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1.
Economic subsidies continue to be in focus as potentially important drivers of agricultural change. Their exact functioning as drivers in very complex systems are not all that well analysed or documented however, and their effect e.g. in terms of environmental output are currently being questioned. In the work reported here, we focus on how the regionality of the farming system may influence the potential effect of agricultural subsidies, also in terms of farmland abandonment. We do this through using multiple linear regressions (MLR) and geographically weighted regression (GWR) on the Norwegian database on agricultural production data, combined with farm location data. Our findings demonstrate how the outcome of certain support systems may differ between regions, and how a region may dominate national statistic. We conclude that as subsidies continue to be a key tool in achieving agricultural policy aims, we need a better understanding of how the subsidy systems work. To understand the impact of a change in subsidy it is necessary to consider the local context in which it operates, e.g. demographics, bio-physical resources and feasibility of land rental. Spatial data and techniques such as spatial MLR and GWR are increasingly accessible to policy makers and should be used to provide insight into the local impacts of current policy. However this understanding must also emphasize farmer motivation and decision making and these investigations must be regionally based. 相似文献
2.
在全球环境变化和经济快速发展的背景下,经济发展与资源环境保护之间的矛盾日益激化,为解决或减弱这一矛盾,管理者需要新的知识体系和科学的决策工具。自然地理综合研究以自然地理要素空间变化及交互过程为主要研究内容,肩负着提供管理者所需新知识体系和科学决策工具的责任。流域作为空间上相对封闭的自然地理单元,其相对独立性为管理者的决策提供了天然的空间单元。流域内各地理要素的空间分布及其过程的交互机理自然成为管理者解决日益激化的矛盾所需的新知识体系,而流域系统综合模拟恰恰为建立这样的知识体系提供了极为有效的研究方式;在管理者评价各种决策的成效时,必须知道各种决策所产生的经济和环境效益,基于流域系统综合模拟的情景分析为管理者提供了所需要的科学决策工具。因此,从解决经济发展与资源环境保护之间矛盾的角度出发,流域系统综合模拟与情景分析应该成为新时代背景下自然地理学综合研究的新范式。文章结合2个小流域情景分析的研究案例,探讨了以流域系统综合模拟与情景分析为核心的现代自然地理综合研究需要解决的科学挑战,即流域系统综合模拟的系统化、空间化、定量化、易用化和决策化。 相似文献
3.
西藏农牧区农户土地决策与土地覆被变化研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
调查农户土地决策，均质化处理农户决策因子，形成土地决策空间图；制作土地覆被图和农户土地决策空间图，通过图像叠加处理，来分析土地覆被变化与农户土地决策度政策因子间的空间联系。西藏农牧区案例研究结果表明：农户土地决策决定了土地覆被变化方向，政策因子起修正作用；农户土地决策与土地覆被在空间上和属性上能互相体现；农牧区政策的制定应立足于农户土地决策，在满足农户追求最大经济效益的基础上引导农户顾及生态环境建设；农户土地决策、社会经济发展政策与土地覆被在空闻上能互相体现，可通过观察土地覆被变化来监测农户土地决策及政策因子效果。 相似文献
4.
Piran C L White Steve Cinderby Dave Raffaelli Annemarieke de Bruin Alison Holt Meg Huby 《Area》2009,41(4):414-424
There has been much debate about the importance of policy-relevant research in geography over the last decade. There has also been an increasing recognition by policymakers of the importance of integrative (interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary) approaches to policy-relevant research. However, geographers have been more reluctant than their colleagues in other social and natural sciences to embrace integrative research collaborations. For integrative research to achieve its full potential and to encourage greater participation from the geographical research community, we need to increase our understanding of its potential value, but also some of the challenges that it poses, and how these can be overcome. In this paper, we consider the processes involved in conducting successful integrative research from the perspective of researchers involved in these projects. We base our analysis on the results of a questionnaire survey of international integrative research programmes on environmental issues in rural areas, combined with our own experiences of working in integrative research. We conclude that effective integrative research depends on the establishment of a clear conceptual framework, the use of appropriate temporal and spatial scales in the research, effective language and communication, time and commitment, and trust and respect. We also highlight the value of stakeholder involvement in integrative research to ensure the policy relevance of the work and provide a mechanism to assist with effective knowledge transfer of the results. 相似文献
5.
Tyler R. Bonnell Colin A. Chapman Raja Sengupta 《International journal of geographical information science》2016,30(10):2075-2088
Spatial simulations are a valuable tool in understanding dynamic spatial processes. In developing these simulations, it is often required to make decisions about how to represent features in the environment and how events unfold in time. These spatial and temporal choices have been shown to significantly alter model outcomes, yet their interaction is less well understood. In this paper, we make use of a simple group foraging model and systematically vary how features are represented (cell size of the landscape) as well as how events unfold in time (order in which foragers take action) to better understand their interaction. Our results show similar nonlinear responses to changes in spatial representation found in the literature, and an effect of the order in which agents were processed. There was also a clear interaction between how features are represented and how events unfold in time, where, under certain environmental representations results were found to be more sensitive to the order in which individuals were processed. Furthermore, the effects of feature representation, scheduling of agents, and their interaction were all found to be influenced by the heterogeneity of the spatial surface (food), suggesting that the statistical properties of the underlying spatial variable will additionally play a role. We suggest that navigating these interactions can be facilitated through a better understanding of how these choices affect the decision landscape(s) on which agents operate. Specifically, how changes to representation affect aggregation and resolution of the decision surface, and thereby the degree to which agents interact directly or indirectly. We suggest that the challenges of dealing with spatial representation, scheduling, and their interaction, while building models could also present an opportunity. As explicitly including alternate representations and scheduling choices during model selection can aid in identifying optimal agent–environment representations. Potentially leading to improved insights into the relationships between spatial processes and the environments in which they occur. 相似文献
6.
认知地图的地理学研究进展与展望 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
认知地图作为人对人地关系复杂系统进行抽象化和秩序化的内在表征,是个体空间行为决策、空间认知与空间规划的理论基础,也是地理学的重要研究领域之一。论文通过CiteSpace文献学分析方法并结合经典文献回顾,从多学科视角系统梳理认知地图1948—2020年共70余年的发展脉络与研究热点。研究认为,认知地图在地理学的学科发展过程中扮演了重要角色,特别是在认知空间与城市意象、空间扭曲与空间偏好、空间知识与决策行为等方面丰富了地理学内涵。近期与地理学有关的认知地图跨学科研究出现3大转向：大数据时代重新定义认知空间与城市意象的数字转向,以特定群体或事件的空间偏好为切入点的情感转向,以第一人称视角解译空间知识与决策行为的神经转向。最后指出认知地图空间分析的地理学在跨学科融合发展中的角色与应用前景。 相似文献
7.
Jasmine E. Saros 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2009,41(2):243-252
With the development of quantitative transfer functions to relate community structure to physicochemical variables, reconstructions
of past environmental conditions have been possible and have enhanced our understanding of various ecosystem processes. There
are cases, however, in which this approach is not applicable, or does not provide enough information for the questions being
asked. In these cases, some alternatives are to conduct experiments or to examine the distribution of species at a finer spatial
resolution. These two approaches have been used as alternatives to or in conjunction with the development of transfer functions.
In this review, I discuss the ways in which these two approaches are now being used in paleolimnological studies to enhance
our understanding of the ecology of the species found in sediment records and thus refine interpretations of environmental
change. My focus is primarily on studies that deal with establishing clearer relationships between environmental variables
and the growth or distribution of organisms. I present examples of how these approaches have been integrated in a variety
of studies, including those designed to: (1) refine and enhance reconstructions that are based on transfer functions; (2)
develop new paleolimnological tools to reconstruct environmental change; (3) explore mechanistic links in the relationships
between organisms and commonly reconstructed environmental variables; and (4) pose and test hypotheses based on patterns in
the sediment record. These cases demonstrate that the use of these approaches was essential to clarify species-environment
relationships as well as lake responses to disturbance. As in all disciplines, however, there are many challenges in this
area of research. In particular, the quantitative integration of these approaches with the sediment record is a major challenge,
due to disparate spatial and temporal scales. This research can also be quite labor-intensive, and provides information on
fewer taxa than in the calibration set approach. It also requires interdisciplinary training and/or collaboration in fields
that have historically been less integrated, hence they may require greater effort. These issues may hinder the use of these
approaches because of the perceived difficulty. I discuss these challenges and address possible solutions. 相似文献
8.
Staying with the system: theoretical consistency and change in Danish geographical work on the Sahel
Laura Vang Rasmussen Jonas Ø. Nielsen 《Geografisk tidskrift / udgivet af Bestyrelsen for Det Kongelige danske geografiske selskab》2014,114(1):3-16
Scholars have studied the Sahel intensely since major droughts hit the region in the early 1970s. One of the most persistent of these in terms of both volume and time span is Anette Reenberg. In this paper we explore her studies of the Sahel published in peer-reviewed journals and their impact over the last three decades. Reenberg has had a remarkably stable theoretical agenda concerned with the importance of understanding the social and biophysical systems as one coupled human-environmental system. This agenda has influenced contemporary as well as subsequent Danish scholars publishing on the Sahel. Taking papers published in Geografisk Tidsskrift-Danish Journal of Geography as an example we show how scholars have moved from treating aspects of the Sahelian droughts according to the traditional natural-social science divide towards a much more coupled manner. This rise of the coupled human-environmental system framework in the journal may be attributed to Reenberg’s theoretical agenda as well as a new international stream of research joining the human and environmental sciences in an interdisciplinary effort. Hence, it is also shown how Reenberg’s theoretical agenda have influenced scholars trying to grasp contemporary global change. This is especially evident in the land science community. 相似文献
9.
Lianfa Li Corresponding author Jinfeng Wang Chengyi Wang 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(3):363-384
In disaster insurance and reinsurance, GIS has been used to visualize and manage geospatial data and to help vulnerability and risk analysis for years. However, hazard insurance is a multidisciplinary issue that involves complex factors and uncertainty. GIS, if used alone, has limited functionality due to poor incorporation of intelligence and spatial statistics. The Spatial Decision Support System (SDSS) presented in this paper, addresses some of the deficiencies of traditional GIS, by providing powerful tools to support disaster insurance pricing that involves procedural and declarative knowledge. In the SDSS, the knowledge‐based system shell, using the open‐source CLIPS and supporting fuzziness and uncertainty, can be applied in at least three phases: hazard simulation, fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of risk, and query for insurance pricing. The libraries of statistics and spatial statistics provide a robust support for analysis of spatial factors, including spatial correlation between zones vulnerable to hazard and spatial variation of exposures. The GIS components provide sophisticated visualization and database management support for geospatial data, helping easily locate the insured points and risk zones as well as exploratory analysis of spatial data. Standard database management interfaces are used to manage other aspatial data. COM, an industry‐wide interface protocol, tightly integrates these technologies (the expert shell, GIS, spatial statistics and DBM within an integral system), and can be used to develop mixed complex algorithms in support of other COM objects. An application of typhoon insurance pricing is demonstrated with a case study in Guangdong, China. Developed as a suite of generic tools with abilities to deal with the complex problem of disaster insurance involving spatial factors and field knowledge, this prototype SDSS can also be applied to other disaster insurance and fields that involve similar spatial decision making. 相似文献
10.
新型城镇化背景下中国流动人口研究:议题与展望 总被引：13，自引：10，他引：3
研究通过4个议题（户籍与人口流动,循环流动、定居意愿及家庭策略,社会网络和移民社区,迁移、流动性和移民的日常生活）,回顾了近年来乡城人口迁移的研究。指出：户籍政策对移民在城市中的生计带来的影响将减弱,移民的住房及在城市的居住模式和居住空间、社会交往、生活方式、移民身份建构及生活空间的重构等将会成为新的关注点。新文化地理学中关于移民“微观化”“生活化”的研究应受到更多的重视。换言之,如何理解移民在个体层面的诉求和移民的日常生活,将会是未来流动性研究的重点。如何立足于国内移民地理研究的基础与发展机遇,批判性地与西方移民研究搭建对话空间和平台,结合当前中国崛起过程中所呈现的前所未有的全球化与城镇化契机,为世界移民研究积累和贡献“中国知识”,将成为未来这一领域学者研究的方向。 相似文献
11.
P. Carrara G. Bordogna M. Boschetti P. A. Brivio A. Nelson D. Stroppiana 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(7):781-799
The monitoring of the environment's status at continental scale involves the integration of information derived by the analysis of multiple, complex, multidisciplinary, and large‐scale phenomena. Thus, there is a need to define synthetic Environmental Indicators (EIs) that concisely represent these phenomena in a manner suitable for decision‐making. This research proposes a flexible system to define EIs based on a soft fusion of contributing environmental factors derived from multi‐source spatial data (mainly Earth Observation data). The flexibility is twofold: the EI can be customized based on the available data, and the system is able to cope with a lack of expert knowledge. The proposal allows a soft quantifier‐guided fusion strategy to be defined, as specified by the user through a linguistic quantifier such as ‘most of’. The linguistic quantifiers are implemented as Ordered Weighted Averaging operators. The proposed approach is applied in a case study to demonstrate the periodical computation of anomaly indicators of the environmental status of Africa, based on a 7‐year time series of dekadal Earth Observation datasets. Different experiments have been carried out on the same data to demonstrate the flexibility and robustness of the proposed method. 相似文献
12.
In developed nations a growing emphasis is being placed on the promotion of environmental behaviours amongst individuals, or ‘citizen-consumers’, as a means to reduce personal carbon emissions in the light of climate change. Within the UK, focus has tended towards the segmentation of consumers into ‘lifestyle groups’ and the subsequent development of so-called social marketing behaviour change strategies, promoted as a way to encourage environmental behaviours. In the context of travel and tourism research, this approach has been operationalised through the notion of ‘mobility styles’ as a way of understanding the motivations and barriers different groups of consumers face when making pro-environmental travel decisions. However, this paper argues that the issue of climate change presents a major challenge for those attempting to promote behavioural changes using a single ‘mobility styles’ approach because of the ways in which issues such as climate change transcends the spatial and motivational contexts for travel behaviours. Using data gathered as part of a UK-based project on sustainable travel, the paper will demonstrate the potential conflicts that emerge when exploring daily travel behaviour and travel for short-breaks and holidays using a single mobility styles approach. The paper will argue that the discord between daily and holiday travel raises important questions for adopting a single and asptatial mobility styles approach for promoting behaviour change. This in turn highlights the challenges faced by a wider community of both researchers and policy makers in the environmental social sciences who seek to use segmentation as the basis for understanding and promoting behavioural change. 相似文献
13.
Spatial dimensions of New Zealand's environmental management 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
New Zealand's regional council boundaries drawn as part of the 1989 local government reforms privilege integrated catchment management. This privilege is now challenged by calls to both fragment and amalgamate councils and centralise decision‐making but with little analytic assessment of the spatial differentiation to support them. The spatial underpinnings of these calls were explored using a case study that assessed the spatial dimensions of environment management. Analysis of the Land Environments and River Environment Classification databases and councils' planning documents highlights challenges local governments face in applying integrated natural resource management within single purpose jurisdictions and implications for wider sustainable development policy. 相似文献
14.
Brendon Blue Claire Gregory Kiely McFarlane Marc Tadaki Petra van Limburg‐Meijer Nick Lewis 《New Zealand geographer》2012,68(1):62-66
The fair and effective governance of freshwater is an increasingly prominent issue in New Zealand. Emerging from a complex of cultural, economic and biophysical narratives, freshwater geographies are multiple, varied and increasingly acknowledged as worthy of interdisciplinary scrutiny. In this commentary, we reflect on a series of generative spaces that we – as group of postgraduate geographers (plus supporting staff) – created to engage with the multiplicity of freshwater meanings both within and beyond the academy. Through this evolving epistemic‐political project, we significantly reframed our own understandings about what freshwater ‘is’ and how it ought to be governed. By pursuing a deeper understanding of how the world gets made, we expand our ability to know and make it differently. 相似文献
15.
Bruce Thom 《The Australian geographer》2018,49(2):255-271
Many geographers, past and present, have addressed public policy issues facing nations and peoples and in the process offered solutions to highly complex problems. Three ‘sentinels’ of the discipline, Halford Mackinder, Carl Sauer and Thomas Griffith Taylor, served as protectors of geography speaking up for the science in a way often confronting public officials, politicians and others. They contributed significantly to the development of geography in Britain, the USA, Australia and Canada, while engaging in public policy debates on topics such as geopolitics, geographical constraints on land use and natural resource management. All three were advocates for the unity of geography, stressing how an understanding of the interconnectedness of natural and human phenomena can assist in decision making. They were often frustrated by what they saw as ill-informed policies which did not respect geographic realities. Given their varied contributions, it is difficult to fully assess their impact both during their long and productive lifetimes, and subsequently, especially given the interdisciplinary and contested nature of their research. Today, academic geographers are faced with having to increasingly ‘prove the impact’ of their research, something beyond the comprehension of previous generations. Lessons from an analysis of the work of these ‘sentinels’, as well as my own experience, show how difficult a task this will be. 相似文献
16.
17.
Graeme Aplin 《The Australian geographer》2000,31(3):273-287
Economics, especially the narrowly defined form of economics known as neo-liberal economics, along with its policy derivative known as economic rationalism, dominates public and political debate and decision-making in Australia and many other nations as the twentieth century approaches its close. In the context of environmental issues, as also in that of welfare issues, the present over-dominance is unhealthy. Despite the best attempts of environmental economists and ecological economists, they have had relatively little influence on the broader economic profession, or on the political and business communities. Economics and free trade also dominate the international scene at the expense of equity and environmental issues. Environmental debates, by their very nature, are usually complex, requiring interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approaches which include the economic perspective, but much else besides. Despite the importance of local context and spatial and temporal location, there is a need for a meta-theory or national philosophy to allow the integration across space and time so often needed. The present meta-theory, firmly based in economic rationalism, is inadequate as a basis for environmental decision-making. We desperately need a new meta-theory that explicitly integrates economic, environmental, welfare and many other perspectives. Perhaps such a meta-theory could be broadly based on the concept of sustainability, though much more work is needed to refine such an approach. A major swing in public opinion from the old meta-theory to the new is essential as a forerunner to political action, and education at all levels is needed to bring about this change. There are some signs that this change is already informing public opinion, and that it may have begun to influence mainstream Australian politics. 相似文献
18.
Wildland fire creates a complex relationship between federal agencies and public stakeholders. Questions surrounding the public's role in federal wildland fire management point to broader questions about the relationships among scientists, policymakers, federal agencies, and the public. In this article we report on a project to provide information about the key components of federal policies that govern wildland fire management. The goal is to enhance the decision support capabilities of a geographic information system (GIS)-based fire risk model and the capacity of users to interpret the outputs of the model from a fire policy perspective. We conclude by making recommendations for how this and other such tools might be refined to improve and expand policy interactions among government land and resource management agencies, scientists, and the public. 相似文献
19.
Responding to the threat of climate change, conserving freshwater ecosystems and securing adequate energy and water supplies are among the greatest challenges facing modern societies. Yet recognition of the interdependencies between climate, energy and water policy—with resulting synergies and trade-offs—remains limited, leaving societies and governments alike vulnerable to the dangers of conflicted or unintended policy outcomes from sectoral decisions. In this paper, we analyse current Australian climate, energy and water policies to identify the risks of perverse outcomes between the three policy sectors. In doing so we categorise the conflicts and synergies between particular energy generation, carbon sequestration and water supply policies to improve understandings of the challenges facing decision makers in Australia and internationally. Four types of interventions are identified that would enable integration and optimisation of policies, namely: better cross-sectoral knowledge to inform decisions; the identification of technologies with co-benefits; markets with broader cross-sectoral participation (including linking water and carbon markets); and better-integrated governance institutions. 相似文献
20.
Neil Stuart 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(6):601-602
In this paper, we examine the applicability of spatial optimization as a generative modelling technique for sustainable land‐use allocation. Specifically, we test whether spatial optimization can be used to generate a number of compromise spatial alternatives that are both feasible and different from each other. We present a new spatial multiobjective optimization model, which encourages efficient utilization of urban space through infill development, compatibility of adjacent land uses, and defensible redevelopment. The model uses a density‐based design constraint developed by the authors. The constraint imposes a predefined level of consistent neighbourhood development to promote contiguity and compactness of urban areas. First, the model is tested on a hypothetical example. Further, we demonstrate a real‐world application of the model to land‐use planning in Chelan, a small environmental amenity town in the north‐central region of the State of Washington, USA. The results indicate that spatial optimization is a promising method for generating land‐use alternatives for further consideration in spatial decision‐making. 相似文献