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1.
Saidou Sireh Jallow 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》1996,16(1):22-41
Although the way in which local communities in The Gambia identify drought has remained predominantly traditional, their response to the hazard has undergone significant change over the past three decades. Some of the changes, even if short-lived, have been beneficial, and have reduced the severity and duration of the hardships and penury which can accompany droughts in this part of the world. Nevertheless, other changes in the local response system, coupled with wider social, economic and political developments over the decades, are threatening to weaken the tolerance of local communities to hazards and increase their exposure to droughts. This article examines some of the strategies which local communities employ to identify and respond to drought, the extent to which responses have changed over the past decades, and the implications of some of these changes for the vulnerability of local communities in The Gambia. 相似文献
2.
干旱强度及发生时间对华北平原五省冬小麦产量影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文利用2001-2016年时间分辨率为8 d的MOD09A1和MOD16A2的数据集,构建了基于NDVI和ET/PET的干旱指数（DSI）,分析华北平原五省不同程度的干旱在时间和空间上的分布情况,探究不同程度的干旱作用于冬小麦不同生长阶段对农作物产量产生的影响。研究表明：① 年际分布上,2001-2002年干旱最为严重,其余年份干旱显著减缓,年内分布上,干旱主要集中发生在春季和秋季,夏季次之,冬季最少;② 空间分布上,河北北部、河南南部、安徽及江苏的中部和北部、山东东部是干旱多发区;③ 干旱对冬小麦产量的影响研究表明,越冬期发生初旱对产量起促进作用,而在乳熟成熟阶段发生初旱则会导致农作物减产;轻旱发生在乳熟期会对冬小麦产量产生显著影响,而中旱发生在开花、乳熟成熟期都会对产量产生显著影响,随干旱程度加重,干旱对作物产量产生显著负作用的生长期越长;此外,在播种时若出现水分短缺也会对冬小麦的产量产生影响,尤其是发生重旱和特旱。研究不同强度干旱发生在不同生长阶段对冬小麦产量的影响,对研究区的灌溉时间规划以及保墒增产具有重要理论与现实意义。 相似文献
3.
S. Begzsuren J. E. Ellis D. S. Ojima M. B. Coughenour T. Chuluun 《Journal of Arid Environments》2004,59(4):50
We investigated how both droughts and dzuds (severe winter weather) control livestock mortality in a non-equilibrium steppe ecosystem of Mongolia, Gobi Three Beauty National Park. These steppe ecosystems have developed under high interannual variability of rainfall and nomadic grazing systems. Interannual precipitation variation was 39%, with 128 mm mean annual precipitation. The effect of climate variability and extreme events on livestock mortality is a critical aspect for the Mongolian economy. Analysis of drought and precipitation variability on livestock mortality rate was not significantly influenced by the index of mean annual precipitation and annual winter temperature. Overall, unlike hot dry regions, pastoral livestock mortality in the cold dry regions was affected more by dzuds and annual growing seasonal rain than by droughts. Dzuds can be frequent events, occurring as often as once every 2 and 3 years within a decade. The average annual livestock mortality for the combined drought and dzuds years (18%) was 4.8% greater than the years with dzuds alone, and 7% greater than in years with only drought. Thus livestock mortality appears to be more sensitive to dzuds than to droughts, and that dzuds contributes more to livestock mortality even years where combined drought and winter storms occur. 相似文献
4.
Peter Kimosop 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2019,40(2):239-256
The Kerio Valley basin in Kenya has undergone several periods of drought, yet drought patterns in the region are not well understood due to limited climatic data. Drought events in the region have resulted in crop failure and livestock deaths, exacerbating food shortages. In this study, the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), a multi‐scalar drought index was used to examine the onset, duration, severity, intensity, and frequency of agricultural and hydrological drought in the region. The gridded 0.5° × 0.5° climatic datasets from Climatic Research Unit for the period 1960?2016 was used for analysis. Temporal evolutions of SPEI at 6‐ and 12‐month lags were subsequently used to evaluate agricultural and hydrological drought, respectively. Additionally, the Mann‐Kendall trend test was used to test for trends in the time series. Results from the analysis show that: 1) droughts are becoming more frequent in the region, 2) drought intensities in the arid and semi‐arid lands have weakened, 3) regions west of the Kerio River have recently recorded a wetting trend, and 4) the southern and central regions of the basin are drought‐prone. Understanding the spatial and temporal patterns of drought in the basin can assist in drought preparation and mitigation planning. 相似文献
5.
Natural resource management may change local and regional ecosystems, especially in drought-prone environments. Livestock are commonly kept as a source of capital in agriculturally dominated communities in Southern Africa, but the mis-management of available forage and water resources has led to significant land and water degradation. In Northwest Zimbabwe, to reverse trends in environmental degradation a community-based conservation program was established that uses intensive Holistic Management Planned Grazing (HMPG) to restore lost habitat and re-establish natural vegetation. We examined riparian ecosystem structure and water quality to compare the environmental impact of this management to nearby communal lands during a drought. The results demonstrate that concentrating livestock on ephemeral stream standing pools results in reduced water quality and altered riparian ecosystem structure. These results were not significantly different from what was observed when wildlife utilized similar water resources without livestock influence. When water is scarce, as during extreme droughts, livestock usage of surface water resources must be weighted against community water needs. The long-term regional benefits of HMPG may prevail over short-term reductions in local water quality but more research is needed to assess all the consequences of such management. 相似文献
6.
基于马尔科夫模型的新疆水文气象干旱研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在气象干旱SPI和水文干旱SRI的二维变量干旱状态的研究基础上,通过一阶马尔科夫链模型对二维变量干旱状态进行频率、重现期和历时分析,并预测未来非水文干旱到水文干旱的概率,研究结果表明：（1）开都河、和田河在干旱形成中危害大,阿克苏河在干旱演变中危害大,开都河和叶尔羌河在干旱持续中危害大。开都河和叶尔羌河主要以气象水文干旱为主,和田河和阿克苏河以水文干旱为主。（2）开都河连续湿润或者干旱的概率最大,状态2与状态4、状态5的相互转移概率低,和田河和开都河状态4不能一步转移到状态2。（3）在长期干旱预测中,塔河流域从状态2达到状态4或者状态5的概率最低,开都河（或和田河）从非水文干旱状态到状态4的概率最大（或最小）,从非水文干旱状态到状态5的概率最小（或最大）。 相似文献
7.
David Changnon 《自然地理学》2013,34(1):29-46
Hydroclimatic parameters were examined to identify spatial variability among 19 Midwestern basins during the 1950–1990 period. The magnitude of annual streamflow variability values increased westward across the Midwest and appeared to be associated with a similar pattern in annual precipitation variability. Basin seasonal streamflow values were analyzed to determine the occurrence of hydrologic drought. A criterion that combined duration and severity of low-flow characteristics was used to determine hydrologic droughts. Sixteen of the 19 basins experienced between one and four hydrologic droughts, whereas 3 experienced none. The temporal distribution and spatial extent of the 45 hydrologic droughts indicated that there were two classifications of Midwestern hydrologic drought during this period. The first type–“long-term” hydrologic drought–occurred over: (1) a period of 12 or more consecutive seasons and (2) a broad latitudinal belt across the Midwest. Long-term hydrologic droughts occurred during the period from the early 1950s through the late 1960s. Since 1970, hydrologic droughts can be described as “short-term” and are characterized as having occurred over: (1) periods generally less than two years and (2) a smaller region. This information could assist hydrologists and water managers in understanding the more precise nature of temporal and spatial differences that exist in Midwestern hydrologic drought. [Key words: hydrologic drought, hydroclimatic variability, Midwest United States.] 相似文献
8.
干旱对作物产量影响研究进展与展望 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
粮食安全关乎人类生存和社会发展,是总体国家安全观的重要组成部分。本文首先梳理了作物产量影响因素及干旱对作物产量的影响过程,进而从基于田间控制实验、统计模型、作物生长机理模型以及遥感反演模型等4个方面系统回顾了干旱对全球主要作物产量影响评估的最新进展,揭示出当前研究呈现出由单灾种向多灾种、由单目标向多目标、由统计模型向综合模型转变的特征。文献计量分析表明,1990—2020年干旱对作物产量影响研究发文量呈指数增长,且研究主题经历了由传统的作物水分胁迫到作物受旱影响与适应综合研究的转变过程,体现出研究视角的不断深化和综合。在学科分布上,农学、植物学和环境科学是研究干旱对作物产量影响的主要学科,建议应加强地理学多要素多尺度的系统性思维在粮食和水资源耦合系统研究中的应用。最后,在分析现有问题和挑战的基础上,将未来应关注的重要议题归纳为以下4个方面,即构建干旱对作物产量影响的多源信息数据库、阐明干旱对作物产量影响的关键过程及机理、发展耦合宏观与微观过程作物生长机理模型和搭建作物产量与粮食安全综合监测平台系统,旨在通过提高干旱对作物产量影响的监测预警和科学管控,实现农业可持续发展和全球粮食安全。 相似文献
9.
搜集并分析了全国29个省份（不包括港、澳、台地区）1961~2010年农业洪旱灾害数据,深入探讨了中国洪旱灾害时空变异规律及其对粮食产量的影响。研究结果表明：中国大部分省份农业洪涝、干旱灾害具有明显的突变和趋势特征。中国中部、中西部及西北部洪涝灾害呈显著上升趋势;西北、东北地区及云南等地区干旱灾害呈显著上升趋势。除华北和东北地区外,洪涝灾害对农业的威胁日益严峻,而干旱灾害则无显著变化。这对中国粮食安全形成了重大挑战,尤其是西部以及北部地区粮食灾损率和灾损量显著上升。降水时空分布发生变化以及人类活动共同影响了中国农业洪涝、干旱时空变化特征。 相似文献
10.
A methodology was devised for comparison of generalised range condition over time, irrespective of the nature of original imagery used. It was applied for range condition change mapping throughout Botswana through 1984-2000. Results showed that range degradation was most widespread during the 1980s drought when 25% of the country was affected, decreased to 6.5% in 1994 and increased to 9.8% in 2000. This suggests that these semi-arid rangelands are fairly resilient and can withstand “normal” droughts even under conditions of heavy grazing pressure. However, degradation that persists during normal or above average rainfall years is related to increasing livestock and other pressures on rangelands and may represent areas with severe range recovery problems. This application meets some requirements of a semi-arid developing country looking to improve range condition monitoring over relatively remote areas. 相似文献
11.
Mortality of domestic livestock can reveal circumstances of death of interest to the taphonomist and paleobiologist. We present a case that involves a dieoff and incipient burial of cattle at the end of a severe drought in a ranch in north-western Sonora (Mexico). Regional environmental crisis, such as drought, have been suggested to explain massive death, but we contend that droughts suddenly broken by a severe storm or storms and steady rains would be more stressful. As a result, in arid lands mammals could have accumulated in fossil deposits in short bursts through time. 相似文献
12.
中国气象农业非参数化综合干旱监测及其适用性 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
旱灾是对人类社会影响以及致损最大的灾种之一,如何进行可靠的旱灾监测是旱灾预警与旱灾防灾减灾的关键。气象干旱与农业干旱的综合干旱方法是目前干旱监测的主要方法之一。本文对多变量标准化干旱指数（MSDI）方法进行改进,以非参数化的方法计算标准化降水蒸散指数（SPEI）、标准化土壤湿度指数（SSI）,提出改进的MSDI,即气象农业综合干旱指标（MMSDI）。在此基础上,用1979-2015年中国降水资料、蒸散发资料以及土壤湿度数据对不同时间尺度（3月尺度与6月尺度）分别研究气象干旱、农业干旱、气象农业综合干旱,用气象农业综合干旱分别与气象干旱、农业干旱和改进之前的气象农业综合干旱对比,并结合实际记录的干旱事件时空特征验证,结果证实MMSDI指数可以同时监测气象与农业干旱,且其监测结果准确度高于单一变量的气象（SPEI）或农业（SSI）干旱监测,MMSDI指数对气象农业综合干旱具有更好的监测效果,可考虑作为中国气象农业综合干旱监测及旱灾预警的重要理论依据。 相似文献
13.
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of drought on grazing patterns of livestock in a communal rangeland in Namaqualand. Water points were the foci of almost all grazing routes even after the drought, and the areas away from the water points were less heavily utilized. The mountains could be regarded as key resource areas for livestock since the grazing intensity was higher in the elevated areas of the rangeland than on the surrounding low lying areas during and immediately after drought. Spatial patterns of resource use by livestock on the commons did not differ during the drought and post-drought period. The lengths of the daily grazing routes were similar for both periods. This may be a consequence of the weakness of animals during the drought when forage was scarce which prevented them from walking further. The size of home ranges of the herds did not change during the two monitoring periods. We attribute this to social reasons because herders try to avoid the mixing of herds. In the commons of Namaqualand, herders are also spatially constrained and this restricts their options to adapt to drought, and hence many animals died. 相似文献
14.
基于SPEI和SDI指数的云南红河流域气象水文干旱演变分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
本文基于红河流域43个气象站1961-2012年逐月降水、气温数据以及干支流2个水文站1956-2013年逐月流量数据,采用标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)和径流干旱指数(SDI)分析流域气象水文干旱的演变特征,并探讨水文干旱对气象干旱的响应。结果表明：①1961-2012年期间,流域总体上表现出干旱化的趋势,季节变化上春季有变湿的趋势,而夏、秋、冬三季有变干的趋势,但趋势并不显著。干旱频率季节空间分布差异较大,春旱和冬旱发生频率较高。从干旱范围来看,春旱范围呈缩小的趋势,夏旱、秋旱和冬旱范围表现出不同程度的增大趋势;②1956-2013年期间,流域水文干旱表现出加剧的趋势,其中1958-1963、1975-1982、1987-1993、2003-2006和2009-2013年为水文干旱多发期,近10年来频率明显增加;③流域水文干旱滞后于气象干旱1~8个月,气象和水文干旱事件的干旱历时、严重程度和强度之间具有紧密的相关性,流域气象干旱是水文干旱的主要驱动力。 相似文献
15.
西北地区农业旱灾与预测研究 总被引：17，自引：4，他引：13
西北地区干旱灾害在中国乃至世界上具有代表性,常常对农业生产、社会经济和人民生活带来巨大威胁。利用西北五省区(陕西、甘肃、宁夏、青海、新疆)1951～2000年的50年农业旱灾面积统计资料,分析了农业旱灾的时空强度变化。表明西北地区农业旱灾有增加趋势,以20世纪90年代增加最明显。利用西北地区均匀分布的40个站点50年的降水和气温资料,采用变换的Z指数法,探讨了干旱强度和地表径流量的时间变化与西北地区农业旱害的关系。表明降水量的减少及河川径流枯期与农业旱灾面积负相关关系密切。应用波谱分析与逐步自回归方法,分别建立了西北地区干旱指数的拟合回归预测模型,农业旱灾面积、成灾面积和绝收面积预测模型,并对西北地区干旱灾害的趋势进行了预测。表明西北地区干旱灾害在21世纪前十年有所减缓。经检验,模型预测效果良好,根据预测结果可以采取有针对性的减灾措施,减少西北地区农业灾害损失。 相似文献
16.
黄土高原气象干旱和农业干旱特征及其相互关系研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
选择标准化降水指数（SPI）和植被状态指数（VCI）分别作为评价黄土高原气象干旱和农业干旱的指标，使用干旱频率和Sen斜率分析了黄土高原地区干旱的分布特征与变化趋势，并探讨了气象干旱与农业干旱的相关性。结果表明：① 黄土高原西部干旱频率总体上高于东部。气象干旱和农业干旱变化趋势在空间上表现有所不同，黄土高原西部、北部气象干旱呈不显著减缓趋势，东部和南部呈不显著加重趋势，但绝大部分地区的农业干旱呈减缓趋势，尤其是400 mm等降水量一线两侧区域。② 季节上，黄土高原夏季和秋季气象干旱频率较高，春季和冬季气象干旱频率相对较低。黄土高原农业干旱频率春季最高，夏季其次，VCI对农业干旱实时监测的适用性更强。③ 不同季节，农业干旱滞后气象干旱的时间长短不同，冬季滞后约2个月，春季滞后约1个月，夏季和秋季滞后少于1个月。黄土高原一熟制种植区的SPI-12值与VCI值具有较好的正相关性。研究结果可以为黄土高原的干旱监测和预警、干旱区划以及干旱灾害风险评估提供科学依据。 相似文献
17.
Although a number of studies have analysed the methods to monitor crop water needs, the integration of phenological dynamics and irrigation using water stored in reservoirs has received little attention. This study is an example of such analysis applied to two irrigation communities (IC) located in a Spanish Mediterranean area, one with less water resources than the other, which it was carried out between 2002 and 2008. These years comprised periods of water surplus and water scarcity including the 2007–2008 drought considered by the Catalan public water authority the worst since 1944. The dynamics of maize, alfalfa, fruit trees and poplars were analysed using greenness and wetness extracted from remote sensing data. A statistical analysis was applied in order to find out the relationship between crop wetness and stored water. Results show that the IC used two methods for water-saving: crop substitution, by decreasing the area of maize, and timing the crop cycle, delaying or advancing sowing depending on water availability. In conclusion although one IC is drier in rainfall terms than the other, a similar crop wetness status was detected and no difference was observed between periods of water scarcity and water surplus. 相似文献
18.
松花江区气象水文干旱演变特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
采用标准化降水蒸散指数和径流干旱指数分析了1961~2010年研究区水文干旱和气象干旱时空演变特征,并探讨了水文干旱与气象干旱的关系。结果表明：① 1961~2010年松花江区呈总体干旱化且又有明显时段性的特征,其中1967~1983年和1996~2010年气象干旱频发、覆盖范围广、持续时间长且强度大;其它时段气象干旱少有发生。其次,气象干旱空间分布差异明显,东部的平均干旱频次和强度都大于西部地区,中部（嫩江流域中下游）平均干旱持续时间最长;但在嫩江流域和黑龙江上游地区干旱略有减弱趋势。② 松花江流域和挠力河流域水文干旱呈加剧的趋势,尤其是近15 a干旱化趋势明显;挠力河流域干旱频发、强度大且持续时间很长。松花江流域水文干旱程度弱于挠力河流域,但极端水文干旱事件频发。 ③ 松花江区气象干旱与水文干旱密切相关,嫩江流域水文干旱滞后于气象干旱2个月,而第二松花江流域和松花江流域水文干旱滞后于气象干旱3个月;挠力河流域水文干旱与气象干旱无明显的时滞相关性。 相似文献
19.
PDSI及sc_PDSI干旱指数在中国西南地区适用性分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
西南地区是中国干旱灾害频发地区,且在全球变暖背景下,干旱发生的频率和程度都有所增加,对农业生产和水资源安全造成威胁。帕默尔干旱强度指数（PDSI,Palmer Drought Severity Index）及在其基础上发展而来的自适应帕默尔干旱强度指数（sc_PDSI,self-calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index）作为较成熟的干旱监测指标已得到广泛应用。本文利用土壤可含水量（AWC,Available Water Holding Capacity）地理空间模型中土种与AWC的对应关系,反演出西南地区更高分辨率的AWC分布,并采用中国西南70站温度月均值、月累积降水数据,分别计算了PDSI指数及sc_PDSI指数,进而比较分析两种指数的时间变化特征及统计分布性质,探讨二者在西南地区对干旱监测的适用性。结果表明：（1）PDSI与sc_PDSI均反映了西南地区在1965—2010年变干的趋势,但PDSI时间序列振动幅度更大;（2）PDSI的频率分布出现“翘尾”现象,监测到的极端干旱/湿润事件的发生频率高于严重干旱/湿润事件,而sc_PDSI的频率分布则更接近于正态分布;（3）两种指数对2009/2010年西南地区干旱事件的监测结果表明,sc_PDSI对干旱落区和干旱级别的监测均一定程度上优于PDSI,与土壤湿度结果更为接近,而PDSI更易对旱情估计过重;（4）虽然整体上sc_PDSI对PDSI具有一定的调整作用及一定的优越性,但在个别区域（如热带季风气候）并没有体现出调整效果,应用时应当考虑区域因素。 相似文献
20.
Rural Social Networks along Amazonian Rivers: Seeds,Labor and Soccer among Communities on the Napo River,Peru 
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下载免费PDF全文 Christian Abizaid Oliver T. Coomes Yoshito Takasaki J. Pablo Arroyo‐Mora 《Geographical review》2018,108(1):92-119
Research on Amazonian communities has focussed more often on rural‐urban linkages than on links among rural communities. This is unsurprising, given the low density of population, limited intercommunity commerce, and importance of direct city‐market relations. Social relations among rural communities are also important in shaping rural livelihoods and lifeways. We report on the findings of a large‐scale census of communities in the Napo River basin in northeastern Peru (n=174). Data were gathered on intervillage crop seed acquisition and cooperative labor sharing as two key inputs in agriculture, and on intervillage soccer matches, which are integral to rural social life. We analyze the socio‐spatial networks of each practice, paying attention to settlement patterns, community ethnicity, and differential access to the uplands. We find that seeds and labor flow along soccer network lines. Rural social networks appear to be structured strongly by ethnicity (homophily) and reflect important complementarities between upland and lowland communities (weak ties). 相似文献