弯和位错环等,表明岩石经历了在高温、高压、低应变速率状态下以位错蠕变和攀移多化为机制的 相似文献
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利用透射电子显微术(TEM)对两个新生代裂谷区的碱性玄武岩(法国中央地块克莱蒙菲朗及中朝板块北部河北万全)中幔源矿物橄榄石的位错亚构造进行研究,通过位错类型、衍射花样、柏格斯矢量及位错滑移系的分析及计算,判断了深源包体从上地幔进入地壳的动力学过程——经历了高温(>1000℃)蠕变、低温(<600℃—800℃)应变及后期局部温度回升阶段,确定了高温滑移系以{OKl}[100]及(001)[100]为主,并存在由(010)[001]及(100)[001)滑移系组成的高温位错网络,计算了低温应变的滑移系为(110)[001]及(010)[001]。 相似文献
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我国西部盆地深层—超深层古老碳酸盐岩层系由于缺少传统古温标/地质热温度计,其盆地热史演化与古地温场特征备受争议。本文介绍方解石机械双晶形成演化机制及其与变形温度相关性,以川南地区上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组脉体方解石为例,结合流体地球化学和埋深热史过程恢复,表明方解石机械双晶能有效揭示五峰组—龙马溪组热史特征。方解石机械双晶具有双晶位错形成、双晶增厚和合并生长增厚的三个演化过程,导致方解石不同双晶结构（薄片、板状、锥状弧形等）分别形成于低于170 ℃、170~200 ℃和大于200 ℃环境,且伴随温度增大具有双晶密度减小、宽度增大的趋势特征。川南威远地区五峰组—龙马溪组发育典型板状方解石双晶,双晶宽度为1~4 μm、密度30~50 条/mm;长宁五峰组—龙马溪组方解石双晶宽度较大（约为3 μm）、密度较低（15~20 条/mm）。包裹体均一温度和埋深热史综合表明,长宁地区包裹体均一温度峰值为120~140 ℃、160~180 ℃和200~220 ℃,其埋藏热史明显大于威远地区,它们共同揭示长宁地区五峰组—龙马溪组相对威远地区具有较高的机械双晶形成环境温度。因而,方解石机械双晶形态几何学能够作为典型的古温标应用于我国西部古老深层碳酸盐岩层系热史研究。 相似文献
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新生代玄武岩中的下地壳包体,由于从下地壳被快速携带至地表,因此保留了下地壳的直接信息.华北北部汉诺坝新生代玄武岩中除了含有丰富的幔源包体之外,还含有许多下地壳麻粒岩包体.本文的主要目的是通过对该区下地壳麻粒岩包体的变形显微构造和位错亚构造特征的详细研究,探讨下地壳的变形特征和变形机制.光学显微镜下观测表明,下地壳麻粒岩包体的低温(＜800℃)样品中确实发育显微破裂,但变形双晶、变形条带、扭折带也同样发育,动态重结晶作用也开始出现.随着温度、压力的升高,变形双晶、变形条带、变形纹、扭折带和重结晶新晶粒等塑性变形特征占主导地位,而显微破裂则主要表现为由塑性失配引起的显微破裂以及流体包裹体面.而明显不同于Ivrea带地体麻粒岩,在这些包体中未发现与韧性剪切有关的变形显微构造特征.透射电镜观测表明,包体中的斜长石和辉石颗粒普遍发育自由位错、位错列、亚晶界、新晶界、变形双晶、包裹体列和出溶片晶等位错亚构造.上述观测结果表明,下地壳变形作用以塑性变形为主而不是准脆性变形,其变形机制主要为位错的滑移和攀移机制,其中包括机械双晶作用和动态重结晶作用. 相似文献
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The Kalininsky ultramafic massif is a fragment of lower structural zone of the Kurtushiba ophiolitic belt in the extreme northeastern part of the Western Sayan. The massif is composed largely of rocks making up the dunite-garzburgite banded complex. The northeastern part of the massif is composed mainly of dunite with linear NW-trending chromite-bearing zones, the localization of which is controlled by banding of the dunite-harzburgite complex. Harzburgite and dunite are characterized by inhomogeneous structures and textures caused by nonuniform ductile deformation, which is expressed as heterogeneous extinction, kink bands, and syntectonic and annealing recrystallization. The petrostructural patterns of olivine in harzburgite and dunite provide evidence for three stages of ductile deformation. At the first stage under deep mantle-crustal conditions, the ductile flow of ultramafic rocks developed mainly in a regime of axial compression, high temperature (>1000°C), and low strain rate (? < 10?6 s?1), which resulted in translational gliding along the (010)[100] and (100)[001] systems in olivine and enstatite, respectively, in combination with a subordinate role of syntectonic recrystallization. Consequently, the rocks acquired a medium-grained (mesogranular) microstructure. At the second stage, related to the thermal effect on ultramafics, the ductile flow developed under the settings of low strain rate (? < 10?6 s?1) and rising temperature (>1000°C). The translational gliding in olivine proceeded largely along (010)[100] and was accompanied by diffusion creep. As the temperature rose, ductile deformation gave way to secondary recrystallization of annealing, which facilitated the growth of olivine grains free of dislocations owing to absorption of individual grains oriented adversely relative to the compression axis and deformed grains saturated with dislocations. As a result, dunite and harzburgite with a coarse-grained porphyroblastic microstructure have been formed. The third stage of ductile flow was apparently related to their transport along deep-seated thrust faults under settings of intense shear deformations at a high temperature (～1000°C) and strain rate (? >10?4 s?1). The ductile flow in olivine resulted in heterogeneous translational gliding along (010)[100] and accompanied by intense syntectonic recrystallization with the formation of a porphyroblastic microstructure. Chromite mineralization in dunite is controlled by internal banding. Intense ductile flow facilitated the metamorphic separation of linearbanded Cr-spinel segregations. Thus, the results of a petrostructural study show that ultramafic rocks of the Kalninsky massif, ascending to the upper lithosphere, underwent both axial and shear ductile deformations in the mantle and lower crust, and these deformations controlled chromite mineralization. 相似文献
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Folds and folding mechanism in a chert sequence and related rocks of the Maláguide Complex (the uppermost tectonic unit of the Betic Zone) have been investigated. The geometric study shows that folds that developed in the chert sequence are usually angular in shape and asymmetric. Chevron and conjugate folds are common.Folding in bedded chert is explained in terms of a suggested model:
- 1. (1) Development of folds by kink and conjugate kinking.
- 2. (2) As the shortening increases, the interlimb angles decrease; in the kink folds this is caused by a reduction of the angle between the layers within the kink and the kink boundaries. There seems to be a relationship between this angle and the asymmetrical thinning-out in the limbs of many folds: the smaller is the angle between the kink boundary and the layers within the kink band, the larger is the reduction of the thickness in these layers.
13.
福建武平七里-永平韧性剪切带变形特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
武平七里－永平韧性剪切带位于福建省西南，为走滑型韧性剪切带，主要活动于印支期。通过对剪切带中岩石变形的几何学、运动学特征的研究，探讨了其形成的动力学背景，认为与南平－宁化构造岩浆带有关，是闽西南地块与闽西北地块碰撞形成的低序次的走滑型韧性剪切带。 相似文献
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Microstructures in minerals from ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphic (UHPM) terranes are keys to understanding the rheological properties and the exhumation mechanisms of rocks from subduction zones. Kyanite‐bearing whiteschist, associated with eclogite lenses, is part of UHPM unit II located south‐west of Lake Zheltau in the Kulet region of the Kokchetav Massif. The equilibrium assemblage is kyanite + garnet + talc + phengite + coesite/quartz. Previously reported peak pressure–temperature (P–T) conditions are ～3.5 GPa at 750 °C. A strong foliation is defined by the talc and phengite, with a corresponding weak shape preferred alignment of kyanite. Crystallographic orientation maps and analysis of kyanite blades were performed using electron backscatter diffraction methods. The data are consistent with a (100)[001] slip system for the formation of undulose extinction and kink bands in kyanite. Rotations measured across individual kink bands are 10–50° about <010>, and rotations along kyanite with undulose extinction are up to 50° about <010> with variations between adjacent points typically <2°. The undulose extinction is interpreted to have developed through crystal plastic deformation by dislocation creep. Kink bands mark the development of high‐angle grain boundaries by dislocation climb. The deformation of kyanite occurred in the fault‐bounded terrane during the exhumation of the Kokchetav Massif. 相似文献
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西藏阿里札达韧性剪切带特征及其X光岩组分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
文中简述了西藏阿里札达盆地的地质背景、区域地层和札达韧性剪切带的基本特征。采用X射线衍射法对札达韧性剪切带中的石英、方解石和白云母等三种矿物,进行了X光岩组分析,确定了韧性变形岩石的组构特征、韧性剪切带的属性和变形岩石的应变类型,以及韧性剪切带形成时的温压条件。研究表明,韧性变形岩石均具不对称组构,反映韧性带属于南盘(下盘)俯冲型韧性剪切带,韧性变形是在高温、高压、低应变速率条件下发生的,处于>10km的地壳深度,岩石应变类型以压扁应变为主。 相似文献
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This part concerns folding of elastic multilayers subjected to principal initial stresses parallel or normal to layering and to confinement by stiff or rigid boundaries. Both sinusoidal and reverse-kink folds can be produced in multilayers subjected to these conditions, depending primarily upon the conditions of contacts between layers. The initial fold pattern is always sinusoidal under these ideal conditions, but subsequent growth of the initial folds can change the pattern. For example, if contacts between layers cannot resist shear stress or if soft elastic interbeds provide uniform resistance to shear between stiff layers, sinusoidal folds of the Biot wavelength grow most rapidly with increased shortening. Further, the Biot waves become unstable as the folds grow and are transformed into concentric-like folds and finally into chevron folds. Comparison of results of the elementary and the linearized theories of elastic folding indicates that the elementary theory can accurately predict the Biot wavelength if the multilayers contain at least ten layers and if either the soft interbeds are at most about one-fifth as stiff as the stiff layers, or there is zero contact shear strength between layers.Multilayers subjected to the same conditions of loading and confinement as discussed above, can develop kink folds also. The kink fold can be explained in terms of a theory based on three assumptions: each stiff layer folds into the same form; kinking is a buckling phenomenon, and shear stress is required to overcome contact shear strength between layers and to produce slippage locally. The theory indicates that kink forms will tend to develop in multilayers with low but finite contact shear strength relative to the average shear modulus of the multilayer. Also, the larger the initial slopes and number of layers with contact shear strength, the more is the tendency for kink folds rather than sinusoidal folds to develop. The theoretical displacement form of a layer in a kink band is the superposition of a full sine wave, with a wavelength equal to the width of the kink band, and of a linear displacement profile. The resultant form resembles a one-half sine curve but it is significantly different from this curve. The width of the kink band may be greater or less than the Biot wavelength of sinusoidal folding in the multilayer, depending upon the magnitude of the contact shear strength relative to the average shear modulus. For example, in multilayers of homogeneous layers with contact strength, the Biot wavelength is zero so that the width of the kink band in such materials is always greater than the Biot wavelength. In general, the higher the contact strength, the narrower the kink band; for simple frictional contacts, the widths of kink bands decrease with increasing confinement normal to layers. Widths of kink bands theoretically depend upon a host of parameters — initial amplitude of Biot waves, number of layers, shear strength of contacts between layers, and thickness and modulus ratios of stiff-to-soft layers — therefore, widths of kink bands probably cannot be used readily to estimate properties of rocks containing kink bands. All these theoretical predictions are consistent with observations of natural and experimental kink folds of the reverse variety.Chevron folding and kink folding can be distinctly different phenomena according to the theory. Chevron folds typically form at cores of concentric-like folds; they rarely form at intersections of kink bands. In either case, they are similar folds that develop at a late stage in the folding process. Kink folds are more nearly akin to concentric-like folds than to chevron folds because kink folds form early, commonly before the sinusoidal folds are visible. Whereas concentric-like folds develop in response to higher-order effects near boundaries of a multilayer, kink folds typically initiate in response to higher-order shear, as at inflection points near mid-depth in low-amplitude, sinusoidal fold patterns. Chevron folding and kink folding are similar in elastic multilayers in that elastic “yielding” at hinges can produce rather sharp, angular forms. 相似文献
17.
One of the rules of thumb of structural geology is that drag folds, or minor asymmetric folds, reflect the sense of layer-parallel shear during folding of an area. According to this rule, right-lateral, layer-parallel shear is accompanied by clockwise rotation of marker surfaces and left-lateral by counterclockwise rotation. By using this rule of thumb, one is supposed to be able to examine small asymmetric folds in an outcrop and to infer the direction of axes of major folds relative to the position of the outcrop. Such inferences, however, can be misleading. Theoretical and experimental analyses of elastic multilayers show that symmetric sinusoidal folds first develop in the multilayers, if the rheological and dimensional properties favor the development of sinusoidal folds rather than kink folds, and that the folded layers will then behave much as passive markers during layerparallel shear and thus will follow the rule of thumb of drag folding. The analyses indicate, however, that multilayers whose properties favor the development of kink folds can produce monoclinal kink folds with a sense of asymmetry opposite to that predicted by the rule of thumb. Therefore, the asymmetry of folds can be an ambiguous indicator of the sense of shear.The reason for the ambiguity is that asymmetry is a result of two processes that can produce diametrically opposed results. The deformation of foliation surfaces and axial planes in a passive manner is the pure or end-member form of one process. The result of the passive deformation of fold forms is the drag fold in which the steepness of limbs and the tilt of axial planes relative to nonfolded layering are in accord with the rule of thumb.The end-member form of a second process, however, produces the opposite geometric relationships. This process involves yielding and buckling instabilities of layers with contact strength and can result in monoclinal kink bands. Right-lateral, layer-parallel shear stress produces left-lateral monoclinal kink bands and left-lateral shear stress produces right-lateral monoclinal kink bands. Actual folds do not behave as either of these ideal end members, and it is for this reason that the interpretation of the sense of layer-parallel shear stress relative to the asymmetry of folds can be ambiguous.Kink folding of a multilayer with contact strength theoretically is a result of both buckling and yielding instabilities. The theory indicates that inclination of the direction of maximum compression to layering favors either left-lateral or right-lateral kinking, and that one can predict conditions under which monoclinal kink bands will develop in elastic or elastic—plastic layers. Further, the first criterion of kink and sinusoidal folding developed in Part IV remains valid if we replace the contact shear strength with the difference between the shear strength and the initial layer-parallel shear stress.Kink folds theoretically can initiate only in layers inclined at angles less than
to the direction of maximum compression. Here φ is the angle of internal friction of contacts. For higher angles of layering, slippage is stable so that the result is layer-parallel slippage rather than kink folding.The theory also provides estimates of locking angles of kink bands relative to the direction of maximum compression. The maximum locking angle between layering in a nondilating kink band and the direction of maximum compression is
. The theory indicates that the inclination of the boundaries of kink bands is determined by many factors, including the contact strength between layers, the ratio of principal stresses, the thickening or thinning of layers, that is, the dilitation, within the kink band, and the orientation of the principal stresses relative to layering. If there is no dilitation within the kink band, the minimum inclination of the boundaries of the band is
to the direction of maximum compression, or
to the direction of nonfolded layers. Here α is the angle between the direction of maximum compression and the nonfolded layers. It is positive if clockwise.Analysis of processes in terminal regions of propagating kink bands in multilayers with frictional contact strength indicates that an essential process is dilitation, which decreases the normal stress, thereby allowing slippage and buckling even though slopes of layers are low there. 相似文献
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Schistose mylonitic rocks in the central part of the Alpine Fault (AF) at Tatare Stream, New Zealand are cut by pervasive extensional (C′) shear bands in a well-understood and young, natural ductile shear zone. The C′ shears cross-cut the pre-existing (Mesozoic—aged) foliation, displacing it ductilely synthetic to late Cenozoic motion on the AF. Using a transect approach, we evaluated changes in geometrical properties of the mm–cm-spaced C′ shear bands across a conspicuous finite strain gradient that intensifies towards the AF. Precise C′ attitudes, C′-foliation dihedral angles, and C′–S intersections were calculated from multiple sectional observations at both outcrop and thin-section scales. Based on these data the direction of ductile shearing in the Alpine mylonite zone during shear band activity is inferred to have trended >20° clockwise (down-dip) of the coeval Pacific-Australia plate motion, indicating some partitioning of oblique-slip motion to yield an excess of “dip-slip” relative to plate motion azimuth, or some up-dip ductile extrusion of the shear zone as a result of transpression, or both. Constant attitude of the mylonitic foliation across the finite strain gradient indicates this planar fabric element was parallel to the shear zone boundary (SZB). Across all examined parts of the shear zone, the mean dihedral angle between the C′ shears and the mylonitic foliation (S) remains a constant 30 ± 1° (1σ). The aggregated slip accommodated on the C′ shear bands contributed only a small bulk shear strain across the shear zone (γ = 0.6–0.8). Uniformity of per-shear slip on C′ shears with progression into the mylonite zone across the strain gradient leads us to infer that these shears exhibited a strain-hardening rheology, such that they locked up at a finite shear strain (inside C′ bands) of 12–15. Shear band boudins and foliation boudins both record extension parallel to the SZB, as do the occurrence of extensional shear band sets that have conjugate senses of slip. We infer that shear bands nucleated on planes of maximum instantaneous shear strain rate in a shear zone with Wk < 0.8, and perhaps even as low as <0.5. The C′ shear bands near the AF formed in a thinning/stretching shear zone, which had monoclinic symmetry, where the direction of shear-zone stretching was parallel to the shearing direction. 相似文献
19.
This paper presents the results of numerical modelling to investigate the regional occurrence of prehnite‐bearing metamorphic rocks at shallow levels in subduction zones. The modelling assumes a simple geometrical configuration in which the thermal structure in a prism is controlled by boundary conditions at the top and base of the prism. It is expected that the predominant metamorphic facies in a prism will change with decreasing age of the descending slab. The results of thermal modelling show that the facies boundary between pumpellyite–actinolite and prehnite–actinolite facies (including prehnite–pumpellyite facies) overlaps with an array of P–T conditions in the prism when the age of a descending slab is younger than 10 Myr. This implies that the change of the predominant metamorphic facies from pumpellyite–actinolite to prehnite–actinolite facies will switch drastically. The critical age of the switch depends on subduction parameters. In particular, the critical age of the descending slab is <5 Myr in the case of no shear heating, with a subduction rate of v=75–200 mm y?1 and subduction angle of θ=5–15°. For shear heating (constant shear stress=30 MPa) with a subduction rate of v=75 mm y?1 and subduction angle of θ=10° the critical age is 7 Myr. To test this switching behaviour in the development of prehnite–actinolite facies in the prism, petrologic data from the Cretaceous Shimanto Accretionary Complex (CSAC) in Kyushu, Japan were compiled. The regional occurrence and mineral assemblages of prehnite‐bearing metamorphic rocks suggest that the most of CSAC was metamorphosed under prehnite–actinolite facies. This conclusion is consistent with subduction of a young, hot slab, as has been proposed based on other geological observations. This suggests that the regional extent of the prehnite–actinolite facies metamorphic rocks may be a unique evidence for the subduction of a young, hot slab. 相似文献