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1.
R. K. Kapoor S. K. Paul A. S. Ramachandra Murty K. Krishna S. K. Sharma Bh. V. Ramana Murty 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1976,114(3):379-392
Summary Aircraft observations were made on cloud droplet size distribution in 19 cases of seeded warm cumulus clouds in three meteorologically different regions. An examination of the data suggested the following: (i) In all the 5 cases at Bombay (maritime), and in 6 out of the 7 cases at Poona (modified maritime) the values of median volume diameter, maximum cloud droplet size and liquid water content showed increase after seeding as compared to what they were before. The increases noticed in the median volume diameter ranged up to 48% at Bombay and 478% at Poona. The liquid water content and the maximum droplet size respectively increased upward of 56% and 25% at Bombay and 60% and 31% at Poona. (ii) In 4 out of the 7 cloud cases at Rihand (continental), the values of the parameters referred to above showed increase. The median volume diameter increased up to 372%. The liquid water content and the maximum droplet size increased upward of 160% and 66% respectively. (iii) In the cloud cases wherein the values of the parameters decreased after seeding, the decreases noticed ranged up to 94%. (iv) More unstable conditions prevailed on the days when the seeded clouds showed visible rain than on the days when they did not. 相似文献
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The geological formations that occur around Sagar consist of Upper Rewa quartzitic sandstones of Vindhvan age and nine Deccan Trap flows with three main inter-trappean bands. Most of the villages around Sagar depend upon the flow No. 5 for their water supplies. This flow forms valleys which may occur either in between the Vindhyan hills or Vindhyan hills and Trap hills, or Trap hills. To evaluate the geo-hydrological conditions of this flow under different topographic and stratigraphic controls, detailed geologic, water-shed and water table maps were prepared and analysed, after taking into consideration rain fall data for a period of sixty years. The villages selected for studies include the farm-lands of Richonda which occur in between the Vindhyan hills and Kudari, which occurs in between the Trap and Vindhyan hills. Villages like Patkui and Bhainsa, occurring on either side of the surface water divide of the same flow, are also taken into consideration. Water table maps for these villages were prepared once before the onset of rains and the second time immediately after the rains, on a scale of 16″ to a mile at 1 foot contour intervals. From such studies made on this flow, the following conclusions have been arrived at:
- Where a flow occurs in adjacent Deccan Trap valleys separated by a long continuous Vindhyan ridge, the Vindhyan ridge may act as an underground barrier, separating the ground water body of the flow into two distinct units, and the upper unit may give rise to springs on that valley side of the Vindhyan having the lower elevation.
- Where the Vindhyan ridge loses its height and disappears below the flow, the adjacent separate water bodies of this flow merge into a single water body. The portion of the Vindhyan ridge that occurs below the ground still continues to act as barrier for the water bodies of the lower flows.
- Where the flow occurs over a large area, but at places is overlaid by younger flows, giving rise to hills with distinct water-shed characteristics, the water body of the flow is generally continuous on either side of the hills, immediately after the rains. This, however, gets disrupted into separate water bodies during summer months and it is found to recede in the slope direction; nevertheless, the trend of recession is controlled locally by the levels at which the porous zone of a flow occurs.
- Where the continuity of the flow is disrupted due to denudation, producing valleys, the continuity of the water table of that flow is also interrupted.
- On either side of a distinct surface water divide of a flow, the ground water bodies occur as separate units in the flow.
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辽河油区潜山主要包括太古宇变质岩潜山和元古界碳酸盐岩潜山,变质岩和碳酸盐岩潜山储层共同的特点是都属于裂缝型油藏.潜山内幕研究是潜山油藏研究的核心,主要包括：潜山内幕岩性剖面、内幕构造、内幕储层评价、内幕油藏特征等.本文通过对辽河油区变质岩及碳酸盐岩潜山油藏内幕的探索性研究,总结出变质岩潜山和碳酸盐岩潜山内幕研究的基本程序与方法,为同类型油藏内幕研究提供借鉴. 相似文献
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A hybrid method combining finite element and 4th-order finite difference techniques is developed to model SH and P-SV seismic wave propagation in a 2D elastic medium with irregular surface topography. Both the classic staggered grid finite difference scheme and the partially staggered grid scheme are tested. The accuracy of the hybrid method is studied by comparison with a semi-analytical and another numerical method. Subsequently, to study the amplification, numerical simulations of seismic wave propagation in a series of hills are carried out and compared with the single-hill case. Depending on the position of the source in relation to the topography, the ratio between the heights and lengths of the hills or the ratio between the lengths of the hills and the wavelength, the presence of several hills as opposed to a single one can increase the amplification effect due to topography. This study highlights the fact that, when evaluating topographic site effects, surrounding topography must be taken into account in addition to local topography. 相似文献
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Summary Regular measurements of the dust and nuclei content of the air near the ground at Poona were made during 1967–69 to study the characteristic elements of natural pollution near the ground, its origin and its variation with time, seasons and altitude. The electrical field strength, the positive and negative polar conductivities of the air and the number of positively and negatively charged small ions in the atmosphere near the ground were also measured at the same time. These measurements were repeated at two mountain stations during February, March, and June 1969. The dust content and the electric field show seasonal and diurnal variations opposite to those of the small ion density and electrical conductivity. Thus while the electric field is a maximum in winter, the conductivity and small ion content is a maximum during the monsoon months and the dust content a maximum in the premonsoon summer months. A marked increase in the electric field and the dust and condensation nuclei content is observed since similar measurements were last made in 1935–37 at Poona, with a corresponding decrease in small ion count and conductivity. These large variations are associated with the increased industrialization and urbanization of the regions round Poona during the last thirty years.
Zusammenfassung In den Jahren 1967 bis 1969 wurden in Poona regelmässige Messungen der Staub-und Kernzahlen in der bodennahen Atmosphäre ausgeführt, um die charakteristischen Elemente der bodennahen Pollution, ihrer Herkunft und ihren Änderungen im Lauf der Zeit, der Jahreszeiten, und der Höhe zu studieren. Gleichzeitig wurden auch die luftelektrische Feldstärke, die positiven und negativen polaren Leitfähigkeiten, und die Konzentration der positiven und negativen schnellen Ionen in der bodennahen Luft gemessen. Im Februar, März, und Juni 1969 wurden diese Messungen an zwei Bergstationen wiederholt. Staubgehalt und luftelektrisches Feld zeigen Jahresgänge und Tagesgänge welche zu denen der Leitfähigkeiten und der Ionenzahlen entgegengesetzt verlaufen. Demnach sind, während das luftelektrische Feld seinen Höchstwert im Winter erreicht, luftelektrische Leitfähigkeit und Ionenzahlen während der Monsunmonate am grössten; der Staubgehalt hat seinen Höchstwert in den Sommermonaten vor der Monsunzeit. Seit ähnliche Messungen zum letzten Male in Poona ausgeführt wurden, 1935 bis 1937, ist die Konzentration der Kerne und der Wert des luftelektrischen Feldes merklich angestiegen, während Kleinionenzahlen und Leifähigkeit entsprechend zurückgegangen sind. Diese starken Veränderungen werden mit der in den letzten dreissig Jahren angewachsenen Industrialisierung und Verstädterung der Gegend um Poona in Zusammenhang gebracht.相似文献
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塑料套管混凝土桩挤土效应现场试验 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
结合申嘉湖杭高速公路练杭段加固软土地基工程开展了塑料套管混凝土桩挤土效应的现场试验研究。设地表观测点观测桩打设过程中桩周土体隆起情况;采用绑定仪器的方形木桩等效模拟塑料套管混凝土桩研究不同时刻桩侧挤土压力和孔隙水压力的变化。结果表明打桩过程中在距桩中心约2.2倍沉管外径处地面隆起量最大,约为沉管外径的17.2%;打设完成第一根相邻桩(距离1.6 m)桩侧土压力及孔隙水压力增大10%～20%,其后随着打设桩距木桩距离的渐远,两次打桩后的土压曲线和孔压曲线变化不大,仅在下部桩端处变化较大;场地内桩打设完毕后,沉桩引起的超孔隙水压力逐步消散。根据实测数据建议塑料套管环刚度控制在8～16级。 相似文献
9.
DIRK GOOSSENS 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1996,21(3):205-216
Wind tunnel experiments of aeolian dust deposition on topographic scale models of ranges of hills were conducted. Different hill sizes and hill spacings were used, and comparisons with the deposition patterns over single, isolated hills were made. Dust profiles over ranges of hills differ from the profiles over identical, but isolated hills. On isolated hills the sedimentation maximum on the windward hillslope is always single and located on the concave part of the slope. In the case of ranges of hills, the maximum is either single or double, with the second peak on the convex part of the windward slope in the latter case. The local sedimentation maximum on the convex leeslope, which is rather unimportant on isolated hills, is much more developed in multiple-hill topography. Also, dust deposition on the leeslopes is significantly higher in multiple-hill topography than on isolated hills. Dust patterns on ranges of hills may be affected by the dust shadow created by the most upstream-located hill. If hills succeed each other quickly, they are located within the shadow zone and are protected from important dust deposition. The plume of high air dust concentration that is created by a hill largely determines the dust pattern on the next hill. As a result of the supply of dust from above by the descending plume, areas that are normally devoid of dust now experience significant dust deposition. 相似文献
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随着城市建设的迅速发展,打桩过程中对毗邻建筑物的振动影响程度的测定工作日趋显得重要。为了满足建设工程的需要,我们应用动测方法,测定打桩过程中的振动所激发的地动速率,进而通过数字处理,转换成加速度量,并根据地震烈度来确定打桩过程对周围建筑物的振动影响程度。从而对打桩过程的振动影响做出定量的估计。 相似文献
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在地下工程中,由于天然地基承载力不足,带有地下室的主体结构采用CFG桩复合地基。因为CFG桩长螺旋钻施工设备限制,地下室底板下的CFG桩必须在深基坑开挖一部分后进行施工。在某深基坑工程中,随着CFG桩的施工,基坑周围地表出现明显开裂现象。为探究其原因,结合该基坑工程实例,利用FLAC3D软件,通过数值模拟分析考虑渗流作用下CFG桩基坑内施工对基坑周围地表变形的影响规律,并把计算结果同实际监测数据进行对比分析。研究结果表明:CFG桩在部分开挖基坑内施工的快速取土作用对基坑内被动土压力区产生扰动,削弱原有的被动土压力,导致基坑周围土体变形。基坑周围地表变形的影响范围超出2倍基坑深度的监测范围,因此,部分开挖基坑内施工CFG桩的基坑工程周围环境的监测范围应在满足国家规范要求的基础上适当增大。根据计算结果建议类似基坑工程监测范围距基坑边缘的距离采用基坑开挖深度与基坑底面以下CFG桩长之和。类似基坑工程设计应加大支护结构和止水帷幕深度,施工时从基坑内部向外部隔桩跳打,并适当增加工期,将有利于降低由于CFG桩基坑内施工对基坑周围土体的影响。 相似文献
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Mohammad Khandan Bakavoli Ebrahim Haghshenas Mohsen Kamalian 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2011,31(5-6):737-756
Two hilly sites were selected to study seismic site response due to topography effects. The sites were selected in a manner to be as much as possible homogenous and free of the soft soil layers effects. The hills were instrumented by nine velocimetric stations to record microtremors and the obtained data were analyzed using horizontal to vertical spectral ratios. Some standard spectral ratio tests were performed on noise as well. Then the instrumented hills were modeled (both 2D and 3D) assuming a linear elastic constitutive behavior subjected to vertically propagating SV and P Ricker wavelets. All calculations were performed in time domain using direct boundary element method. Different transfer function components, amplification patterns and spectral ratios were calculated in frequency domain. The frequency of vibration, obtained by experimental studies, is between 4 and 5 Hz for both of the hills. The spectral ratios derived by numerical simulations were compared with the observed spectral ratios. They show relatively good similarities between the results of these two methods. The frequencies of vibration derived from different methods seem to be nearly identical. The agreement in term of resonance frequency between microtremors and numerical modeling suggests that noise measurements could represent a simple, even if preliminary, tool in order to identify possible topographic amplification. 相似文献
14.
唐山地震引起北京地区烈度异常区的原因分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
唐山地震导致北京地区出现烈度异常区的主要地质因素是砂土液化、断层和潜山。砂土液化分布于地势低洼、新近沉积的饱和砂层地区,并位于地下水埋藏浅和迳流滞缓地区。断层控制异常区呈带状分布。潜山的影响主要在于其形态引起的地震动“放大”作用。几次地震对某些地区的影响,常重复出现烈度异常,反映在该地区具有长期起作用的地质因素 相似文献
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相邻地形对地震动特性的影响分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于采用透射人工边界的显式动力有限元方法,研究了相邻凸起地形对地震动反应谱特性的影响,分析了相邻凸起之间距离的变化对地形效应的影响。研究结果表明：1）与单一凸起地形对地震动的放大效应相比,相邻地形的存在对地震动反应谱谱比曲线的形状影响不大,但是却对谱比的值具有较大影响,而且其影响程度的大小与地表观测点的位置有关;2）相邻凸起地形的存在对凸起平台段中点地震动高频成分的放大效应具有较大影响,随着相邻凸起之间距离的增大,该影响效应逐渐减弱,多个相邻凸起构成的组合地形对地震动的放大效应逐渐接近单一凸起地形。 相似文献
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利用我们建立的三维分层线性理论计算模式和中尺度数值模式ARPS, 分别研究了三维分层流动过双山脉地形产生的三维线性和非线性山脉重力波和大气船舶的结构特征及其形成机制.线性理论计算结果表明三维三层流动过双山脉地形时，两个山脉各自强迫出一个发散模态的山脉背风波，在第二个山脉背风面，三维三层流动过双山脉地形可以强迫出两个发散模态的拦截背风波，大大加强了对大气环流的拖曳作用.非线性数值模拟结果表明，流动过山所产生的非线性山脉重力波和大气船舶完全不同于三维分层线性理论计算模式所产生的山脉重力波和大气船舶的结构和特征，由于分层流体之间的非线性相互作用，三维三层流动过双山脉地形时，可在第二个山脉背风面激发4个发散模态的拦截背风波. 三维三层流动过双山脉地形所强迫的山脉重力波和大气船舶，具有同三维三层流动过孤立山脉所产生的山脉重力波和大气船舶完全不同的结构和特征，三维流动过双山脉地形对两个山脉之间的距离表现出极大的敏感性.对于相距较远的两个山脉，流动过双山脉所强迫的山脉重力波表现为4个发散模态的拦截背风波，波动的能量相对于相距较近的两个山脉能传播到更高的高度. 相似文献
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Gerhard Tomczak 《Ocean Dynamics》1952,5(2-3):114-131
Zusammenfassung Die Einwirkung des Windes auf den Wasserstand bei Hochwasser entlang der deutschen Nordseeküste ist im allgemeinen verschieden. Die Gründe hierfür sind der ungleichmäßige Küstenverlauf und das von zahlreichen Prielen durchzogene flache Küstenvorland. Ausführliche Methoden zur Vorausberechnung des Windstaus unter Beachtung dieser morphologischen Bedingungen liegen noch nicht vor. Es wird deshalb ein Verfahren vorgeschlagen, den Windstau entlang der Küste im Anschluß an den Windstau eines geeigneten Bezugsortes zu bestimmen. Am Beispiel von acht Häfen der schleswig-holsteinischen Westküste wird gezeigt, daß dies mit gutem Erfolg möglich ist. Es wird eine Tabelle vorgelegt, die nach diesem Vorschlag beim Deutschen Hydrographischen Institut berechnet wurde und seit einiger Zeit für die Wasserstandsvorhersagen im Windstau- und Sturmflutwarndienst dieses Institutes verwendet wird. Die Tabelle enthält den Windstauunterschied der acht Orte gegen Cuxhaven in Abhängigkeit von Windrichtung und -stärke. Der Einfluß des Windes auf den Wasserstand wird für die Häfen einzeln besprochen. Die Untersuchung des Verhaltens der Häfen untereinander führt zur Aufstellung von sogenannten Normalgefällen. Abschließend werden Betrachtungen über die Genauigkeit des Verfahrens, die sich als befriedigend ergibt, angestellt.
The influence exercised by the coast's shape and the topography of the tidal flats on the piling up of water due to stress of wind, exemplified by the conditions on the coast of Schleswig-Holstein
Summary The influences exercised by the wind on the water level at high water along the German North Sea coast show, in general, great differences which are due to the irregular coast line and the tidal flats with their numerous transversal tideways. Detailed methods of forecasting the piling up of water which take into consideration this sort of morphological conditions are so far not developed. Therefore, a method is proposed which permits to determine the piling up of water along the coast by relating it to the piling up at a suitable port of reference. Eight ports on the coast of Schleswig-Holstein are chosen as examples; they show that good results will be obtained from this method. A table is submitted which has been calculated by the German Hydrographic Institute in accordance with this proposal and which is used for the prediction of water level by the Storm Surge Warning Service of this institute. The table includes the difference in height of the piling up phenomenon at the eight places as compared with the data obtained at the port of Cuxhaven as a function of direction and strength of wind. The wind's influence on the water level at the different ports is discussed in detail. The behaviour of the eight ports is studied and a list of normal gradients is drawn up. In conclusion, the accuracy of the method is considered and is found to be satisfactory.
L'influence de la configuration de la côte et des bas-fonds sur la montée du niveau due à la pression du vent, phénomène étudié à l'exemple de la côte du Schleswig-Holstein
Résumé La montée du niveau de la mer à l'époque de la pleine mer qui est causée par le vent subit, en général, des variations tout le long de la côte allemande de la mer du Nord. Les causes en sont le contour irrégulier de la côte et les bas-fonds traversés par beaucoup de petits chenaux de marée. Il n'existe pas encore de méthodes précises qui permettent à la fois de prédire la montée du niveau en tenant compte de ces conditions morphologiques. Donc, pour déterminer la montée du niveau le long de la côte, l'auteur propose un procédé qui se base sur la montée de niveau dans un port de référence convenable. A l'exemple de huit ports sur la côte d'ouest du Schleswig-Holstein, il montre que ce procédé donne de bons résultats. Une table est présentée qui fut calculée à l'Institut Hydrographique Allemand en conformité de cette proposition et qui y est employée depuis quelque temps pour les prévisions quotidiennes du niveau de la mer. La table contient les différences en montée du niveau entre les huit ports et le port de Cuxhaven en fonction de la direction et de la force du vent. L'influence du vent sur le niveau d'eau de chacun de ces huit ports est discutée. Le comportement des huit ports est étudie et il en résulte une table de gradients normaux. Enfin, l'auteur considère la précision du procédé qu'il trouve satisfaisante.相似文献
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Sedimentary and OSL dating evidence for the development of the present Hobq desert landscape, northern China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
YuXin Fan XiaoLong Chen TianLai Fan Ming Jin JianBao Liu FaHu Chen 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2013,56(12):2037-2044
The sedimentary sequence and landscape of the Hobq desert was observed through twelve profiles along five N-S sections extending through the entire desert. Aeolian sands were found to overlie the alluvial, diluvial, and lacustrine sediments in this desert. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating results were obtained from post-IR OSL signals of quartz fractions of sand samples at the bottom of sand dunes and hills by using the Double-SAR protocol. The OSL ages reveal that the latest sand accumulation began around 19 ka in the northwestern part and 9 ka in the eastern part of the Hobq Desert. Around 7 ka, the sand accumulation was strengthened and extended southward and northward 2 ka to develop the present desert landscape. Our study suggests that the aeolian sand accumulation around 19, 9 and 7 ka resulted from the weakening of the Asian summer monsoon over this region. However, the rapid development of the present Hobq desert landscape since 2 ka was likely triggered by human activities in this desert. 相似文献
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交通系统震害预测中瓦砾堆积问题的改进 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在分析总结交通系统震害预测中的瓦砾堆积计算等相关问题的基础上，对由瓦砾阻塞计算道路通行概率的方法进行了改进，提出了有效宽度的概念和瓦砾阻塞量密度的计算方法。并以唐山地震中跃进小区和泉州市湖心街路段为实例进行计算，并与已有的方法进行对比，结果表明了改进后方法的合理性。 相似文献