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1.
In north-east Brazil, Archean and Paleoproterozoic cratonicblocks are enclosed within a network of Brasiliano-age (0·7–0·55Ga) metasedimentary foldbelts. The unfoliated Coronel JoãoSá granodiorite pluton, which contains magmatic epidoteand strongly resorbed clinopyroxene, intrudes the SergipanoFoldbelt. Zircons yield a concordant U–Pb crystallizationage of 625 ± 2 Ma; titanite ages are approximately 621Ma. Discordant zircons suggest inheritance from at least twomagma sources of ages <1·8 and >2·2 Ga.Model calculations based on diffusion parameters and Rb–Srisotope data from separated minerals indicate that the plutoncooled at a rate of 36°C/Myr. Whole-rock element compositionsand initial Sr–Nd isotopic compositions that are heterogeneouson all length scales suggest magma mixing. Trace-element concentrationsand Nd isotope data argue against a contribution from a contemporaneousmantle-derived magma. Values of magmatic Nd (at 625 Ma) resemblecontemporary Nd for local supracrustal rocks and basement, compatiblewith anatexis of a crustal source. In north-east Brazil, cratonicblocks could have amalgamated with foldbelts that originatedas: (1) a mosaic of island arcs and arc basins (traditionalallochthonous model), or as (2) extensional continental sedimentarybasins (but not oceanic crust) later involved in collision (autochthonousmodel). The Coronel João Sá isotopic and chemicaldata support an autochthonous origin. KEY WORDS: Brasiliano Orogeny; granodiorite pluton; Rb–Sr isotopes, Sm–Nd isotopes; U–Pb isotopes, magma cooling rate  相似文献   

2.
The Skye igneous centre, forming part of the British Tertiarymagmatic province, developed over a 7 Myr period (61–54Ma) and is characterized by a complex suite of lavas, hypabyssaland intrusive rocks of picritic to granitic composition. Theintrusion of magma from mantle to crust at 2x10–3km3/yr(6 Mt/yr) advected magmatic heat of roughly 0·2 GW averagedover the period of magmatism supporting an ‘excess’heat flux of about 130 mW/m2, or about twice the present-dayaverage continental heat flow. The volume of new crust generatedat Skye (15000 km3) spread over the present-day area of Skyecorresponds to 9 km of new crust. The geochemical evolutionof the Skye magmatic system is constrained using the Energy-ConstrainedRecharge, Assimilation, and Fractional Crystallization (EC-RAFC)model to understand variations in the Sr- and Pb-isotopic andSr trace-element composition of the exposed magmatic rocks withtime. The character (composition and specific enthalpy) of bothassimilant and recharge magma appears to change systematicallyup-section, suggesting that the magma reservoirs migrated toprogressively shallower levels as the system matured. The modelof the magma transport system that emerges is one in which magmabatches are stored initially at lower-crustal levels, wherethey undergo RAFC evolution. Residual magma from this stagethen migrates to shallower levels, where mid-crustal wall rockis assimilated; the recharge magma at this level is characterizedby an increasingly crustal signature. For some of the stratigraphicallyyoungest rocks, the data suggest that the magma reservoirs ascendedinto, and interacted with, upper-crustal Torridonian metasediments. KEY WORDS: assimilation; EC-RAFC model; geochemical modelling; magma recharge; Skye magmatism  相似文献   

3.
McMURRY  J. 《Journal of Petrology》2001,42(2):251-276
The Bodocó pluton, typical of numerous felsic intrusionsin northeastern Brazil that are characterized by blocky megacrystsof K-feldspar, consists mainly of porphyritic coarse-grainedquartz monzonite (SiO2 58–70 wt %) and is reversely zonedfrom a granitic margin to a quartz monzodioritic core. Thereis little variation in mineral composition throughout the pluton,despite a range of variation in mineral proportions. Isotopiccharacteristics also are homogeneous, with 18Oquartz between+9·3 and +9·8 and initial 87Sr/86Sr within limitsof 0·7056–0·7063. Petrogenetic modellingindicates that in situ crystal accumulation processes, accompaniedby the upward migration of a crystal-poor felsic melt, can accountfor many of the observed chemical and isotopic features, petrographictextures, and spatial relationships of rock types. Localizedshearing associated with regional ductile deformation producedextensive kilometre-wide bands of strongly foliated megacrysticquartz monzonite intruded by mafic dykes. Shear-related magmamingling and/or mixing were localized post-emplacement differentiationprocesses, particularly at the upper level of the intrusionand in quartz monzonite border units along the southeast margin. KEY WORDS: accumulation; Brazil; megacryst; petrogenesis; shearing  相似文献   

4.
The volcanic history of Santo Antão, NW Cape Verde Islands,includes the eruption of basanite–phonolite series magmasbetween 7·5 and 0·3 Ma and (melilite) nephelinite–phonoliteseries magmas from 0·7 to 0·1 Ma. The most primitivevolcanic rocks are olivine ± clinopyroxene-phyric, whereasthe more evolved rocks have phenocrysts of clinopyroxene ±Fe–Tioxide ± kaersutite ± haüyne ± titanite± sanidine; plagioclase occurs in some intermediate rocks.The analysed samples span a range of 19–0·03% MgO;the most primitive have 37–46% SiO2, 2·5–7%TiO2 and are enriched 50–200 x primitive mantle in highlyincompatible elements; the basanitic series is less enrichedthan the nephelinitic series. Geochemical trends in each seriescan be modelled by fractional crystallization of phenocrystassemblages from basanitic and nephelinitic parental magmas.There is little evidence for mineral–melt disequilibrium,and thus magma mixing is not of major importance in controllingbulk-rock compositions. Mantle melting processes are modelledusing fractionation-corrected magma compositions; the modelssuggest 1–4% partial melting of a heterogeneous mantleperidotite source at depths of 90–125 km. Incompatibleelement enrichment among the most primitive magma types is typicalof HIMU OIB. The Sr, Nd and Pb isotopic compositions of theSanto Antão volcanic sequence and geochemical characterchange systematically with time. The older volcanic rocks (7·5–2Ma) vary between two main mantle source components, one of whichis a young HIMU type with 206Pb/204Pb = 19·88, 7/4 =–5, 8/4 0, 87Sr/86Sr = 0·7033 and 143Nd/144Nd= 0·51288, whereas the other has somewhat less radiogenicSr and Pb and more radiogenic Nd. The intermediate age volcanicrocks (2–0·3 Ma) show a change of sources to two-componentmixing between a carbonatite-related young HIMU-type source(206Pb/204Pb = 19·93, 7/4 = –5, 8/4 = –38,87Sr/86Sr = 0·70304) and a DM-like source. A more incompatibleelement-enriched component with 7/4 > 0 (old HIMU type) isprominent in the young volcanic rocks (0·3–0·1Ma). The EM1 component that is important in the southern CapeVerde Islands appears to have played no role in the petrogenesisof the Santo Antão magmas. The primary magmas are arguedto be derived by partial melting in the Cape Verde mantle plume;temporal changes in composition are suggested to reflect layeringin the plume conduit. KEY WORDS: radiogenic isotopes; geochemistry; mantle melting; Cape Verde  相似文献   

5.
The Negash pluton consists of monzogranites, granodiorites,hybrid quartz monzodiorites, quartz monzodiorites and pyroxenemonzodiorites, emplaced at 608 ± 7 Ma (zircon U–Pb)in low-grade volcaniclastic sediments. Field relationships betweenmafic and felsic rocks result from mingling and hybridizationat the lower interface of a mafic sheet injected into partiallycrystallized, phenocryst-laden, granodiorite magma (back-veining),and hybridization during simultaneous ascent of mafic and felsicmagmas in the feeder zone located to the NW of the pluton. Therock suite displays low 87Sr/86Sr(608) (0·70260–0·70350)and positive  相似文献   

6.
Oxygen isotope analyses have been obtained on rocks and coexistingminerals, principally plagioclase and clinopyroxene, from about400 samples of the Skaergaard layered gabbro intrusion and itscountry rocks. The 18O values of plagioclase decrease upwardin the intrusion, from ‘normal’ values of about+6.0 to +6.4 in the Lower Zone and parts of the Middle Zone,to values as low as –2.4 in the Upper Border Group. The18O depletions of the plagioclase all took place under subsolidusconditions, and were produced by the Eocene meteoric-hydrothermalsystem established by this pluton. Clinopyroxene, which is moreresistant to 18O exchange than is plagioclase, also underwentdepletion in 18O, but to a lesser degree (18O = +5.2 to +3.5).The 18O-depleted rocks typically show reversed 18Oplag–pxfractionations, except at the top of the Upper Zone, where thepyroxenes are very fine-grained aggregates pseudomorphous afterferrowollastonite; these inverted pyroxenes were much more susceptibleto subsolidus 18O exchange (18O = +3–9 to +0.7). D/H analysesof the chloritized basalt country rocks and of the minor quantitiesof alteration minerals in the pluton (D = –116 to –149)confirm these interpretations, indicating that the rocks interactedwith meteoric groundwaters having an original D –100.and 18O –14. Low D values ( –125) were also foundthroughout the biotites of the Precambrian basement gneiss,requiring that small amounts of water penetrated downward todepths of at least 6 to 10 km. These values, together with thelack of 18O depletion of the gneiss, imply that the overallwater/rock ratios were very small in that unit (<0.01), andthus that convective circulation of these waters was much morevigorous in the overlying highly jointed plateau basalts (18O –4.0 to +4–0) than in the relatively impermeablegneiss (18O +7–3 to +7–7). This contrast in permeabilitiesof the country rocks is also reflected in the distribution of18O values in the pluton; the plagioclases with ‘normal’18O values all lie stratigraphically beneath the projectionof the basalt-gneiss unconformity through the pluton. Elsewhere,the 18O depletions are correlated with abundance of fracturesand faults, particularly in the NE portion of the intrusion,where the Layered Series is very shallow-dipping and permeablebasalts underlie the gabbro. The transgressive granophyres in the lower part of the intrusivehave 18O values identical to those of the basement gneiss, indicatingthey were probably formed by partial melting of stoped blocksof gneiss. In the upper part of the intrusion these granophyredikes have 18O values similar to the adjacent host gabbro; thissuggests that much of the hydrothermal alteration occurred aftertheir emplacement. However, because of the rarity of low-temperaturehydrous alteration minerals, it is also clear that most of theinflux of H2O into the layered gabbro occurred at very hightemperatures (>400–500 °C). Prior to flowing intothe gabbro, these fluids had exchanged with similar mineralassemblages in the basaltic country rocks, explaining the lackof chemical alteration of the gabbro. Xenoliths of roof rockbasalt and of Upper Border Group leucogabbro were strongly depletedin 18O by the hydrothermal system prior to their falling tothe bottom of the magma chamber and being incorporated in thelayered series. This proves that the hydrothermal system wasestablished very early, at the time of emplacement of the Skaergaardintrusion. However, no measurable 18O depletion of the gabbromagma could be detected, indicating that very little H2O penetrateddirectly into the liquid magma, in spite of the fact that ahydrothermal circulation system totally enveloped the magmachamber for at least 100, 000 years during its entire periodof crystallization. Only as crystallization proceeded was thehydrothermal system able to collapse inward and interact withthe solidified and fractured portions of the gabbro. Neverthelesssome H2O was clearly added directly to the magma by dehydrationof the stoped blocks of altered roof rock. It is also plausiblethat small amounts of meteoric water diffused directly intothe magma, most logically in the vicinity of major fracturezones that penetrated close to, or were underneath, the late-stagesheet of differentiated ferrodiorite magma. It is suggestedthat such influx of meteoric waters was responsible for manyof the gabbro pegmatite bodies that are common in the MarginalBorder Group; also, such H2O might have produced local increasesin Fe+3/Fe+2 in the magma that in turn could explain some ofthe asymmetric crystallization effects in the magma chamber.Local lowering of the liquidus temperature would also occur,perhaps leading to topographic irregularities on the floor ofthe magma chamber (e.g. the trough bands?).  相似文献   

7.
The island of Pantelleria consists of trachytes, pantelleritesand minor mildly alkaline basalts. Rocks of intermediate composition(falling in the so-called ‘Daly Gap’) such as mugearites,benmoreites and mafic trachytes occur only in the form of enclavesin trachytes and pantellerites inside the main caldera of theisland (Caldera ‘Cinque Denti’), which collapsedduring the ‘Green Tuff’ ignimbrite eruption at 50ka. The enclaves include volcanic, subvolcanic and intrusiverock types. The enclaves in host trachyte contain traces ofglass; devitrified glass occurs within enclaves in host pantellerites.Minerals in the enclaves show regular compositional variationswith whole-rock silica content. Glass present in the medium-grainedsamples is interpreted to be the result of incipient melting.The major and trace element compositions of the enclaves showregular and linear variations between an evolved mafic magma(hawaiite) and a felsic end-member similar to the ‘GreenTuff’ trachyte. Fractional crystallization modelling ofcompatible and incompatible trace elements (V, Ni, Zr, La, Sm,Lu, Nb, Y, Th) does not reproduce the observed trends. Rocksof intermediate composition within the ‘Daly Gap’can be explained only by magma mixing between an already differentiatedmafic magma (hawaiite) and an anorthoclase-rich trachytic meltin the lower and higher parts, respectively, of a stratifiedmagmatic chamber. Medium-grained enclaves are interpreted asthe result of fragmentation of solidified mixing layers in theroof of the magma chamber during the eruption of the ‘GreenTuff’, when the collapse of the caldera took place. Diffusioncalculations suggest a residence time of <5 days for theenclaves in their host magmas. KEY WORDS: Daly Gap; enclaves; magma mixing; Pantelleria  相似文献   

8.
Alaskan-type platinum-bearing plutons and potassium-enrichedmafic to ultramafic volcanic rocks are temporally and spatiallyassociated within the Late Cretaceous–Paleocene Achaivayam–Valaginskiiintra-oceanic palaeo-arc system, allochthonously present inthe Koryak Highland and Kamchatka Peninsula (Far East Russia).The compositions of the parental magmas to the Alaskan-typecomplexes are estimated using the Galmoenan plutonic complexas an example. This complex, composed of dunites, pyroxenitesand minor gabbros, is the largest (20 km3) in the system andthe best studied owing to associated platinum placer deposits.The compositions of the principal mineral phases in the Galmoenanintrusive rocks [olivine (Fo79–92), clinopyroxene (1–3·5wt % Al2O3, 0·1–0·5 wt % TiO2), and Cr-spinel(5–15 wt % Al2O3 and 0·3–0·7 wt %TiO2)] are typical of liquidus assemblages in primitive island-arcmagmas in intra-oceanic settings, and closely resemble the mineralcompositions in the Achaivayam–Valaginskii ultramaficvolcanic rocks. The temporal and spatial association of intrusiveand extrusive units, and the similarity of their mineral compositions,suggest that both suites were formed from similar parental magmas.The composition of the parental magma for the Galmoenan plutonicrocks is estimated using previously reported data for the Achaivayam–Valaginskiiultramafic volcanic rocks and phenocryst-hosted melt inclusions.Quantitative simulation of crystallization of the parental magmain the Galmoenan magma chamber shows that the compositions ofthe cumulate units are best modelled by fractional crystallizationwith periodic magma replenishment. The model calculations reproducewell the observed mineral assemblages and the trace elementabundances in clinopyroxene. Based upon the estimated compositionof the parental magmas and their mantle source, we considerthat fluxing of a highly refractory mantle wedge (similar tothe source of boninites) by chlorine-rich aqueous fluids isprimarily responsible for both high degrees of partial meltingand the geochemical characteristics of the magmas, includingtheir enrichment in platinum-group elements. KEY WORDS: subduction; platinum-group elements; clinopyroxene; trace elements; fractional crystallization; Alaskan-type plutons  相似文献   

9.
Zircon Hf isotopic data from a zoned pluton of the Moonbi supersuite,New England batholith, eastern Australia, are consistent withmagma mixing between two silicic melts, each derived from isotopicallydistinct sources. Although zircons from three zones within theWalcha Road pluton give a U–Pb crystallization age of249 ± 3 Ma, zircon populations from each zone have arange in Hf. Zircons from the mafic hornblende–biotitemonzogranite pluton margin and intermediate zones have Hf +5to +11, whereas those from the more felsic centre of the plutonhave Hf +7 to +16, representing a total variation of 11 Hfunits. The Lu–Hf depleted mantle model ages range from650 to 250 Ma, with the younger zircons present only in thefelsic pluton centre. The variation in Hf indicates the involvementof silicic melts from at least two sources, one a crustal componentwith a Neoproterozoic model age and the other a primitive mantle-derivedcomponent with model ages similar to the U–Pb crystallizationage of the pluton. The zircons reflect the isotopic compositionsof the different proportions of crustal-derived silicic melt,relative to mantle-derived silicic melt, between melt generationand final pluton construction. The Walcha Road pluton is consideredto have formed by incremental assembly of progressively morefelsic melt batches resulting from mixing, replenishment andcrystal–melt separation, with final pluton constructioninvolving mechanical concentration as zones of crystal mush.The zoned pluton and, more broadly, the Moonbi supersuite provideexamples of magma mixing by which the more silicic units havemore juvenile isotopic compositions as a result of increasingproportions of residual melt from basalt fractionation, relativeto crustal partial melt. KEY WORDS: Australia; granite magma mixing; zircon; zoned pluton; Hf isotopes  相似文献   

10.
The Origin and Evolution of the Kaapvaal Cratonic Lithospheric Mantle   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
A detailed petrological and geochemical study of low-temperatureperidotite xenoliths from Kimberley and northern Lesotho ispresented to constrain the processes that led to the magmaphileelement depletion of the Kaapvaal cratonic lithospheric mantleand its subsequent re-enrichment in Si and incompatible traceelements. Whole-rocks and minerals have been characterized forRe–Os isotope compositions, and major and trace elementconcentrations, and garnet and clinopyroxene for Lu–Hfand Sm–Nd isotope compositions. Most samples are characterizedby Archaean Os model ages, low Al, Fe and Ca contents, highMg/Fe, low Re/Os, very low (< 0·1 x chondrite) heavyrare earth element (HREE) concentrations and a decoupling betweenNd and Hf isotope ratios. These features are most consistentwith initial melting at 3·2 Ga followed by metasomatismby hydrous fluids, which may have also caused additional meltingto produce a harzburgitic residue. The low HREE abundances ofthe peridotites require that extensive melting occurred in thespinel stability field, possibly preceded by some melting inthe presence of garnet. Fractional melting models suggest that30% melting in the spinel field or 20% melting in the garnetfield followed by 20% spinel-facies melting are required toexplain the most melt-depleted samples. Garnet Nd–Hf isotopecharacteristics indicate metasomatic trace element enrichmentduring the Archaean. We therefore suggest a model includingshallow ridge melting, followed by metasomatism of the Kaapvaalupper mantle in subduction zones surrounding cratonic nuclei,probably during amalgamation of smaller pre-existing terranesin the Late Archaean (2·9 Ga). The fluid-metasomatizedresidua have subsequently undergone localized silicate meltinfiltration that led to clinopyroxene ± garnet enrichment.Calculated equilibrium liquids for clinopyroxene and their Hf–Ndisotope compositions suggest that most diopside in the xenolithscrystallized from an infiltrating kimberlite-like melt, eitherduring Group II kimberlite magmatism at 200–110 Ma (Kimberley),or shortly prior to eruption of the host kimberlite around 90Ma (northern Lesotho). KEY WORDS: Kaapvaal craton; lithospheric mantle; metasomatism; Nd–Hf isotopes; Re–Os isotopes  相似文献   

11.
New 18O values for plagioclase, pyroxene and olivine, and limitedwhole-rock D values are presented for samples from the RustenburgLayered Suite of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa. In combinationwith existing data, these provide a much more complete compositeO-isotope stratigraphy for the intrusion. Throughout the layeredsuite, mineral 18O values indicate that the magmas from whichthey crystallized had 18O values that were about 7·1,that is, 1·4 higher than expected for mantle-derivedmagmas, suggesting extensive crustal contamination. More limitedH-isotope data suggest that the OH present within whole rocks,regardless of the degree of alteration, is of magmatic originand not an alteration phenomenon. There appears to be no systematicchange in 18O value with stratigraphic height and this requiresthe contamination to have taken place in a ‘staging chamber’before emplacement of the magma(s) into the present chamber.Large amounts (30–40%) of contamination by the lower tomiddle crust are needed to explain these 18O values, which isin general agreement with previous estimates based on Sr- andNd-isotope data. Alternatively, smaller amounts of contamination(20%) by sedimentary rocks, or their partial melts, representedby the country rock can explain the data, but it is not apparenthow such material could have been present at the depth of the‘staging chamber’ in the lower to middle crust. KEY WORDS: Bushveld Complex; Rustenburg Layered Suite; oxygen isotopes; hydrogen isotopes; crustal contamination  相似文献   

12.
Usu volcano, located in northern Japan, has erupted seven timessince AD 1663. Before these seven eruptions, the volcano hada long repose period ( 5000 yr). The 1663 eruption was thefirstand by far the largest among the seven, producing nearlyaphyric rhyolitic pumice. Small mafic inclusions (‘micro-clots’J,consisting of glass, quenched crystals and abundant vesiclesoccur in the pumice. On the basis of petrological studies ofthe microclots, it is concluded that these are quenched meltsof a mafic magma injected into the rhyolite. The products ofthe 1769 eruption (and those of the following five eruptions)were dacites with abundant (10–15 vol %) microphenocrysts.According to crystal size distribution (CSD) analysis, the newmicrophenocrysts appear to have crystallized at a considerablyhigher cooling rate ( 300 times) than the phenocrysts in the1663 eruptive products. The contrasting petrologic featuresof the aphyric rhyolite and the following microphenocryst-richdacites can be explained by mixing and rapid cooling of a maficmagma injected during the 1663 eruption. We estimate the sizeof the magma chamber beneath Usu volcano just after the 1663eruption, using numerical calculations for a cooling magma chamber.If the magma chamber was sill-like, its thickness is estimatedto have been several hundreds of meters. KEY WORDS: Usu volcano; Japan; magma chamber evolution *Corresponding author. Present address: Geomechanics, Earthquake Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, I-I-I Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan  相似文献   

13.
The Ashland pluton is a calc-alkaline plutonic complex thatintruded the western Paleozoic and Triassic belt of the KlamathMountains in late Middle Jurassic time. The pluton comprisesa series of compositionally distinct magma pulses. The oldestrocks are hornblende gabbro and two-pyroxene quartz gabbro withinitial 87Sr/86Sr = 0{dot}7044, 18O = 8{dot}7%, and REE patternswith chondrite normalized La/Lu = 7. These units were followedby a suite of tonalitic rocks (LaN/LuN = 7) and then by a suiteof K2O- and P2O5 rocks of quartz monzodioritic affinity (LaN/LuN= 13–21; LaN/SmN = 2{dot}4–3{dot}) The quartz monzodioriticrocks were then intruded by biotite granodiorite and granitewith lower REE abundances but more fractionated LREE(LaN/LuN= 13–19; LaN/SmN = 4{dot}3–6 and they, in turn,were host to dikes and bosses of hornblende diorite. The latestintrusive activity consisted of aplitic and granitic dikes.Combined phase equilibria and mineral composition data, indicateemplacement conditions of approximately Ptotal = 2{dot}3kb,PH2O between 1{dot}5 and 2{dot}2 kb, and fO2 between the nickel-nickeloxide and hematite-magnetite buffers. Successive pulses of magma display increasing SiO2 togetherwith increasing 18O and decreasing initial 87Sr/86Sr. The isotopicdata are consistent with either (1) combined fractional crystallizationof andesitic magma and concurrent assimilation of crustal materialcharacterized by low Sr1 and high (18O or, more probably, (2)a series of partial melting events in which sources were successivelyless radiogenic but richer in 18O Each intrusive stage displaysevidence for some degree of crystal accumulation and/or fractionalcrystallization but neither process adequately accounts fortheir compositional differences. Consequently, each stage appearsto represent a distinct partial melting or assimilation event. The P2O5-rich nature of the quartz monzodiorite suite suggestsaccumulation of apatite. However, the suite contains abundantmafic microgranitoid enclaves and most apatite in the suiteis acicular. These observations suggest that magma mixing affectedthe compositional variation of the quartz monzodiorite suite.Mass balance calculations are consistent with a simple mixingprocess in which P2O5-rich alkalic basalt magma (representedby the mafic microgranitoid enclaves) was combined with a crystal-poorfelsic magma (represented by the tonalite suite), yielding aquartz monzodioritic magma that then underwent differentiationby crystal fractionation and accumulation.  相似文献   

14.
Pelitic and calcareous rocks in the Whetstone Lake area havean unusually wide range of chemical composition. Metamorphicreactions have been deduced that represent the observed ‘discontinuities’in compatible mineral assemblages, and by plotting the reactantand the product assemblage of each reaction on a map, metamorphicisograds have been delincated ‘from both sides’.For the pelitic rocks, successively higher-grade isograds arebased on the following reactions: (1)chlorite+muscovite+garnetstaurolite+biotite+quartz+water; (2) chlorite+muscovite+staurolite+quartz kyanite+biotite+water; (3) kyanitesillimanite; (4)staurolite+museovite+quartzsillimanite+garnet+biotite+water. A fifth isograd, based on the reaction (5) biotite+calcite+quartzCa-amphibole+K-feldspar+carbon dioxide+water intersects the isograds based on reactions (2), (3), and (4)in such a manner as to indicate that the H2O/CO2 fugacity ratiowas significantly higher in the vicinity of a granite plutonthan in the metasedimentary rocks remote from the pluton. Chemicalanalyses of the coexisting minerals in reaction (5) indicatethat the real reaction may involve plagioclase, epidote, sphene,and Fe-Ti oxides as well.  相似文献   

15.
Olivine is the principal mineral of kimberlite magmas, and isthe main contributor to the ultramafic composition of kimberliterocks. Olivine is partly or completely altered in common kimberlites,and thus unavailable for studies of the origin and evolutionof kimberlite magmas. The masking effects of alteration, commonin kimberlites worldwide, are overcome in this study of theexceptionally fresh diamondiferous kimberlites of the Udachnaya-Eastpipe from the Daldyn–Alakit province, Yakutia, northernSiberia. These serpentine-free kimberlites contain large amountsof olivine (50 vol.%) in a chloride–carbonate groundmass.Olivine is represented by two populations (olivine-I and groundmassolivine-II) differing in morphology, colour and grain size,and trapped mineral and melt inclusions. The large fragmentalolivine-I is compositionally variable in terms of major (Fo85–94)and trace element concentrations, including H2O content (10–136ppm). Multiple sources of olivine-I, such as convecting andlithospheric mantle, are suggested. The groundmass olivine-IIis recognized by smaller grain sizes and perfect crystallographicshapes that indicate crystallization during magma ascent andemplacement. However, a simple crystallization history for olivine-IIis complicated by complex zoning in terms of Fo values and traceelement contents. The cores of olivine-II are compositionallysimilar to olivine-I, which suggests a genetic link betweenthese two types of olivine. Olivine-I and olivine-II have oxygenisotope values (+ 5·6 ± 0·1 VSMOW, 1 SD)that are indistinguishable from one another, but higher thanvalues (+ 5·18 ± 0·28) in ‘typical’mantle olivine. These elevated values probably reflect equilibriumwith the Udachnaya carbonate melt at low temperatures and 18O-enrichedmantle source. The volumetrically significant rims of olivine-IIhave constant Fo values (89·0 ± 0·2 mol%),but variable trace element compositions. The uniform Fo compositionsof the rims imply an absence of fractionation of the melt'sFe2+/Mg, which is possible in the carbonatite melt–olivinesystem. The kimberlite melt is argued to have originated inthe mantle as a chloride–carbonate liquid, devoid of ‘ultramafic’or ‘basaltic’ aluminosilicate components, but becameolivine-laden and olivine-saturated by scavenging olivine crystalsfrom the pathway rocks and dissolving them en route to the surface.During emplacement the kimberlite magma changed progressivelytowards an original alkali-rich chloride–carbonate meltby extensively crystallizing groundmass olivine and gravitationalseparation of solids in the pipe. KEY WORDS: kimberlite; olivine; partial melting; carbonatitic melt; oxygen isotopes; H2O  相似文献   

16.
The Campanian Ignimbrite is a > 200 km3 trachyte–phonolitepyroclastic deposit that erupted at 39·3 ± 0·1ka within the Campi Flegrei west of Naples, Italy. Here we testthe hypothesis that Campanian Ignimbrite magma was derived byisobaric crystal fractionation of a parental basaltic trachyandesiticmelt that reacted and came into local equilibrium with smallamounts (5–10 wt%) of crustal rock (skarns and foid-syenites)during crystallization. Comparison of observed crystal and magmacompositions with results of phase equilibria assimilation–fractionationsimulations (MELTS) is generally very good. Oxygen fugacitywas approximately buffered along QFM + 1 (where QFM is the quartz–fayalite–magnetitebuffer) during isobaric fractionation at 0·15 GPa ( 6km depth). The parental melt, reconstructed from melt inclusionand host clinopyroxene compositions, is found to be basaltictrachyandesite liquid (51·1 wt% SiO2, 9·3 wt%MgO, 3 wt% H2O). A significant feature of phase equilibria simulationsis the existence of a pseudo-invariant temperature, 883 °C,at which the fraction of melt remaining in the system decreasesabruptly from 0·5 to < 0·1. Crystallizationat the pseudo-invariant point leads to abrupt changes in thecomposition, properties (density, dissolved water content),and physical state (viscosity, volume fraction fluid) of meltand magma. A dramatic decrease in melt viscosity (from 1700Pa s to 200 Pa s), coupled with a change in the volume fractionof water in magma (from 0·1 to 0·8) and a dramaticdecrease in melt and magma density acted as a destabilizingeruption trigger. Thermal models suggest a timescale of 200kyr from the beginning of fractionation until eruption, leadingto an apparent rate of evolved magma generation of about 10–3km3/year. In situ crystallization and crystal settling in density-stratifiedregions, as well as in convectively mixed, less evolved subjacentmagma, operate rapidly enough to match this apparent volumetricrate of evolved magma production. KEY WORDS: assimilation; Campanian Ignimbrite; fractional crystallization; magma dynamics; phase equilibria  相似文献   

17.
The Antampombato–Ambatovy complex is the largest intrusionin the central–eastern part of the Cretaceous flood basaltprovince of Madagascar, with an exposed surface area of about80 km2. It has an 40Ar/39Ar incremental heating age of 89·9± 0·4 Ma and a U–Pb age of 90 ± 2Ma. The outcropping plutonic rocks range from dunite and wehrlite,through clinopyroxenite and gabbro, to sodic syenite. A dykeswarm cross-cutting some of the above lithologies (and the nearbyPrecambrian basement rocks) is formed of picritic basalts, alkalito transitional basalts, benmoreites and rhyolites; some ofthe latter are peralkaline. A few basaltic dykes have cumulateolivine textures, with up to 26 wt % MgO and 1200 ppm Ni, whereasothers have characteristics more akin to those of primitiveliquids (9 wt % MgO; Mg-number 0·61; 500 ppm Cr; 200ppm Ni). These basalts have relatively high TiO2 (2·2wt %) and total iron (14 wt % as Fe2O3), and moderate contentsof Nb (10–11 ppm) and Zr (c. 100 ppm). Initial (at 90Ma) Sr- and Nd-isotope ratios of the clinopyroxenites and basaltdykes are 0·7030–0·7037 and 0·51290–0·51283,respectively. Syenites and peralkaline rhyolites have Sr- andNd-isotope ratios of 0·7037–0·7039 and 0·51271–0·51274,respectively. The data suggest derivation of the parental magmasfrom a time-integrated depleted mantle source, combined withsmall amounts of crustal contamination in the petrogenesis ofthe more evolved magmas. The isotopic compositions of the mafic–ultramaficrocks are most similar to those of the mid-ocean ridge basalt(MORB)-like igneous rocks of eastern Madagascar, and suggestthe existence of an isotopically ‘depleted’ componentin the source of the entire Madagascar province, even thoughthe Antampombato basalts are chemically unlike the lavas anddykes with the same depleted isotopic signature found in westernMadagascar. If this depleted component is plume-related, thissuggests that the plume has a broadly MORB-source mantle composition.The existence of isotopically more enriched magma types in theMadagascan province has several possible petrogenetic explanations,one of which could be the interaction of plume-related meltswith the deep lithospheric mantle beneath the island. KEY WORDS: geochronology; flood basalts; Antampombato–Ambatovy intrusion; Cretaceous; Madagascar  相似文献   

18.
The garnet–muscovite (GM) geothermometer and the garnet–muscovite–plagioclase–quartz(GMPQ) geobarometer have been simultaneously calibrated underconditions of T = 450–760°C and P = 0·8–11·1kbar, using a large number of metapelitic samples in the compositionalranges = 0·53–0·81, = 0·05–0·24, = 0·03–0·23 in garnet, = 0·17–0·74 in plagioclase, and Fe = 0·04–0·16, Mg =0·04–0·13, AlVI = 1·74–1·96in muscovite on the basis of 11 oxygens. The resulting GM thermometeryielded similar temperature estimates (mostly within ±50°C)to that of the garnet–biotite thermometer, and successfullydiscerned the expected systematic temperature change of progradesequences, thermal contact zones and an inverted metamorphiczone. The resulting GMPQ barometer yielded similar pressureestimates (mostly within ±1·0 kbar) to the garnet–aluminumsilicate–plagioclase–quartz (GASP) barometer andplaced the aluminosilicate-bearing samples in the appropriatealuminosilicate stability fields. Application of the GMPQ barometerto thermal contact aureoles or rocks within limited geographicalareas confirmed the expected constant pressures that shouldexist in these settings. The random errors of the GM thermometerand the GMPQ barometer are estimated to be ±16°Cand ±1·5 kbar, respectively. When biotite or aluminosilicateis absent in metapelites, metamorphic P–T conditions maybe determined by simultaneously applying the GM thermometerand the GMPQ barometer. KEY WORDS: application; calibration; geobarometer; geothermometer; metapelite  相似文献   

19.
Petrology of the Caribou Mountain Pluton, Klamath Mountains, California   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  
The Caribou Mountain pluton is a small trondhjemitic body thatintruded semipelitic schist of the Stuart Fork terrane in lateMiddle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous time. Its emplacement followedthe intrusion of an adjoining body of hornblende quartz dioritecalled the Middle Fork pluton and the mode of its emplacementwas as an asymmetric ballooning diapir (Davis, 1963), as shownby concentric foliation, radial late-stage dikes, foliated enclaves,and folded blocks of schlieren-banded tonalite. Coarse-grainedhornblende-bearing trondhjemite is the dominant rock type inthe Caribou Mountain pluton, and it is called the ‘maintrondhjemite’. It was followed by medium-grained ‘latetrondhjemite’ and by late-stage trondhjemitic and granodioriticdikes. All the trondhjemitic rock types are characterized bylow alkali contents, high light rare earth elements, low initial87Sr/86Sr, and low 18O. However, the late trondhjemite has higherNa2O and a higher initial 87Sr/86Sr value than the main trondhjemite,and the two units cannot be related by fractional crystallization.The late granodioritic dikes are richer in Ba, Rb, Y, and Scthan the late trondhjemite and probably reflect assimilationof Stuart Fork metasedimentary rocks by late-stage trondhjemiticmagma. Mafic enclaves in the main trondhjemite contain xenocrysts ofquartz and plagioclase derived from the host by magma mixing.The enclaves have K2O, Ba, and Rb contents similar to, or higherthan those of the host rocks. Their rare earth element (REE)patterns display strong middle REE enrichment caused by accumulationof hornblende, probably as the result of filter pressing. The main trondhjemite cannot be derived from Middle Fork magmabecause the initial 87Sr/86Sr of the Middle Fork pluton is lowerthan that of the trondhjemite. The absence of parental maficmagmas of appropriate composition suggests that the CaribouMountain trondhjemitic magmas formed by partial melting of anamphibolitic source rock compositionally similar to low-K tholeiite.  相似文献   

20.
Tourmaline in the Martinamor antiform occurs in tourmalinites(rocks with >15–20% tourmaline by volume), clasticmetasedimentary rocks of the Upper Proterozoic Monterrubio formation,quartz veins, pre-Variscan orthogneisses and Variscan graniticrocks. Petrographic observations, back-scattered electron (BSE)images, and microprobe data document a multistaged developmentof tourmaline. Overall, variations in the Mg/(Mg + Fe) ratiosdecrease from tourmalinites (0·36–0·75),through veins (0·38–0·66) to granitic rocks(0·23–0·46), whereas Al increases in thesame order from 5·84–6·65 to 6·22–6·88apfu. The incorporation of Al into tourmaline is consistentwith combinations of xAl(NaR)–1 and AlO(R(OH))–1exchange vectors, where x represents X-site vacancy and R is(Mg + Fe2+ + Mn). Variations in x/(x + Na) ratios are similarin all the types of tourmaline occurrences, from 0·10to 0·53, with low Ca-contents (mostly <0·10apfu). Based on field and textural criteria, two groups of tourmaline-richrocks are distinguished: (1) pre-Variscan tourmalinites (probablyCadomian), affected by both deformation and regional metamorphismduring the Variscan orogeny; (2) tourmalinites related to thesynkinematic granitic complex of Martinamor. Textural and geochemicaldata are consistent with a psammopelitic parentage for the protolithof the tourmalinites. Boron isotope analyses of tourmaline havea total range of 11B values from –15·6 to 6·8;the lowest corresponding to granitic tourmalines (–15·6to –11·7) and the highest to veins (1·9to 6·8). Tourmalines from tourmalinites have intermediate11B values of –8·0 to +2·0. The observedvariations in 11B support an important crustal recycling ofboron in the Martinamor area, in which pre-Variscan tourmaliniteswere remobilized by a combination of mechanical and chemicalprocesses during Variscan deformation, metamorphism and anatexis,leading to the formation of multiple tourmaline-bearing veinsand a new stage of boron metasomatism. KEY WORDS: tourmalinites; metamorphic and granitic rocks; mineral chemistry; whole-rock chemistry; boron isotopes  相似文献   

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