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1.
《中国科学:地球科学》2015,(8)
板块俯冲是地球内部系统最为宏伟的地质过程,是实现地球表面-内部物质和能量交换、大陆地壳生长以及壳/幔相互作用的重要场所,广泛深刻地影响着地壳的增生与消亡、火山和地震活动、地球表层物质循环、矿产资源分布、大陆造山运动、大陆的聚合及裂解等与人类生活息息相关的地质过程,因此一直是固体地球科学研究所关注的热点.20世纪80年代中期关于大陆地壳能够俯冲进入地幔深度并大部分折返地表的发现,是俯冲带研究和板块构造理论的革命性进展.相较于俯冲洋壳,大陆地壳具有较冷、较干、较轻的特点,同时,俯冲陆壳与地幔相比具有更加不均一的性质和化学成分以及同位素组成,因此在局部而言会对上覆大陆岩石圈和大陆板块汇聚边界的结构、组成、变形和演化进程造成巨大影响.在大陆俯冲过程中,拆离的地壳碎块和岩片在俯冲隧道内受到构造剪切,促使其经历变质脱水和部分熔融,产生各种流体和熔体.这些熔/流体的产生和演化在俯冲带壳/幔相互作用过程中扮演着非常重要的角色,是俯冲过程中发生元素迁移、同位素分馏以及交代上覆地幔楔的不可或缺的介质.本文综合国际上近年来有关俯冲带研究的最新进展,总结了有关俯冲带流体和熔体的类型、存在条件、化学组成、熔体/流体-地幔相互作用的特点,同时对于与大陆俯冲带流体相关的特征性元素(Nb-Ta-V)迁移和最新的非传统稳定同位素(Li-Mg)研究进行了系统介绍,期望为中国读者较全面地认识板块俯冲过程中的熔/流体活动和元素迁移以及了解并运用Li和Mg同位素作为新兴的示踪手段提供一定帮助. 相似文献
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西太平洋板块俯冲与华北克拉通破坏 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
华北克拉通破坏与西太平洋板块俯冲相关是学界的重要共识,但西太平洋板块何时开始向东亚大陆俯冲、早白垩世西太平洋俯冲带在何处、东亚大地幔楔何时形成、晚中生代西太平洋俯冲板块如何演化等重要科学问题一直没有很好地解决.文章通过综合分析与研究,认为西太平洋板块起始俯冲的时间早达早侏罗世;早白垩世西太平洋俯冲带位于东亚大陆边缘,比现今西太平洋板块俯冲带靠西2200km;与此相对应,欧亚大陆自早白垩世以来向东漂移了大约900km.西太平洋俯冲板块后撤始于～145Ma,说明东亚大地幔楔开始形成于早白垩世;西太平洋板块俯冲作用对华北克拉通的影响可能是通过地幔楔增大过程中物质和能量的迁移和交换来实现的.利用地质构造事件反演了大洋板块在俯冲到地球内部之前的演化过程,提出燕山运动A幕和B幕发生的原因分别是西太平洋板块向东亚大陆边缘以高速低角度俯冲和俯冲角度逐渐变低两种不同的地球深部动力学过程新观点.在早白垩世大约130～120Ma期间,西太平洋板块可能已经转变为高角度俯冲、回转与后撤速率达到最大、最终在地幔过渡带产生滞留体.这个过程可能显著改变了所在区域和上覆地幔的物性和黏滞度,导致上覆地幔楔产生非稳态流动,从而导致岩石圈地幔中熔/流体含量急剧增加、黏滞度降低以及岩石圈伸展/减压,并使其转变为年轻地幔——克拉通破坏.这些认识对揭示西太平洋俯冲板块与华北克拉通岩石圈地幔之间相互作用过程具有重要意义. 相似文献
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腾冲新生代火山位于印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞边界上.该区域构造活动强烈,火山具有潜在的喷发性,研究腾冲火山起源对于认识板块俯冲过程、火山活动规律具有重要意义.本文总结了近年来腾冲火山起源的最新进展,包括地球物理和地球化学的新成果,探讨了火山岩浆来源和火山形成的深部动力学机制.这些研究发现腾冲火山的形成主要与板块俯冲有关,早期俯冲形成的残余大洋板片和现今俯冲的印度板块都可能是交代物质的来源,大洋板片在深部释放融流体形成富集软流圈地幔和岩石圈地幔.后期岩石圈的伸展作用可能诱导了富集软流圈地幔的部分熔融,导致岩浆物质喷出地表.根据87Sr/86Sr与SiO2的相关性,得到腾冲玄武岩遭受到地壳混染作用不明显,而安山岩和英安岩遭受地壳混染作用明显.地球物理成像显示腾冲火山下方地壳中有不同尺度的岩浆囊,其中上地壳有若干小岩浆囊,在中下地壳有大岩浆囊.地震成像显示地壳中的低速体向下延伸至上地幔,很可能反映地壳中的岩浆囊有地幔热物质的持续供给. 相似文献
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《中国科学:地球科学》2015,(6)
俯冲板块在俯冲过程中与周围地幔不断发生热交换,该热演化过程主要由热传导和平流物质交换两种作用构成.俯冲带热结构的演化是控制俯冲过程中物理化学性质转变的决定性因素之一,直接影响我们对矿物脱水、岩石部分熔融、岛弧火山喷发以及俯冲带地震等关键地质现象的理解.对俯冲带热结构的动力学模型研究主要分为解析方法和数值方法两种.解析模型能够从物理上给出对热结构具有最重要影响的控制因素,比如俯冲板块的年龄、速度和角度、剪切应力以及热传导系数等.数值模型能够进一步给出解析模型难以处理的各种复杂因素的影响,比如地幔楔的黏性变化、俯冲板块与周围地幔的耦合过程、与矿物岩石学的结合等.将模型结果实际应用于各俯冲带时由于各种影响因素很多,因此对俯冲带热结构的限定是一个非常复杂的过程.随着地球物理与地球化学各种定量观测手段的进步,将能够给出更多对俯冲带热结构的约束条件,进而更合理的解释与俯冲带相关的地质现象. 相似文献
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关于华北克拉通破坏的原因和机制,学术界目前普遍接受的观点是由古太平洋板块俯冲及其触发的地幔流动、熔/流体的强烈交代改造导致,但其具体的动力学作用过程还不明确,是现阶段克拉通破坏研究的主要内容.文章总结了华北克拉通地区密集地震台阵探测获得的深部结构图像和地球动力学数值模拟实验结果,获得以下认识:华北克拉通下方地幔转换带的纵、横波速度及速度比扰动的小尺度空间变化特征是太平洋板块存在非均匀脱水的证据;俯冲板块引发了地幔转换带的湿上升流,导致克拉通下方上地幔熔/流体的非均匀分布,在地震波速度上表现为小尺度异常分布特征;密集地震台阵探测揭示上地幔速度结构和变形的非均匀特性,是华北克拉通岩石圈变形的应变集中效应和非均匀分布熔/流体破坏岩石圈的综合作用结果.如果大洋板块俯冲非均匀脱水、熔/流体非均匀分布在早白垩世就已经发生,那么它与华北克拉通岩石圈地幔之间的相互作用可以是华北克拉通非均匀破坏的动力学机制.这个推测对于进一步协调和解释华北克拉通地区多学科观测证据具有重要意义. 相似文献
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《世界地震译丛》2015,(Z1)
地球物理成像为交代作用的研究提供了独特的视角,因其能够描绘地壳和上地幔现今流体的分布。这与地质学的研究形成对照。地质学研究出露于地表的中地壳岩石,在交代作用过程中流体的作用没有得到体现。用于探测地壳上地幔流体分布的主要地球物理方法有(a)电阻率成像的电磁方法和(b)探测地震波速和相关参数如泊松比、地震各向异性的地震方法。对于深度超过几千米的研究,最有效的电磁方法是大地电磁(MT),它使用天然电磁信号作为场源。地壳岩石的电阻率对水溶液流体的数量、盐度和连通程度很敏感。部分熔融和氢的扩散作用也可导致低电阻率。流体和/或水对地震观测的影响可由岩石和矿物物理方面的研究来评估。这些研究表明水的存在一般会降低岩石和矿物的地震波速度。水在含水矿物中以流体的形式存在,或者在名义上无水矿物中作为氢的点缺陷。水可以进一步改变地震属性,如泊松比、品质因子和各向异性。多种地震分析方法被用来测量地壳和岩石层地幔中水溶液流体的原位作用,包括地震层析成像、地震反射、被动震源转换、散射波成像和横波分裂分析等。将大地电磁和地震数据联合起来已被证明是研究活动构造区如卡斯凯迪亚俯冲带流体分布的有效手段。在这个地点,可探测到流体从俯冲板块向上扩散并形成水化地幔楔。在陆—陆碰撞带,如青藏高原,在其一重要区域的中地壳深度处探测到广泛存在部分熔融和水溶液流体。这些地球物理的方法也被用来研究保存于太古代和元古代岩石层中的古老板块边界曾经发生的交代作用。 相似文献
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陈伊翔 《中国科学:地球科学》2024,(2):654-658
<正>1俯冲带流体交代作用俯冲带是连接地球表生圈层和深部圈层的关键纽带(Zheng和Chen,2016).俯冲带中发生的流体活动与很多关键地质过程密切相关,如火山与地震活动、元素迁移富集成矿、物质迁移与壳幔物质循环,以及地球的表层环境变化.因此,对俯冲带流体来源、性质和地球化学效应的研究具有重要意义(Zheng,2019). 相似文献
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板块构造是指地球外壳岩石圈块体在地球表面的(水平)运动及其相互作用.自50年前板块构造理论建立以来,对板块运动的动力来源这一问题一直存在争议.早期的观点认为是"自下而上"机制,即板块运动受控于板块之下的地幔对流系统,特别是起源于核幔边界的地幔柱作用于板块底部,促使大陆裂解,并驱动板块运动.而现今较为普遍接受的观点则是"自上而下"机制,即认为板块运动的驱动力主要来源于板块自身的负浮力(即重力大于浮力),板块构造和地幔对流均受控于板块的俯冲作用,因此板块构造又被称为俯冲构造.这一观点得到了众多地质和地球物理观测的支持.进一步研究表明,个别板块增速、减速与单一地幔柱活动在百万年时间尺度具有耦合关系;多个板块内稳定克拉通地区地表隆升、沉积速率与地幔柱相关的岩浆活动在亿年时间尺度存在时空相关性;而全球范围的超大陆聚合、裂解与超级地幔柱活动在二十亿年以来的地质历史时期表现为周期性耦合关系.这些不同时空尺度的耦合现象均表明,板块构造与地幔柱构造在地球演化过程中是紧密联系、相互作用的,地幔柱构造对板块运动产生了不可忽视的影响.因此,需要将板块构造和地幔柱构造这两大地球构造体系加以联合,开展综合分析与研究,才能获得对板块构造和整个地球动力系统运行机制的全面认识. 相似文献
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利用ＩＳＣ地震资料研究了台湾南部～菲律宾群岛的地震空间分布和ｍ＿ｂ≥５．０的机制解，讨论了俯冲带的形态和地壳及俯冲带上的应力状态，并结合地质和地球物理的研究结果，认为南海次板块的东部边界是由台湾西南俯冲带、马尼拉俯冲带、内格罗斯俯冲带、哥达巴都俯冲带组成，菲律宾海板块的西部边界由东吕宋海槽俯冲带、菲律宾海俯冲带组成。菲律宾群岛是一个形变过渡带，由于该过渡带的存在，南海次板块俯冲于菲律宾群岛之下，菲律宾海板块对南部的影响很弱 相似文献
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俯冲板块的深部脱水使得上覆地幔含水, 从而降低含水地幔的熔点, 导致上覆地幔部分熔融。 部分熔融的地幔柱一旦喷发到地表就是俯冲带火山, 也形成新的地壳。 相对于周围的地幔来讲, 具有较小密度和黏度的部分熔融地幔的时空活动性就控制着俯冲带火山的时空分布特征。 本文主要回顾近年来运用三维热力学岩石力学模型数值模拟研究与板片脱水相关的俯冲带火山活动的时空分布特性。 结果表明, 部分熔融地幔的有效黏度和密度是影响俯冲板片之上的三维地幔柱横向分布特征的主要因素。 高黏度的部分熔融地幔(1020~1021 Pa·s )易于形成近平行于海沟的、 长波长(70~100 km)的、 薄的波状地幔柱; 低黏度(1018~1019 Pa·s )的熔融地幔易于形成平行于海沟的, 短波长(30~50 km)的蘑菇状地幔柱和垂直于海沟的山脊状地幔柱。 当部分熔融地幔和周围地幔的密度相差小于50 kg/m3时, 在俯冲板片之上只能形成长波长低幅度(宽50~100 km, 高10~15 km)的地幔山丘。 岩浆产率随着时间的变化反映了火山活动的生命周期性。 板块俯冲速度会影响地幔柱形成的深度和范围大小。 高效率熔融提取会增加新地壳增长总量。 低的板块俯冲速度和低的熔融提取效率会增加上地壳(花岗岩质)和中地壳(英安岩质)化学成分的比例。 数值模拟结果可以很好地解释如日本东北、 新西兰、 南阿拉斯加俯冲区火山的横向分布特征。 相似文献
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The transport of water in subduction zones 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
The transport of water from subducting crust into the mantle is mainly dictated by the stability of hydrous minerals in subduction zones. The thermal structure of subduction zones is a key to dehydration of the subducting crust at different depths. Oceanic subduction zones show a large variation in the geotherm, but seismicity and arc volcanism are only prominent in cold subduction zones where geothermal gradients are low. In contrast, continental subduction zones have low geothermal gradients, resulting in metamorphism in cold subduction zones and the absence of arc volcanism during subduction. In very cold subduction zone where the geothermal gradient is very low(?5?C/km), lawsonite may carry water into great depths of ?300 km. In the hot subduction zone where the geothermal gradient is high(25?C/km), the subducting crust dehydrates significantly at shallow depths and may partially melt at depths of 80 km to form felsic melts, into which water is highly dissolved. In this case, only a minor amount of water can be transported into great depths. A number of intermediate modes are present between these two end-member dehydration modes, making subduction-zone dehydration various. Low-T/low-P hydrous minerals are not stable in warm subduction zones with increasing subduction depths and thus break down at forearc depths of ?60–80 km to release large amounts of water. In contrast, the low-T/low-P hydrous minerals are replaced by low-T/high-P hydrous minerals in cold subduction zones with increasing subduction depths, allowing the water to be transported to subarc depths of 80–160 km. In either case, dehydration reactions not only trigger seismicity in the subducting crust but also cause hydration of the mantle wedge. Nevertheless, there are still minor amounts of water to be transported by ultrahigh-pressure hydrous minerals and nominally anhydrous minerals into the deeper mantle. The mantle wedge overlying the subducting slab does not partially melt upon water influx for volcanic arc magmatism, but it is hydrated at first with the lowest temperature at the slab-mantle interface, several hundreds of degree lower than the wet solidus of hydrated peridotites. The hydrated peridotites may undergo partial melting upon heating at a later time. Therefore, the water flux from the subducting crust into the overlying mantle wedge does not trigger the volcanic arc magmatism immediately. 相似文献
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中国东北地区在古生代期间以众多微陆块的拼合以及古亚洲洋的闭合为特征,其后又经历了中-新生代太平洋构造域及中生代蒙古—鄂霍茨克构造域的叠加与改造,以致东北地区的构造行迹显得极为复杂,而大兴安岭重力梯级带及其西部地区构造演化是否与西太平洋俯冲有关仍然存在争议.本研究利用分布于中国东北、华北地区以及韩国、日本等部分台网所接收的近震与远震走时数据获得了中国东北地区壳幔精细的三维P波速度结构.成像结果显示,太平洋板块持续西向俯冲,俯冲板片的前缘停滞在大兴安岭—太行山重力梯度带以东区域的地幔转换带之中;长白山火山区上地幔存在着显著的低速异常体,推测西太平洋板块的深俯冲脱水导致了上地幔底部岩石的熔点降低,从而形成了大范围的部分熔融物质上涌.通过分析上地幔的速度结构,我们认为由于太平洋板块的大规模西向深俯冲,在大地幔楔中发生板片脱水、低速热物质上涌等复杂的地球动力学过程;俯冲板片前缘带动上地幔中不均匀分布的地幔流强烈作用于上部的岩石圈,这对东北地区深部壳幔结构乃至大兴安岭重力梯级带的形成、演化有着重要的影响. 相似文献
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俯冲带热结构的数值模拟研究是对地表观测研究的重要补充,也是验证地球动力学模型的重要方法.本文沿马尼拉海沟俯冲带东火山链(EVC)和西火山链(WVC)各取一条剖面,依据地质、地球物理条件,进行了有限元热模拟计算.计算过程中,分析了摩擦和剪切热对俯冲带热结构的影响,模拟了EVC和WVC两条测线下俯冲带的热结构,并结合岩石学实验结果预测了俯冲板块发生脱水和部分熔融的位置.模拟结果表明,在100 km深度处,考虑摩擦和剪切热时,俯冲板块表面的温度约为865 ℃;而不考虑摩擦和剪切时,俯冲板块表面的温度仅为770 ℃,二者温差可达95 ℃.在相同深度处,考虑摩擦和剪切热时,在EVC和WVC测线下俯冲板块表面的温度分别为865 ℃和895 ℃,俯冲洋壳底部温度分别为560 ℃和605 ℃.俯冲板块表面少量矿物开始脱水的深度小于50 km,但大量脱水和部分熔融主要发生在深度100 km左右,这与地表观测的火山活动位置一致. 相似文献
15.
Niobium–tantalum systematics of slab-derived melts are powerful tracers that discriminate residual high-pressure rutile-bearing eclogite from low-pressure garnet-bearing amphibolite in subducting plates. Previously reported low Nb–Ta ratios in modern slab melts suggested a predominance of shallow melting in the presence of residual amphibole and that deep melting of rutile-bearing eclogitic slabs, devoid of residual amphibole, is volumetrically insignificant. This study evaluates Nb/Ta in combination with other trace element systematics of modern intra-oceanic and slab melt-related arc lavas from the south-western volcanic chain of the Solomon Islands that cover over 1000 km of the SW Pacific plate border. After a change of subduction polarity, an old subducted Pacific slab and a recently subducting Indian–Australian slab are both present beneath the arc. Solomon arc lavas show sub- to superchondritic Nb–Ta ratios (ca. 10 to 27) which is the largest range ever reported in modern island arc lavas. The large range of Nb/Ta likely results from enrichment of the depleted sub-arc mantle by two distinct slab-derived melts in addition to fluids. One minor slab melt component is derived from the shallow and recent subducting Indian–Australian plate where amphibole is still a significant residual phase. The second slab melt component is predominant in Solomon arc lavas and can be attributed to deep rutile–eclogite-controlled melting of old subducted Jurassic Pacific oceanic crust where residual amphibole is entirely absent or insignificant. The deep Pacific slab melt component is the most likely origin of the extremely high and superchondritic Nb/Ta signatures that produce the upper half of the observed range of Nb/Ta in Solomon arc lavas. The slab melt component that enriched the sub-arc mantle with an unusually high Nb/Ta signature is derived from an initially intact Pacific plate that was probably subject to a slab break-off event and subsequent melting at depths exceeding 100 km. The geochemical evidence presented here shows that old and cold subducted oceanic crust, which is initially not torn, may resist shallow melting but can melt at greater depths instead. The resulting slab melts are generated in the presence of residual rutile-bearing eclogite and significantly fractionate Nb–Ta ratios which may be of relevance at a global scale. 相似文献
16.
《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2021,(9)
The Circum-Pacific subduction zone is a famous gold metallogenic domain in the world, with two important gold metallogenic provinces, the North China Craton and Nevada, which are related to the destruction of the North China Craton and the Wyoming Craton, respectively. Their ore-forming fluids were possibly derived from the stagnant slab in the mantle transition zone. The oceanic lithospheric mantle usually contains serpentine layers up to thousands of meters thick. During plate subduction, serpentine is dehydrated at depths of 200 km and transformed into high-pressure hydrous minerals, known as Phases A to E, which carries water to the depth of 300 km. The overlying big mantle wedge is hydrated during the breakdown of these hydrous facies in the mantle transition zone. The dehydration of the subducted slab in the big mantle wedge releases sulfur-rich fluid, which extracts gold and other chalcophile elements in the surrounding rocks, forming gold-rich fluid. Because the cratonic geotherm is lower than the water-saturated solidus line of lherzolite, the fluid cannot trigger partial melting. Instead, it induces metasomatism and forms pargasite and other water-bearing minerals when it migrates upward to depths of less than 100 km in the cratonic lithospheric mantle, resulting in a water-and gold-rich weak layer. During the destruction of craton, the weak layer is destabilized, releasing gold-bearing fluids that accelerate the destruction. The ore-forming fluids migrate along the shallow weak zone and are accumulated at shallow depths, and subsequently escape along deep faults during major tectonic events, leading to explosive gold mineralization. The ore-forming fluids are rich in ferrous iron, which releases hydrogen at low pressure through iron hydrolysis. Therefore, decratonic gold deposits are often reduced deposits. 相似文献
17.
V. P. Trubitsyn A. A. Baranov E. V. Kharybin 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2007,43(7):533-542
Light continents and islands characterized by a crustal thickness of more than 30 km float over a convective mantle, while the thin basaltic oceanic crust sinks completely in subduction zones. The normal oceanic crust is 7 km thick. However, anomalously thick basaltic plateaus forming as a result of emplacement of mantle plumes into moving oceanic lithospheric plates are also pulled into the mantle. One of the largest basaltic plateaus is the Ontong Java plateau on the Pacific plate, which arose during the intrusion of a giant superplume into the plate ～100 Myr ago. Notwithstanding its large thickness (averaging ～30 km), the Ontong Java plateau is still experiencing slow subduction. On the basis of numerical modeling, the paper analyzes the oceanic crust subduction process as a function of the mantle convection vigorousness and the density, thickness, viscosity, and shape of the crust. Even a simplified model of thermocompositional convection in the upper mantle is capable of explaining the observed facts indicating that the oceanic crust and sediments are pulled into the mantle and the continental crust is floating on the mantle. 相似文献
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19.
中国东北地区处于古亚洲构造域、蒙古—鄂霍茨克构造域和环太平洋构造域叠加作用最为显著的地区,是地学研究的热点区域.为了探析欧亚大陆下西太平洋板片的俯冲形态以及揭示该区域深部地球动力学机制,利用卫星重力数据通过预处理共轭梯度快速密度反演算法获得了包含东北地区、华北部分地区及日本海海域在内的研究区域上地幔三维密度结构,结合天然地震三维层析成像结果共同揭示太平洋板片的俯冲形态和深部动力机制.俯冲的太平洋板片在日本海沟处呈高密度异常,向西横向持续扩张,深度方向上有逐渐增加趋势.不连续的高密度体俯冲至地幔转换带(410～660km)后继续水平西向俯冲,部分滞留板片可能进入下地幔;在大兴安岭断裂带下面转换带中同样发现水平分布的高密度体,推断是大兴安岭断裂带下方地幔岩石圈拆沉的结果,横向不均匀分布的俯冲板片边缘已抵至大兴安岭造山带附近,这对于研究东北地区深部动力学机制具有重要的意义. 相似文献
20.
Fluid/melt in continental deep subduction zones: Compositions and related geochemical fractionations
《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2015,(9)
Plate subduction is the most magnificent process in the Earth. Subduction zones are important sites for proceeding matter- and energy- transports between the Earth's surface and the interior, continental crust growth, and crust-mantle interactions. Besides, a number of geological processes in subduction zones are closely related to human beings' daily life, such as volcanic eruptions and earthquakes, formation of mineral deposits. Subduction process thus has long been the centric topic of Earth sciences. The finding in 1980 s that continental crust could be subducted to mantle depths is a revolutionary progress in plate tectonic theory. Compared to oceanic crust, continental crust is colder, drier, lighter, and much more geochemically/isotopically heterogeneous. Hence, continental subduction process would affect the structure, compositions and evolutions of the overlying mantle wedge even more. During continental subduction and subsequent exhumation, fluids and melts can be generated in the(de)hydration process and partial melting process, respectively. These melts/fluids play important roles in crust-mantle interactions, elemental migrations, isotopic fractionations, and mantle metasomatism. By summarizing recent research works on subduction zones in this paper, we present a review on the types, physicochemical conditions and compositions of fluids/melts, as well as the migration behaviors of fluid-related characteristic elements(Nb-Ta-V) and the fractionation behaviors of non-traditional stable isotopes(Li-Mg) in subduction zones. The aim of this paper is to provide the readers an update comprehensive overview of the melt/fluid activities in subduction zones and of Li-Mg isotope systematics in subduction-related rocks and minerals. 相似文献