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1.
As the largest ecosystems of the earth, marine ecosystem provides many types of ecosystem service to human. More than 60% of the global population lives the coastal area. A healthy ocean is critical to our economy, health and way of life. However, with rapid population growth and densely inhabited coastal areas, our dependence on marine resources is greater than ever. The overuse and mismanagement of ecosystem services have placed great pressure on marine systems, thereby threatening the future of marine ecosystems, and the services they provide. With anthropogenic pressures increasing in coastal cities, adopting ecosystem-based management frameworks that minimize impacts on marine environments while allowing for sustainable development is critical. Marine Ecosystem-Based Management seeks to manage marine resources in ways that protect ecosystem health while providing the ecosystem services needed by people. Rather than focusing solely on a single species or resource, MEBM incorporates science and balances the demands of user groups in a manner that produces management strategies that are more likely to be sustainable than traditional approaches. The definition, principles and framework were discussed in this paper based on the summary of literature, and two examples were introduced. Last, some suggestions were put forward to marine ecosystem management for ocean ecosystem and for healthy coastal resources sustainable utilization. 相似文献
2.
Thomas M. Leschine Bridget E. Ferriss Kathleen P. Bell Krista K. Bartz Sarah MacWilliams Michelle Pico Andrew K. Bennett 《Estuaries and Coasts》2003,26(4):1189-1204
Numerous studies have concluded that better use of scientific information could improve the quality of coastal and estuarine environmental management. Approaches for effecting such a change include ecosystem-based, integrated, and adaptive management, but such basic re-orientation of estuarine and coastal management has proved difficult to achieve. Even environmental indicators, seemingly straightforward ways of injecting scientific information into decision making, have achieved broad on-the-ground use in relatively few instances—principally the largest estuary management programs. A conceptual framework useful for examining environmental management systems affecting the five PNCERS (Pacific Northwest coastal Ecosystems Regional Study) estuaries conceives of environmental managers, researchers, and interested and affected parties in the public as interacting through the multi-layered institutional arrangements that currently promote the utilization, management, or protection of coastal and estuarine resources. Considerable variation exists in the approach and effectiveness of the region's environmental management organizations. Interaction between science and management in the region appears to be limited to an extent by high transaction costs; a cultural divide between environmental scientists and environmental managers is perceived by members of both groups who work with the PNCERS estuaries as inhibiting communications between them. Mechanisms that both groups identify as useful for improving the flow of information between science and management are little used, perhaps as a result. The two groups have very different patterns of information dissemination and acquisition, and though both chose agency archives and databases as their top methods for disseminating information, neither group relies much on these vehicles for information they seek. Both residents' and practitioners' perceptions of threats to the PNCERS estuaries show patterns of estuary-to-estuary variation. One theme that emerges is that problems associated with poor land management in adjacent uplands are common to most of these estuaries, potentially providing a sense of commonality through which a more regional approach to estuary management could emerge. A common set of estuarine environmental indicators implemented for all estuaries could help instigate such a regional approach, but resource constraints, especially at the local level, will have to be overcome for that to occur. There is currently substantial lack of common vision among coastal practitioners as to the purpose and desirability of indicators, and relatively little experience or knowledge of their use, particularly at the local level. Use of estuarine science in the management of these estuaries appears to be greatest during periods in which the largest programmatic shifts in environmental management approaches occur, an observation consistent with other studies that have concluded that the use of environmental science in environmental management tends to be episodic. 相似文献
3.
Living resources in estuarine systems have been so intensively harvested that many fisheries are severely depleted at a time when demand for these resources is rising. In addition, multiple use demands on estuaries often conflict, leaving unresolved management questions. With the movement of the population to the coastal regions, conflicts among uses and users of estuarine resources are increasing. Aquaculture offers one means to reconcile the conflicting demands for use of the estuarine resource. Yet, the nation has few, if any new policy or management approaches to address these conflicts. Management on the level of the watershed is one effective tool that should be more effectively used. Involvement of the full range of stakeholders or user groups in policy setting and management options has brought remarkable success in a small number of cases where this approach has been used. The nation will need to develop other tools and approaches if estuaries are to be restored and protected as protected as planned in federal, regional, and state laws and initiatives. 相似文献
4.
Despite the widely acknowledged threat posed by invasive species in coastal estuaries, there are substantial gaps at the intersection
of science and policy that are impeding invasive species management. In the face of pressing management needs in coastal and
estuarine environments, we advocate that introduced species should receive the kind of management effort dedicated, for example,
to reducing pollution. We support our argument with some examples of economic costs of estuarine and coastal introduced species
and a summary of recent evidence for the ecological costs. We highlight some of the issues that either thwart or facilitate
the successful marriage between science and management of introduced species, including the regulatory framework for management.
We use the available information on coastal eradication programs, including case histories of the programs for Caulerpa taxifolia and Spartina alterniflora (and hybrids) in the western USA, to indicate the feasibility of managing introduced species and to help point out how management
and science can improve the outcome. We close with a research agenda that focuses primarily on science that will really assist
with invasive species management and reflects our own experience and the opinions of managers directly involved with this
issue. 相似文献
5.
在向专家调查的基础上,分析了水利科学基础学科目前的发展状况及今后的发展趋势,为有关部门的科技决策提供信息支持,为相关领域科技人员的科研工作提供信息导向. 相似文献
6.
南美洲铁矿资源丰富、分布广泛、矿床规模大、矿石品位高、类型较齐全。从南美洲大地构造格架分析,分布在克拉通地盾区或其边缘的沉积-变质型铁矿和分布在安第斯海岸造山带的火山成因型铁矿最为重要,沉积-变质型铁矿主要形成于太古宙—元古宙,火山成因型铁矿主要形成于中新生代。综合研究分析,圈出10个铁矿重要成矿区带,主要分布在委内瑞拉的玻利瓦尔州,巴西的阿马帕州、帕拉州、米纳斯吉拉斯州、北里奥格兰德州、巴拉伊巴州、巴伊亚州、南马托格罗索州,玻利维亚的圣克鲁斯州,秘鲁的伊卡—阿雷基帕海岸带和智利的卡拉马—圣地亚哥海岸带等。通过对重要成矿区带内典型矿床的剖析,并采用统计分析方法总结南美洲铁矿成矿时空分布规律,为未来在该区寻找更多的铁矿资源提供参考。 相似文献
7.
Jon G. Sutinen 《GeoJournal》1988,16(3):273-281
The establishment of Exclusive Economic Zones places enormous burdens on the resources of coastal states' enforcement agencies. An economic problem looms in that decisions must be made as to how much to allocate to enforcement relative to the expected benefits that can be derived. In this paper, the objective is to review the economic methods available for analysis of enforcement programs. A second objective is to report on the enforcement problems and prospects in three areas with important fishery resources. 相似文献
8.
A review of seawater intrusion and its management in Australia 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
Adrian D. Werner 《Hydrogeology Journal》2010,18(1):281-285
Extended periods of below-average rainfall combined with a rising population density in the Australian coastal margin have led to higher stresses on coastal water resources, and the risk of seawater intrusion has increased. Despite reports of seawater intrusion in the majority of states and evidence that some Australian coastal aquifers are seriously depleted, comprehensive seawater intrusion investigations have only been completed for coastal systems in Queensland and to a lesser degree in Western Australia and South Australia. The degree of assessment appears to be linked to the perceived economic value of the groundwater resource. The most detailed studies include those of the Pioneer Valley and Burnett basins in Queensland, for which conceptual and mathematical models have been developed at the regional scale, and have been used to underpin trigger-level management approaches to protect against further seawater intrusion. Historical responses to seawater intrusion include the establishment of artificial recharge schemes; the most prominent being that of the Lower Burdekin aquifers in Queensland. Recommendations for future solutions include enhanced fit-for-purpose seawater intrusion monitoring, continuing research into investigation methods, and improved knowledge-sharing through education programs and the development of national guidelines for seawater intrusion assessment and management. 相似文献
9.
During the last two decades, there has been growing interest in the integration of existing ideas and data to produce new
synthetic models and hypotheses leading to discovery and advancement in estuarine and coastal science. This essay offers an
integrated definition of what is meant by synthesis research and discusses its importance for exploiting the rapid expansion
of information availability and for addressing increasingly complex environmental problems. Approaches and methods that have
been used in published synthetic coastal research are explored and a list of essential steps is developed to provide a foundation
for conducting synthetic research. Five categories of methods used widely in coastal synthesis studies are identified: (1)
comparative cross-system analysis, (2) analysis of time series data, (3) balance of cross-boundary fluxes, (4) system-specific
simulation modeling, and (5) general systems simulation modeling. In addition, diverse examples are used to illustrate how
these methods have been applied in previous studies. We discuss the urgent need for developing curricula for classroom and
experiential teaching of synthesis in coastal science to undergraduate and graduate students, and we consider the societal
importance of synthetic research to support coastal resource management and policy development. Finally, we briefly discuss
the crucial challenges for future growth and development of synthetic approaches to estuarine and coastal research. 相似文献
10.
在特殊的自然环境与人文条件构建下,台湾地区的景观研究面临着不同于其它地区的研究问题。其中主要包括如何对脆弱的动、植物等自然资源进行合理的保护,如何解决城市快速发展所带来的环境污染、交通混乱、空间不
足及居民对休闲游憩的需求,如何基于完善的公众参与制度与现代化的科学技术,建立符合生态、经济、社会需求的土地经营管理制度等现实问题。目前台湾地区的景观研究多利用观察、文献及案例分析、问卷调查、权重与因素决定及相关的自然资源价值评估方法、景观变迁分析方法,并结合地理信息系统（GIS）、全球定位系统（GPS）、遥感（RS）技术,就上述问题进行探讨。未来台湾地区的景观研究发展,仍将以符合生态的原则为基础,同时结合专业教育,降低自然与人为灾害所付出的社会成本、确立景观资源价值评估方式、构建最适的土地利用规划与监测方式以及形成具有台湾本土特色的规划设计风格等,以促进景观研究的发展。 相似文献
11.
《Geoforum》2017
In order to address the impacts of climate change, global multilateral institutions, development organizations, and national and regional science organizations are creating climate services – packages of useful climate information intended to help decision makers. This diffuse collection of actors and institutions suggest that producing climate services will help bridge gaps between climate scientists and decision-makers and will therefore help vulnerable countries and people manage the risks and optimize the impacts of climate change. This article examines this global science-policy ecosystem using the case of climate services produced by Australian science agencies for consumption in adaptation programming in the Pacific Island countries of Kiribati and Solomon Islands. Linking research on geographies of marketization and the neoliberalization of science, I demonstrate that within the climate service movement a focus on usefulness is paired with an emphasis on commercialization. As a result, this case shows the inherent tensions in the climate service model: first, a focus on competition and circulating service products at the expense of collaborative relationships; second, difficulties in negotiating uncertainty; and third contradictions between ‘objective’ and ‘entrepreneurial’ science. In each of these instances, the commercialized mechanisms through which climate services are governed, and the political economic circumstances within which they are produced, magnify rather than ameliorate gaps between science and policy. 相似文献
12.
《Geoforum》2015
Based on insights from peasant and indigenous communities’ struggles for water in Andean Peru and Ecuador, in this article we argue that the defense of grassroots interests -and with it the advancement of more equitable governance- greatly hinges on the capacity of these groups to engage in grassroots scalar politics. With increasing pressure on water resources in the Andes, the access to water of many rural peasant and indigenous communities is being threatened. The growing realization that their access to water and related interests are embedded in broader regional and national politics, legal frameworks and water policies, has led many communities and peasant water user associations to engage in networks and create alliances with other water users, governmental institutions and non-governmental actors. To better understand these (and other) grassroots struggles and strategies, in this contribution we develop the concept of grassroots scalar politics, which we use as a lens to analyze two case studies. In Ecuador we present how water users of the province of Chimborazo have defended their interests through the consolidation of the Provincial Water Users Associations’ Federation Interjuntas-Chimborazo and its networks. Then we focus on how with the support of Interjuntas-Chimborazo the Water Users Association of the Chambo irrigation system defended their historical water allocation. In Peru we analyze the conformation and achievements of the federative Water Users Association of Ayacucho (JUDRA) and present how the community of Ccharhuancho in the region of Huancavelica, managed to defend its waters and territory against the coastal irrigation sector of Ica. 相似文献
13.
Stephen T. Threlkeld 《Estuaries and Coasts》2006,29(1):1-3
This is the first issue ofEstuaries and Coasts (ISSN 1559-2723), which continues the Estuarine Research Federation's publication inEstuaries (1978–2005) (ISSN 0160-8347) of scientific reports, reviews, comments, and notes on estuarine and coastal scientific research
from around the world. Numbering of volumes ofEstuaries and Coasts continues uninterrupted fromEstuaries since the expanded title was not intended to mark a change in the scope of the journal. It is our hope that the journal will
continue to become more international in its coverage, and to include more coastal science than is sometimes associated with
the single word nameEstuaries. In addition to the change of the journal's name there is also a new cover design that will change with each issue and highlight
an estuary or coast associated with one or more articles in the issue. Another change to the journal is a new column entitled
Perspectives in Estuarine and Coastal Science, which is intended to stimulate discussion about emerging topics in estuarine
and coastal science. The H. T. Odum Synthesis Essay, initiated in 2005, will be continued on an annual basis. 相似文献
14.
Socio-hydrology is a new inter-disciplinary science of people and water. The biblio-metrical analysis was made on the socio-hydrology papers included in the Web of Science (WoS) to obtain the study progress of socio-hydrology. The results indicated that the research areas of socio-hydrology mainly covered water resources, environmental sciences, civil engineering, geosciences, environmental engineering, agronomy, environmental studies, ecology, meteorology and atmospheric sciences, and geography. The key topics in general socio-hydrology were water resources, agricultural irrigation, and water policy. Furthermore, the research spots varied with the needs of the societal development in the different decades. They also varied among countries. The special socio-hydrology research mainly focused on water need and security in both urban and rural development, and emphasized the decision support of scientific management through effective hydrological model prediction. Its development will promote the sustainable management and utilization of water resources and help better solve water problems facing the humans. 相似文献
15.
Duane A. Gill Liesel A. Ritchie J. Steven Picou Jennifer Langhinrichsen-Rohling Michael A. Long Jessica W. Shenesey 《Natural Hazards》2014,74(3):1911-1932
We address the research question: ‘Did the 2010 BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill have similar psychosocial impacts as the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill?’ We answer this question by comparing survey results from a random sample of Cordova, Alaska, residents collected 18 months after the Exxon spill with a random sample of residents in the Alabama coastal counties of Baldwin and south Mobile 1 year after the BP disaster. Analysis revealed similarly high levels of psychological stress for survivors of both disasters. For residents of coastal Alabama, the strongest predictors of psychosocial stress were exposure to oil, ties to renewable resources, concerns about their economic future, worries about air quality, and safety issues regarding seafood harvests in oiled areas. Differences between south Mobile and Baldwin counties were related to the former community’s economic ties to renewable resources and Baldwin County’s dependence on tourism for economic sustainability. 相似文献
16.
In May of 1998, Owen Bricker and his co-author Michael Ruggiero introduced a conceptual design for integrating the Nation’s environmental research and monitoring programs. The Framework for Integrated Monitoring and Related Research was an organizing strategy for relating data collected by various programs, at multiple spatial and temporal scales, and by multiple science disciplines to solve complex ecological issues that individual research or monitoring programs were not designed to address. The concept nested existing intensive monitoring and research stations within national and regional surveys, remotely sensed data, and inventories to produce a collaborative program for multi-scale, multi-network integrated environmental monitoring and research. Analyses of gaps in data needed for specific issues would drive decisions on network improvements or enhancements. Data contributions to the Framework from existing networks would help indicate critical research and monitoring programs to protect during budget reductions. Significant progress has been made since 1998 on refining the Framework strategy. Methods and models for projecting scientific information across spatial and temporal scales have been improved, and a few regional pilots of multi-scale data-integration concepts have been attempted. The links between science and decision-making are also slowly improving and being incorporated into science practice. Experiments with the Framework strategy since 1998 have revealed the foundational elements essential to its successful implementation, such as defining core measurements, establishing standards of data collection and management, integrating research and long-term monitoring, and describing baseline ecological conditions. They have also shown us the remaining challenges to establishing the Framework concept: protecting and enhancing critical long-term monitoring, filling gaps in measurement methods, improving science for decision support, and integrating the disparate integrated science efforts now underway. In the 15 years since the Bricker and Ruggiero (Ecol Appl 8(2):326–329, 1998) paper challenged us with a new paradigm for bringing sound and comprehensive science to environmental decisions, the scientific community can take pride in the progress that has been made, while also taking stock of the challenges ahead for completing the Framework vision. 相似文献
17.
A flood vulnerability index for coastal cities and its use in assessing climate change impacts 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
Worldwide, there is a need to enhance our understanding of vulnerability and to develop methodologies and tools to assess vulnerability. One of the most important goals of assessing coastal flood vulnerability, in particular, is to create a readily understandable link between the theoretical concepts of flood vulnerability and the day-to-day decision-making process and to encapsulate this link in an easily accessible tool. This article focuses on developing a Coastal City Flood Vulnerability Index (CCFVI) based on exposure, susceptibility and resilience to coastal flooding. It is applied to nine cities around the world, each with different kinds of exposure. With the aid of this index, it is demonstrated which cities are most vulnerable to coastal flooding with regard to the system??s components, that is, hydro-geological, socio-economic and politico-administrative. The index gives a number from 0 to 1, indicating comparatively low or high coastal flood vulnerability, which shows which cities are most in need of further, more detailed investigation for decision-makers. Once its use to compare the vulnerability of a range of cities under current conditions has been demonstrated, it is used to study the impact of climate change on the vulnerability of these cities over a longer timescale. The results show that CCFVI provides a means of obtaining a broad overview of flood vulnerability and the effect of possible adaptation options. This, in turn, will allow for the direction of resources to more in-depth investigation of the most promising strategies. 相似文献
18.
Tantoh Henry Bikwibili Simatele Danny Mulala Ebhuoma Eromose Donkor Kwabena McKay Tracey J. M. 《GeoJournal》2021,86(2):943-961
This paper examines community-based water supply management (CBWSM) in three rural districts of Northwest Cameroon as well as a review of the literature focusing on some successful community-based natural resource management initiatives in sub-Saharan Africa. Using empirical and secondary data collected through participatory research methods, it is argued that CBWSM has failed to achieve sustainable water supplies in Northwest Cameroon. Findings revealed that centralized control, the prevalence of poverty, passive involvement of public, private and grassroots community has continued to thwart water supplies within these districts. It is important to note that in any natural resource management system, power becomes a crucial factor as it determines who has and does not have access to common-pool resources. This paper argues that argues that strong traditional leadership, resolute devolution, and active participation of rural communities will facilitate and invigorate a platform for capturing the views of diverse user groups and this can bring about a people-centered and community-driven development process. Some aspects of best practice arising from successful case studies in Cameroon can contribute significantly to promoting the development of effective CBWSM in other rural communities with similar characteristics in and out of Cameroon. This will be possible only if rural groups are involved and engaged in the management of their resources while integrating some aspects of best practice.
相似文献19.
Bracken L. J. Oughton E. A. Donaldson A. Cook B. Forrester J. Spray C. Cinderby S. Passmore D. Bissett N. 《Natural Hazards》2016,82(2):217-240
River flooding is a serious hazard in the UK with interest driven by recent widespread events. This paper reviews different approaches to flood risk management and the borders (physical, conceptual and organisational) that are involved. The paper showcases a multi-method approach to negotiating flood risk management interventions. We address three fundamental issues around flood risk management: differences and similarities between a variety of approaches; how different approaches work across borders between professionals, lay people, organisations and between different planning regimes; and, whether the science evidence base is adequate to support different types of flood risk management. We explore these issues through a case study on the River Tweed using Q methodology, community mapping and focus groups, participatory GIS, and interviews, which enabled co-production of knowledge around possible interventions to manage flooding. Our research demonstrated that excellent networks of practice exist to make decisions about flood risk management in the Scottish–English borders. Physical and organisational borders were continually traversed in practice. There was an overwhelming desire from professional flood managers and local communities for an alternative to simply structural methods of flood management. People were keen to make use of the ability of catchments to store water, even if land needed to be sacrificed to do so. There was no difference in the desire to embrace natural flood management approaches between people with different roles in flood management, expertise, training or based in different locations. Thus conceptual borders were also crossed effectively in practice. 相似文献
20.
Information generated and transmitted over social networks, can help with understanding the development of events that are taking place in reality. With the great increase in usage of smart mobile devices, it is expected to have more data related also to location. Identifying the location of events is of great significance especially in case of disaster or other emergency. Unfortunately, social networks such as ‘Twitter’, ‘Facebook’, and ‘Instagram’, do not always support accessibility to information related to the exact location of neither the user nor the device. For example, in ‘Twitter’, <4 % of the messages carry the precise GPS position. This is due to privacy reasons, device settings and social network regulations. In this study, we use the content of the textual messages to detect the user’s location or, better, the location of the event. Predefined keywords and a set of filters were used to extract and analyze data acquired from the social networks. The analyses of these data focused, in this step, on geographical locations. Findings show that names of places as communicated over the networks corresponded, in many instances, to the actual locations of the events. In the case of major events (in terms of National impact), the volume of messages with location names increase dramatically relative to ‘normal’ periods when there are no ‘extreme’ events. It was also found that 14 % of the messages included the name of the city or even the street name, related to the event. 相似文献