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利用动力学模拟方法研究地幔对流对于大尺度岩石圈内部应力场形成的作用. 地幔物质内部的密度横向非均匀及表面板块运动引起地幔流动,并在岩石圈底部产生一个应力场. 该应力场作为面力将造成岩石圈本身变形,从而产生岩石圈内部的应力分布. 模拟计算结果表明,大部分俯冲带及大陆碰撞带区域应力均呈现挤压特征,如环太平洋俯冲带及印度－欧亚碰撞带等;而东太平洋洋脊、大西洋洋脊及东非裂谷处应力状态均表现为拉张;并且绝大多数热点位置处于应力拉张区域,这与目前对全球构造应力状态的理解是一致的. 计算的岩石圈内部最大水平主压应力的方向与观测表现出相当的一致,其结果总体上吻合得较好,然而在局部区域（例如西北太平洋的俯冲带、青藏高原等地区）存在着较大的差异. 研究表明,地幔对流是造成岩石圈内部大尺度应力状态及分布的一个重要因素. 相似文献
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We compute the transfer of oceanic lithosphere material from the surface of the model to the inner convective mantle at successive
stages of the supercontinental cycle, in the time interval from the beginning of convergence of the continents to their complete
dispersal. The sequence of stages of a supercontinental cycle (Wilson cycle) is calculated with a two-dimensional numerical
model of assembling and dispersing continents driven by mantle flows; in turn, the flows themselves are forming under thermal
and mechanical influence of continents. We obtain that during the time of the order of 300 Myr the complete stirring of oceanic
lithosphere through whole mantle does not occur. This agrees with current ideas on the circulation of oceanic crust material.
Former oceanic crust material appears again at the Earth’s surface in the areas of mantle upstreams.
The numerical simulation demonstrates that the supercontinental cycle is a factor which intensifies stirring of the material,
especially in the region beneath the supercontinent. The reasons are a recurring formation of plumes in that region as well
as a global restructuring of mantle flow pattern due to the process of joining and separation of continents.
The computations of viscous shear stresses are also carried out in the mantle as a function of spatial coordinates and time.
With a simplified model of uniform mantle viscosity, the numerical experiment shows that the typical maximal shear stresses
in the major portion of the mantle measure about 5 MPa (50 bar). The typical maximal shear stresses located in the uppermost
part of mantle downgoing streams (in a zone that measures roughly 200 × 200 km) are approximately 8 times greater and equal
to 40 MPa (400 bar). 相似文献
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全球地表热流是反映地球内部热与动力学过程的一种主要能流.本文在三维球坐标框架下，就几个不同的粘度模型分别研究地幔内部密度异常(基于全球地震层析结果)以及板块运动激发的地幔流动的热效应及其对于观测地表热流产生和分布特征的贡献.由于地幔动力系统具有较高的Pe数，可以期望由板块运动激发的地幔流动将强烈地扰动地幔内部初始传导状态下的温度场以及地表热的热流分布.结果表明，与地幔内部密度异常产生的热效应相比，运动的板块及其激发的地幔流动在全球地表观测热流的产生和分布特征上起着更为重要的作用.观测到的大洋中脊处的高热流在很大程度上可以归因于板块激发的地幔流动的热效应.计算的平均温度剖面较好地揭示了岩石圈和D″层的温度特征，即温度随深度的剧烈变化，这与我们目前通过其他手段对岩石圈和D″层的温度结构了解是一致的.一个下地幔粘度比上地幔高出30倍的粘度结构(文中使用的粘度模型2)较之其余模型的拟合程度似乎更好. 相似文献
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In this paper, the lithosphere is considered to be a homogeneous elastic spherical shell for the sake of simplicity and the stress equations for the base of the lithosphere are taken as boundary conditions. Then the stress equations are obtained for use in the computation of the stress field in the lithosphere with the satellite gravitational harmonic coefficients. The 5 × 5° global stress field in the lithosphere is computed from harmonics of 2–30°. The directions of principal stresses of this stress field agree favourably with the directions of principal stresses indicated by mid-plate earthquake mechanisms, in situ stress measurements and sensitive geological features. This result indicates that the drag forces exerted on the base of the lithosphere, due to gravitational mantle convection, may be among the driving forces of plate motion and a major source for the stress field in the lithosphere. 相似文献
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This study considers two-dimensional mantle flow beneath a rigid lithosphere. The lithosphere which forms the upper boundary of a convecting region moves with a prescribed uniform horizontal velocity, and thickens with distance from the accreting plate boundary as it cools. Beneath the lithosphere, the mantle deforms viscously by diffusion creep and is heated radiogenically from within. Solutions for thermal convection beneath the lithosphere are obtained by finite-difference methods. Two important conclusions have resulted from this study: (1) convective patterns of large aspect ratio are stable beneath a rigid moving lithosphere; (2) even for a lithosphere velocity as small as 3 cm/yr. and a Rayleigh number as large as 106, mantle circulation with large aspect ratio is driven dominantly by the motion of the lithosphere rather than by temperature gradients within the flow. Gravity, topography and heat flow are determined and implications for convection in the upper mantle are discussed. 相似文献
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用高分辨率地震体波速度成像以及相关的地球物理资料,计算地幔垂直流动形式及流动速度,得到全球地幔流垂直运动模式.从全球尺度来看,地幔流基本可划分为以下几个区域：欧亚大陆—澳大利亚、北美洲—南美洲为两个大规模下降流区域,西印度洋—非洲及大西洋、中南太平洋及东太平洋为两个大规模地幔上升流区域.地幔上升流起源于核幔边界,主要表现在地幔中部和上地幔下部.地幔垂直流动速度约每年1～4cm.地幔流动对地表板块运动、海洋中脊和中隆、俯冲带和碰撞带的分布起着控制作用.地幔上升流与地表现代热点有密切关系.从东亚尺度看,地幔流大体分为三个区域：东亚边缘裂谷系和西太平洋边缘海为上升流、西伯利亚地幔深度表现为物质下降流、青藏高原—缅甸—印度尼西亚特提斯俯冲带地幔下降流,这三个区域地幔流动与地表的西太平洋构造域、亚洲构造域和特提斯构造域相吻合.勾勒出南海地区构造特征：从上到下的大体结构是上部呈“工"字型、中间为圆柱型、底部呈盾形的地幔上升流. 相似文献
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从洋中脊上升的地慢物质带上来的大量热量,使在洋中脊裂谷处的海底热流及温度最高,向海沟逐渐减小．由于热胀冷缩,海底地势在洋中脊处最高．作者根据板块模型由一维运动物体的热传导方程推出裂谷处上升物体的温度分布公式．用此分布公式作为垂直边的边界条件,严格地求解了运动板块的二维运动物体热传导方程．用此方程研究了各参数与观测量之间的关系．通过改变公式中的参数值,使计算的理论曲线与实测海底热流一年龄及海底深度一年龄曲线拟合,从而求出了板块的厚度Ｌ＝９７ｋｍ,地幔上升速度ｕ＝３．ｇｍｍ／ａ,热膨胀系数ａ＝３．３７×１０－５／℃及温度分布．该方法克服了在洋中脊处理论热流值趋于无限大的问题,并可以计算出地幔上升流的速度及宽度． 相似文献
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Estimates of subsurface temperatures in the Archean craton of southern Africa during the Archean derived from diamond thermobarometry studies are remarkably similar to temperatures estimated for the same depths today, even though heat production in the earth and the mean global heat flow were probably substantially higher in the Archean. We present multi-dimensional numerical models for the thermal environment of the Archean craton in southern Africa during the Archean in which deep mantle heat is diverted away from the craton toward the surrounding oceanic lithosphere by a lithospheric root beneath the craton. Extrapolation of present-day models to thermal conditions appropriate for the Archean is inadequate to explain the similarity of present-day and Archean temperatures in the cratonic root. Reconciliation of the modern and ancient temperature estimates requires either relaxation of the constraints that the cratonic crustal heat production and/or the earth's mean mantle temperature were higher in the Archean than they are today, or that substantial “erosion” of the lithosphere comprising the cratonic root has occurred since the Archean. The latter possibility could perhaps result from revolatilization of the cratonic root in association with thermal perturbations in the mantle, for which there is evidence in southern Africa in the form of post-Archean tectonic and igneous activity. 相似文献
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在大地热流密度分布的基础上，研究了塔里木盆地中库尔勒－若羌和阿克苏－叶城两条剖面岩石层热结构特征．由岩石层Ｐ波速度分布转换成生热率剖面，用二维数值模型获得了岩石层热结构和热状态特征．结果表明，塔里木盆地壳幔边界温度的高低与其埋深密切相关．居里等温面深度大，地幔热流密度较低．岩石层厚度变化与其新生代期间挠曲过程密切相关．在岩石层温度分布基础上，确定了深部脆－韧性过渡带深度和岩石层屈服强度，表明塔里木盆地岩石层相对较冷，且具有刚性的地球动力学特征． 相似文献
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Edge-driven convection 总被引：23，自引：0，他引：23
We consider a series of simple calculations with a step-function change in thickness of the lithosphere and imposed, far-field boundary conditions to illustrate the influence of the lithosphere on mantle flow. We consider the effect of aspect ratio and far-field boundary conditions on the small-scale flow driven by a discontinuity in the thickness of the lithosphere. In an isothermal mantle, with no other outside influences, the basic small-scale flow aligns with the lithosphere such that there is a downwelling at the lithospheric discontinuity (edge-driven flow); however, the pattern of the small-scale flow is strongly dependent on the large-scale thermal structure of a much broader area of the upper mantle. Long-wavelength temperature anomalies in the upper mantle can overwhelm edge-driven flow on a short timescale; however, convective motions work to homogenize these anomalies on the order of 100 million years while cratonic roots can remain stable for longer time periods. A systematic study of the effect of the boundary conditions and aspect ratio of the domain shows that small-scale, and large-scale flows are driven by the lithosphere. Edge-driven flow produces velocities on the order of 20 mm/yr. This is comparable to calculations by others and we can expect an increase in this rate as the mantle viscosity is decreased. 相似文献
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假设地震层析成像提供的地震波速异常对应于上地幔物质的密度异常分布,而该密度异常直接源于上地幔热对流相应的温度扰动. 在给定边界条件下,利用三维傅里叶变换,在波数域内求解控制流体行为的运动方程和连续性方程,得到上地幔小尺度对流流场. 利用密度异常驱动上地幔小尺度对流的数学 物理模型,采用胥颐、刘福田等提供的地震层析成像数据计算得到了我国西北及周边地区上地幔对流模式. 结果表明,对流流场的顶部在岩石圈较薄的盆地区域呈现上升发散流动特征,如塔里木盆地、柴达木盆地、哈萨克斯坦块体及准噶尔盆地;岩石圈较厚的山脉则对应了会聚下降的流动特征,如天山山脉、昆仑山山脉和祁连山山脉. 同时,塔里木盆地处于拉张状态,驱动其上地幔物质南下向青藏高原北部西昆仑运动,以及北上向天山下部流动,这可能是天山隆升的原因之一. 相似文献
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Introduction The northwest of China includes Tarim, Junggar and Qaidam basins, and Kunlun, Tianshan, Altun and Qilian mountains, as well as the north part of the Tibetan Plateau. For a long time, the study of lithosphere structures and dynamics in this area has been a popular topic in geoscience, and has yielded many results. For example, TANG (1994) and LI et al (1998) suppose that the tectonic structure of Tarim Basin is various with geological periods, which changes many times betwee… 相似文献
14.
A detailed comparison between fully dynamic and kinematic plate formulations has been made in models of mantle convection. Plate velocity is computed self-consistently from fully dynamic plate models with temperature- and stress-dependent viscosity and preexisting mobile faults. In fully dynamic models, the flow is driven solely by internal buoyancy, while in kinematic models the flow is driven by a combination of the prescribed surface velocity and internal buoyancy. Only a temperature-dependent viscosity, close to the effective viscosity determined from the fully dynamic models, is used in the kinematic models. The two types of models give very similar temperature structures and slab evolutionary histories when the effective viscosity and surface velocity are nearly identical. In kinematic plate models, the additional work introduced by the prescribed velocity boundary condition is apparently dissipated within the lithosphere and has little influence on the convection under the lithosphere. In models with periodic lateral boundary conditions, slabs sink into the lower mantle at an oblique angle and this contrasts with the vertical sinking which occurs with reflecting boundary conditions. Models show that we can simulate fully dynamic models with kinematic models under either periodic boundary conditions or reflecting boundary conditions. 相似文献
15.
Shear velocity structure of crust and uppermost mantle in China from surface wave tomography using ambient noise and earthquake data 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
We present a 3D model of shear velocity of crust and upper mantle in China and surrounding regions from surface wave tomography.We combine dispersion measurements from ambient noise correlation and traditional earthquake data.The stations include the China National Seismic Network,global networks,and all the available PASSCAL stations in the region over the years.The combined data sets provide excellent data coverage of the region for surface wave measurements from 8 to 120 s,which are used to invert for 3D shear wave velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle down to about150 km.We also derive new models of the study region for crustal thickness and averaged S velocities for upper,mid,and lower crust and the uppermost mantle.The models provide a fundamental data set for understanding continental dynamics and evolution.The tomography results reveal significant features of crust and upper mantle structure,including major basins,Moho depth variation,mantle velocity contrast between eastern and western North China Craton,widespread low-velocity zone in midcrust in much of the Tibetan Plateau,and clear velocity contrasts of the mantle lithosphere between north and southern Tibet with significant E–W variations.The low velocity structure in the upper mantle under north and eastern TP correlates with surface geological boundaries.A patch of high velocity anomaly is found under the eastern part of the TP,which may indicate intact mantle lithosphere.Mantle lithosphere shows striking systematic change from the western to eastern North China Craton.The Tanlu Fault appears to be a major lithosphere boundary. 相似文献
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This study is concerned with numerical simulation of the strain due to glaciation and glacial melting, when a magma zone (a layer containing inclusions of magma and magma cumulates) is present at the crust–mantle boundary. According to analytical solutions of this problem that involves viscous relaxation of an uncompensated depression at the place of the molten glacier, the depth to the zone of increased shear stresses beneath the depression is proportional to its width, while the relaxation duration is proportional to viscosity of the lithosphere and is a few thousand years. These fundamental estimates are corroborated by our numerical simulation. According to it, the magma zone at the Moho boundary shields the zone of increased shear stresses, limiting it from below. The maximum values (12–25 MPa) with glacial thickness 500–1000 m are reached at the top of this layer of low viscosity. The directions of maximum compression (s1) as calculated for the time after the melting indicate that the magma that rises along dikes is displaced from the center of the magma lens toward its periphery. It is found that glacial unloading makes the dipping faults in the crust above the low-viscosity layer attractors for the rising magma. Glacial unloading accelerates, by factors of a few times, the magma generation in the mantle that occurs following the mechanism of adiabatic decompression, as well as facilitating the accumulation of mantle fluids in the zone of increased shear stresses at the boundary of the low viscosity layer. The magma traverses this deep fluid collector and increases the intensity and explosivity of eruptions at the beginning of an interglacial period. Our numerical simulation results are in general agreement with published data on Early Holocene volcanic eruptions that occurred after the second phase of the Late Pleistocene glaciation in Kamchatka. 相似文献
17.
上地幔温度是控制地幔流变性和动力学过程的关键参数之一.本文利用高分辨率S波地震层析成像速度结果,基于岩石温度与地震波速度的关系,研究了华北地区上地幔50~300 km深度范围内的温度分布和"热"岩石圈厚度.为了验证结果的可靠性,本文用计算的上地幔60 km深度处的温度作为底面约束,得到了相应的地表热流.计算地表热流与观测地表热流之间符合程度较好,相对误差大部分都在地表热流观测误差范围之内.通过对上地幔的温度分布进行分析,我们研究发现:(1)在上地幔浅部,温度与地表构造之间有很好的对应关系.在小于170 km的深度上,温度呈现东高西低的分布态势.温度较高的区域集中在东部的河淮盆地、渤海湾盆地、华北平原和中部陆块的交界处、西部鄂尔多斯高原北缘的银川―河套地堑以及阴山地区,同时,这些地区的岩石圈厚度也相应较薄,大约为80~100 km;(2)西部的鄂尔多斯高原是整个华北地区岩石圈地幔温度最低的地区,比东部地区低200~400 ℃,岩石圈厚度相应最厚,平均岩石圈厚度达到140~150 km,最厚处超过160 km.(3)在170 km以下的软流圈地幔部分,温度分布发生反转,西部温度高于东部,表明东、西部陆块在地质历史时期经历了不同的深部地幔动力学过程. 相似文献
18.
用数值模拟方法模拟了增厚大陆岩石层热边界层被对流地幔剥离并为软流层物质替代的动力学过程．结果表明,在初始温度分层分布、侧向均匀但存在微小热扰动的流场中,80km厚的增厚岩石层热边界层约需60Ma才能被完全剥离,剥离的速率微弱地依赖扰动的强度;在已建立好的流场中,同样厚度的增厚热边界层只需约10Ma就可被剥离．模拟结果暗示青藏高原地壳及岩石层在岩石层增厚和剥离以前就很热,其下伏地馒中可能已存在建立好的上地幔小尺度对流系统,而该尺度的对流系统很可能是由特提斯海洋岩石圈俯冲和消减诱发的 相似文献
19.
《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》1999,91(1):65-78
The tectonic stresses can significantly affect the propagation of a magma-filled crack. It has been pointed out that the rheological boundaries control the emplacement of magmas through the effect of stress. However, it has not been clarified how the role of rheological boundaries depends on the regional tectonic and thermal states. We have evaluated the role of rheological boundaries under various tectonic and thermal conditions and found that the level of magma emplacement may jump according to the changes in the tectonic force or the surface heat flow. The stress profiles were estimated by a simple model of lithospheric deformation. We employed a three-layer model of the lithosphere; the upper crust, the lower crust and the upper mantle have different rheological properties. A constant horizontal force is applied to the lithosphere, and the horizontal strain is assumed to be independent of depth. When realistic tectonic forces (>1011 N/m) are applied, the rheological boundaries mainly control the emplacement of magma. The emplacement is expected at the MOHO, the upper–lower crust boundary, and the brittle–ductile boundary. For lower tectonic forces (<1011 N/m), the tectonic stress no longer plays an important role in the emplacement of magmas. When the tectonic stress controls the emplacement, the roles of rheological boundaries strongly depend on the surface heat flow. When the surface heat flow is relatively high (>80 mW/m2), the stress in the mantle is quite low and the MOHO cannot trap ascending magmas. For relatively low heat flow (<80 mW/m2), on the other hand, the MOHO acts as a magma trap, and the upper–lower crust boundary acts as a magma trap only when the magma supply rate is sufficiently high. Our results suggest that the emplacement depth can change responding to the change in the tectonic force and/or that in the surface heat flow. This may provide us a key to understand the relation between the evolution of a volcanic region and its tectonic and/or thermal history. 相似文献