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1.
Damage and fracture propagation around underground excavations are important issues in rock engineering. The analysis of quasi-brittle materials can be performed using constitutive laws based upon damage mechanics. The finite element code RFPA2D (Rock Failure Process Analysis) based on damage mechanics was used to simulate a loading-type failure process around an underground excavation (model tunnel) in brittle rock. One of the features of RFPA2D is the capability of modeling heterogeneous materials. In the current model, the effect of the homogeneous index (m) of rock on the failure modes of a model tunnel in rock was studied. In addition, by recording the number of damaged elements and the associated amount of energy released, RFPA2D is able to simulate acoustic activities around circular openings in rock. The results of a numerical simulation of a model tunnel were in very good agreement with the experimental test using the acoustic emission technique. Finally, the influence of the lateral confining pressure on the failure mechanism of the rock around the model tunnel was also investigated by numerical simulations. 相似文献
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Summary
This paper presents a new approach, combined with the Boundary Element Method (BEM) analysis and the diametrical compression
on a thin disc with a small central hole, referred to as the ring test, for determining the indirect tensile strength of anisotropic
rocks. The stress distribution around the hole can be successfully obtained by the proposed single-domain BEM. The complex
variable function method was used for conveniently computing the tractions and displacements of a two-dimensional anisotropic
body. If we assume that the tensile strength is given by the maximum absolute value of stress in the direction perpendicular
to the loaded diameter at the intersection of loaded diameter and the hole, then from the failure load recorded by laboratory
testing of ring (disc), the indirect tensile strength of rocks could be obtained. A marble from Hualien (Taiwan) with clearly
black-white foliation, which was assumed to be transversely isotropic, was selected to conduct both ring tests and Brazilian
tests for evaluating the tensile strength. The variation of the marble tensile strength with the inclination angle of foliation
and with the hole size was also investigated. In general, the tensile strength of anisotropic rocks determined by ring test
is not a constant, but depends on the elastic properties of rocks, the angle between the planes of rock anisotropy and the
loading direction, the diameter of the central hole, and the contact condition of loading. 相似文献
6.
Investigating the Effect of Cyclic Loading on the Indirect Tensile Strength of Rocks 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
This paper presents the results of laboratory experiments during the investigation of the stress–strain characteristics of
Brisbane tuff disc specimens under diametral compressive cyclic loading. Two different cyclic loading methods were used: namely,
sinusoidal cyclic loading and cyclic loading with increasing mean level. The first method applied the S–N curve approach to the indirect tensile strength (ITS) of rock specimens for the first time in the literature, and the second
method investigated the effect of increasing cyclic loading on the ITS of rock specimens. The ITS of Brisbane tuff disc specimens
was measured using the Brazilian tensile strength test. The reduction in ITS was found to be 33% with sinusoidal loading tests,
whereas increasing cyclic loading caused a maximum reduction of 37%. It is believed that the fracturing under cyclic loading
starts at contact points between strong grains and weak matrices, and that contact points at grain boundaries are the regions
of stress concentration (i.e., indenters). Transgranular cracks emanate from these regions and intergranular cracks sometimes
pass through the contact points. Once cracking begins, there is a steady progression of damage and a general ‘loosening’ of
the rock, which is a precursor to the formation of intergranular cracks. 相似文献
7.
M. R. M. Aliha 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2014,7(11):4757-4766
Indirect test methods are usually the preferred approach for determining the tensile strength of brittle and quasi-brittle materials such as ceramics, rocks, and concrete. In this paper, the tensile strength of a rock material (Iranian Harsin marble) was obtained indirectly by means of two disc type samples. The test samples were the well-known Brazilian disc and semi-disc specimen under three-point bend loading. Since the existing formula for determining the indirect tensile strength is based on 2-D stress assumption which ignores the effects of specimen thickness, a general 3-D tensile strength formulation was derived for each sample by employing finite element analysis. A series of tensile strength tests were conducted on Harsin white marble using disc and semi-disc specimens with different thicknesses in parallel to finite element analysis. The test results using 3-D formulation showed that the tensile strength of the tested marble depends on the thickness/diameter ratio of the specimen and generally decreases from 11.5 to 7 MPa on increasing the thickness of test samples. The average values of tensile strength were about 8.8 MPa for the Brazilian disc specimen and 9.8 MPa for the semi-disc specimen. The good agreement existing between the results of the two specimens suggests that the semi-disc specimen can also be used for determining the rock tensile strength in addition to using the conventional Brazilian test. 相似文献
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E. Z. Lajtai 《Engineering Geology》1980,15(3-4):163-171
Tensile fracture is an ubiquitous feature of rock failure ranging in size from microfracture around Griffith cracks to the large-scale explosive failure accompanying rock bursts in underground cavities. Hence the resistance of rock to failure in tension, the tensile strength, is one of the fundamental parameters of rock strength. The tensile strength of rock is, however, a most elusive parameter which is difficult to measure and to define.
The tensile strength, and its variation with direction, was determined by the pointloading and the line-loading (Brazilian test) methods for nine rocks from five sandstone formations in New Brunswick, Canada. Altogether 319 double point-load and 357 line-load tests were conducted on discs having a diameter of 22.9 mm and thickness of 7.9 mm.
The tensile strength determined by the point-load test and as calculated by the Frocht formula was found to be consistently lower than that obtained by the line-loading technique. To some extent, the difference is due to the fact that most of the sandstones are anisotropic with respect to tensile strength and that the constraints in the point-load test are such that fracture occurs along the plane of minimum tensile strength; the computed tensile strength therefore represents a minimum value. To a greater extent, the lower tensile strength calculated from the point-load test is due to the difference in the states of stress induced by the two techniques. When correction is made for the anisotropy, the tensile strength from the Brazilian test is still 3.76 times larger than the one obtained from the point-load test.
The Brazilian test seems to yield a more accurate definition of both the tensile strength and its variation with direction. The point-load test is more suitable for the determination of the minimum value of tensile strength and the direction of the preferred fracture plane. 相似文献
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裂隙是影响岩石力学特性和破裂模式最重要的因素之一,通过试验、数字照相技术和声发射监测对完整和含不同裂隙倾角 单裂隙、不同岩桥与裂隙夹角 双裂隙充填与非充填类岩石材料巴西圆盘的抗拉强度和破裂模式进行研究,探讨了随着 、 的不断变化和裂隙充填与否对试样最终破坏机制的影响。试验结果表明：（1）随着裂隙倾角 不断增大,单裂隙试样的抗拉强度先减小后增大,然后又减小;预制裂隙尖端萌生的翼裂纹贯通造成试样破坏;（2）双裂隙试样的抗拉强度随着 的增大先减小后增大;预制裂隙尖端萌生的翼裂纹和远场裂纹的扩展导致试样破坏;（3）在 、 相同的情况下,充填试样抗拉强度明显要高于非充填试样;预制裂隙充填与否对试样裂纹扩展的时间和裂纹数目影响较大;（4）加载初期,声发射较为平稳;宏观裂纹出现或者抗拉强度跌落时声发射将会变的异常活跃;在 、 相同的情况下充填试样声发射的起伏变化更为剧烈。 相似文献
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Three-dimensional surface crack initiation and propagation in two kinds of heterogeneous rocks were numerically investigated via parallel finite element analysis using a supercomputer. Numerically simulated rock specimens containing a pre-existing flaw were subjected to uniaxial compression until failure. The initiation and propagation of wing cracks, anti-wing cracks, and shell-like cracks were reproduced by numerical simulations. The numerically simulated results demonstrate that the further propagation of wing cracks and shell-like cracks stop due to their wrapping (curving) behavior in three-dimensional spaces, even if the applied loads continue to increase. Furthermore, rock heterogeneity could significantly influence crack propagation patterns and the peak uniaxial compressive strengths of rock specimens. Moreover, anti-wing cracks only appeared in relatively heterogeneous rocks, and the peak uniaxial compressive strengths of the specimens were observed to depend on the inclination of the pre-existing flaw. Finally, the mechanism of surface crack propagation is discussed in the context of numerically simulated anti-plane loading tests, wherein it was identified that Mode III loading (anti-plane loading) does not lead to Mode III fracture in rocks due to their high ratio of uniaxial compressive strength to tensile strength. This finding could explain the lateral growth of an existing flaw in its own plane, which is a phenomenon that has not been observed in laboratory experiments. 相似文献
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Cheng Zhao Yimeng Zhou Qingzhao Zhang Chunfeng Zhao Hiroshi Matsuda 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2020,44(3):353-370
To deeply understand the cracking mechanical behavior of brittle rock materials, numerical simulations of a rock specimen containing a single preexisting crack were carried out by the expanded distinct element method (EDEM). Based on the analysis of crack tips and a comparison between stress- and strain-based methods, the strain strength criterion was adopted in the numerical models to simulate the crack initiation and propagation processes under uniaxial and biaxial compression. The simulation results indicated that the crack inclination angle and confining pressure had a great influence on the tensile and shear properties, peak strength, and failure behaviors, which also showed a good agreement with the experimental results. If the specimen was under uniaxial compression, it was found that the initiation stress and peak strength first decreased and then increased with an increasing inclination angle α. Regardless of the size of α, tensile cracks initiated prior to shear cracks. If α was small (such as α ≤ 30°), the tensile cracks dominated the specimen failure, the wing cracks propagated towards the direction of uniaxial compression, and the propagation of shear cracks was inhibited by the high concentration of tensile stress. In contrast, if α was large (such as α ≥ 45°), mixed cracks dominated the specimen failure, and the external loading favored the further propagation of shear cracks. Analyzing the numerical results of the specimen with a 45° inclination angle under biaxial compression, it was revealed that lateral confinement had a significant influence on the initiation sequence and the mechanical properties of new cracks. 相似文献
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The prediction of production rate in ornamental stones sawing is very important in cost estimation and process planning of the rock sawing plants. The main aim of this paper is finding a mathematical correlation between production rate and rock brittleness indexes. The utilized data have been collected from several stone factories in Iran. Seventeen different granite and carbonate rocks have been experienced sawing conditions with large-diameter circular saws. The laboratory tests such as uniaxial compressive strength and tensile strength, were carried out on the rock samples which were collected from these factories. The ratio of compressive strength to tensile strength (B 1), the ratio of compressive strength minus tensile strength to compressive strength plus tensile strength (B 2), and the area under the line of compressive strength and the line of tensile strength (B 3) were used as brittleness indexes in this study. Then, the relationships between these brittleness indexes and production rate were investigated by using a regression analysis. The results show that, there is not a good relationship between the production rate and B 1 and B 2. However, the production rate correlates with B 3 very well. Therefore, there is a reliable prediction for ornamental stones production based on B 3 as a brittleness indexes. 相似文献
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Zhaohui Chong Xuehua Li Qiangling Yao Ji Zhang Tian Chen 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2016,9(12):592
Particle flow code (PFC2D) software was adopted to investigate the anchorage behaviour and the characteristics of crack initiation, propagation and coalescence of reinforced specimens containing a single fissure (RSCSF). The microscopic parameters of the specimens in the numerical simulation were first validated by experimental outcomes of intact specimens, while the microscopic parameters of the rock bolts were validated based on the results of the RSCSF tests. Then, the mechanical parameters as well as the failure modes in the physical experiments were compared with those derived by the numerical simulation; the results showed good agreement between the simulated macroscopic mechanical properties and failure modes and those obtained in the laboratory experiments. The peak strength, number of cracks and the failure mode varied considerably as the anchorage angle α and fissure angle β increased. Three types of stress–strain curves, types I to III, were obtained from the RSCSF. Shear cracks were observed for all three categories of curves, but the tensile cracks were dominant. The number of cracks and the rate of bond failures decreased as the curve changed from type II to type I to type III. RSCSF failure can be classified into three failure modes: (1) tip crack propagation mode, (2) midpoint crack propagation mode and (3) rock bolt crack propagation mode. These failure modes are primarily differentiated by relations between α and β, and the ratio UCSS/UCSI between the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS, σ max) of the RSCSF (UCSS) and the uniaxial compressive strength of the intact specimen (UCSI). 相似文献
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In this paper, the limestone specimens are heated from room temperature 25 to 800 °C in a high temperature furnace and then are subjected to Brazilian test with the AG-I250 electronic precision material testing machine. The physical properties, mechanical properties, disc failure pattern, energy absorbed per unit area and damage characteristics of disc are comprehensively investigated. The results show that: with the increase of temperature, the changing trends of tensile strength, peak strain, tensile modulus and accumulated energy absorbed per unit area of disc are similar, they are first increases, then decrease, the energy consumption index is consistent with the macroscopic damage characteristics; the value of εs increase first and then reduce, reaches the maximum at 600 °C. The value of n is increasing and fluctuating, but the change trend of Dc is opposite, which is decreasing and fluctuating. The slope of the damage variable-strain curves decreases first and then increases, the minimum value at 600 °C. This study is of significance to the prediction and evaluation of the stability and safety of rock mass post-high temperature. 相似文献
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The microstructure of rock was numerically reproduced by a polygonal grain‐based model, and its mechanical behavior was examined by performing the uniaxial compression test and Brazilian tests via the Universal Distinct Element Code. The numerical results of the model demonstrated good agreement with the experimental results obtained with rock specimens in terms of the stress–strain behavior, strength characteristics, and brittle fracture phenomenon. An encouraging result is that the grain‐based model‐Universal Distinct Element Code model can reproduce a low ratio of tensile to compressive strength of 1/20 to 1/10 without the need for an additional process. This finding is ascribed to the fact that the geometrical features of polygons can effectively capture the effects of angularity, finite rotation, and interlocking of grains that exist in reality. A numerical methodology to monitor the evolution of micro‐cracks was developed, which enabled us to examine the progressive process of the failure and distinguish the contribution of tensile cracking to the process from that of shear cracking. From the observations of the micro‐cracking process in reference to the stress–strain relation, crack initiation stress, and crack damage stress, it can be concluded that the failure process of the model closely resembles the microscopic observations of rock. We also carried out a parametric study to examine the relationships between the microscopic properties and the macroscopic behavior of the model. Depending on the micro‐properties, the model exhibited a variety of responses to the external load in terms of the strength and deformation characteristics, the evolution of micro‐cracks, and the post‐peak behavior. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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This paper presents the development of a three-dimensional discrete element model using flat-joint and smooth-joint contact models to investigate the effect of anisotropy on the tensile behaviour of slate, a transversely isotropic rock, under Brazilian testing from both macro and microscales. The effect of anisotropy is further realised by exploring the influence of foliation orientations (β and ψ) on the tensile strength, fracture pattern, microcracking and stress distribution of the transversely isotropic rock. The variation of tensile strength with foliation orientation is presented. The cross-weak-plane fracture growth observed in laboratory is reproduced, and the criterion for which to form is also given from the aspect of foliation orientation. Furthermore, the proportional variations of microcracks well account for the effects of foliation orientation on the tensile strength and failure pattern. Finally, it is found that the existence of weak planes increases both the heterogeneity and the anisotropy of stress distributions within the transversely isotropic rock, with the degree of influence varying with the foliation orientation. 相似文献
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基于颗粒流程序（particle flow code,PFC）,对不同接触角（2a = 6º～30º）条件下25～1 000 ℃砂岩进行巴西劈裂模拟试验,研究其应力分布和破裂模式,并将巴西劈裂与直接拉伸进行对比。研究表明：（1）巴西劈裂中,面接触加载可以降低端部效应,加载过程中首先在圆盘中部产生拉裂纹,随着荷载的升高,拉裂纹汇集、扩展、贯通。（2）平板点接触巴西劈裂测得的抗拉强度小于直接拉伸强度,其抗拉强度计算公式的修正系数k随温度T的升高线性减小,满足k = −3.303×10−4T+1.468。随着接触角的增大,不同温度处理后巴西圆盘的抗拉强度均呈现出增大的趋势。（3）在2a≥18º时,巴西圆盘可以保证中心起裂;2a = 18º～24º时,圆盘在不同温度下破裂模式稳定;在接触角过大（2a = 30º）时,圆盘在较低温度（≤600 ℃）下会形成倾斜裂纹。（4）结合修正系数和破裂模式分析,推荐接触角为18º～24º时,修正系数在0.802 6～ 0.856 0之间,可以保证所有温度试样中心起裂且破裂模式稳定。 相似文献
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Effect of Rapid Thermal Cooling on Mechanical Rock Properties 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Laboratory tests have been conducted to investigate the effects of rapid thermal cooling on various rock specimens including igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. At first, various types of thermal loading were conducted: heating up to 100, 200, and 300 °C, followed by rapid cooling with a fan. In addition, multiple cyclic thermal cooling (10, 15 and 20 cycles) with a maximum temperature of only 100 °C was conducted. Experiments included edge notched disc (END) tests to determine the Mode I fracture toughness, Brazilian disc tests to determine tensile strength, seismic tests to determine P-wave velocity, and porosity tests leading to meaningful results. Even though only small changes of temperature (rapid cooling from 100 °C to room temperature) were applied, the results showed that crack growth occurred in some rock types (granite, diabase with ore veins, and KVS) while crack healing occurred in other rock types (diabase without ore veins, quartzite, and skarn). To better understand the results, 3D transient thermo-mechanical analysis was conducted using the ANSYS program. The results indicated that there was a thin region near the outside of the specimen where large tensile stresses occur and microcracking would be expected, and that there was a large area in the middle of the specimen where lower magnitude compressive stresses occur and crack closure would be expected. It was found that the more heterogeneous and more coarse-grained rock types are more likely to exhibit crack growth, while less heterogeneous and more fine-grained rocks are more likely to exhibit crack healing. 相似文献