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1.
青藏高原北部荒漠化加剧的气候因素分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
青藏高原的荒漠化近年来显著加剧.通过空间自相关分析方法,对近50年来高原北部有代表性的5处荒漠化地区的降水、风速等气候因子在年内的时间分配格局及变化趋势进行了研究,并结合当地影响荒漠化的人为因素,与实地监测得到的荒漠化现状和动态指标进行了关联度分析.结果表明采用空间自相关分析等方法研究气象要素的时空分布特征能合理地揭示气候变化与荒漠化加剧等生态问题之间的因果关系.高原荒漠化加剧是一个受到气候因子、人为因子以及下垫面状况等多种因素综合影响的极为复杂的过程,气候因子是主导因子.在气候因素中一年内降水时间上分配不均衡趋势的增强对高原北部荒漠化加剧起到了关键作用. 相似文献
2.
中国植被覆盖季节变化和空间分布对气候的响应--多年平均结果 总被引：18，自引：1，他引：18
文中利用 1982～ 1993年的 12a平均归一化植被指数数据 ,并结合同期的温度、降水数据 ,运用经验正交函数分解的方法 (EOF)分析了中国植被覆盖变化的时空特征及其与温度、降水气候因子的定量关系 ,发现在多年平均意义上 ,在中国大尺度研究区域 ,归一化植被指数所表现出的植被变化时空特征具有 :(1)植被的空间分布与降水空间分布更吻合 ,植被季节生长变化与温度的季节变化特征更近似 ;(2 )植被与温度在季节生长变化上存在e指数关系 ;与降水存在幂指数关系 ;(3)植被季节生长与温度存在同期相关 ;与降水存在滞后相关 ,滞后时间两旬 相似文献
3.
我国气候对植被分布和净初级生产力影响的数值模拟 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：4
基于0.5°×0.5°经纬网格分辨率的一个全球植被动态模式,利用全国676个雨量站点1961～2000年日资料在0.5°×0.5°网格上插值得到的降水和气温资料作为模式气候强迫,模拟研究了中国区域近40年来的植被动态变化,估算了当前中国区域陆地植被净初级生产力,并分析气候与植被净初级生产力的相关性。结果表明:模拟的植被分布时空格局与实际观测的对应关系良好,模拟与观测的叶面积指数总体上比较一致;植被初级生产力空间分布及总量(约为4.64×1015g.a-1(C))的模拟比较理想。对模拟结果分析显示降水是影响净初级生产力的主要气候因子,而在干旱、半干旱地区温度与植被净初级生产力存在显著负相关关系。研究表明该模式能够比较合理地模拟气候对植被年际动态和生产力变化的影响,对于进一步深入研究气候与植被相互作用是有意义的。 相似文献
4.
1961—2015年中国暴雨变化诊断及其与多种气候因子的关联性研究 总被引：5，自引：4，他引：5
气候变化背景下,频发的暴雨事件造成城市内涝、人员伤亡和财产损失,已经成为全社会广泛关注的焦点问题之一。为了诊断中国暴雨的时空变化及其与不同自然因子的关联性,采用1961—2015年中国659个降水站点数据,采用线性趋势、EOF分析等多种统计方法诊断了中国暴雨时空变化特征,结果表明,中国暴雨雨量、雨日和雨强在1961—2015年以胡焕庸线为界呈现出东南高-西北低的气候态空间分布格局;线性趋势分析表明1961—2015年中国暴雨雨量和雨日从东南沿海向西北内陆呈明显“增-减-增”的空间分布格局,且呈增长趋势的站点占主导,分别高达80.88%和79.81%;从西北内陆到东南沿海的年代剖面分析表明中国暴雨雨量和雨日随着年代推移在迅速增长;对低通滤波后的中国暴雨进行EOF分析表明中国暴雨雨量和雨日的增长东南沿海快,内陆地区慢。根据IPCC等已有研究中筛选出对中国地区有影响的28个气候因子,并将其与659个站点的暴雨进行相关分析,结果表明不同气候因子与不同区域暴雨呈现出错综复杂的相关性特征,其中与暴雨雨量呈现以正相关和负相关为主的气候因子分别为15和13个,全局相关因子包含AAO(Antarctic Oscillation)、Pacific Warmpool,而其它气候因子在七大分区中与暴雨的关联性各有突出,表现出明显的空间异质性。 相似文献
5.
景观植被生态系统水平衡模拟与分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
景观或区域的水平衡状况是全球变化的重要指标。本研究建立了一个空间显式景观过程模型,模拟了长白山自然保护区的水循环过程,并对水分收入、支出和平衡的总体状况、季节动态和空间分布格局进行了分析。整个保护区单位面积上水分盈余0.225±0.255 m.a-1,总计盈余4.379×108m3.a-1,但空间变异相当大。阔叶红松林的水分有略微亏缺,其他类型植被生态系统每年均有不同程度的水分盈余。从总面积上看,云冷杉林每年的水分盈余最多(可达1.696×108m3.a-1),占整个保护区的40.56%。整个保护区6月水分亏缺最严重,7~8月水分盈余最多,3~4月盈余较多。阔叶红松林除3月外,其他各月的水分亏缺均最多或次多,其中7~8月的水分盈余最少。降水量对水分收入、水分支出和水平衡季节动态的影响均最大。总的来说,年水分盈余的空间分布随海拔升高呈明显增加的趋势。气象因子均对水平衡的空间分布有极显著影响,气温和总辐射较高的地带,水分盈余较少,甚至出现水分亏缺;而降水量、相对湿度和风速较高的地带,水分盈余也较多。水分收入与叶面积指数(LAI)呈极显著负相关关系;而水分支出与LAI呈极显著正相关关系,主要受蒸腾量的影响。 相似文献
6.
中国富士苹果种植的气候适宜性研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
基于中国1981-2010年2084个气象台站资料和203个富士苹果种植区分布的地理数据,利用最大熵(MaxEnt)模型和ArcGIS平台,从物种分布机理与品质两方面研究了影响富士苹果在中国分布的主导气候因子及适宜范围,并对其气候适宜性进行区域划分和评价。结果表明,影响富士苹果在中国分布的主导气候因子有8个,富士苹果地理分布的气候适宜范围分别为年日照时数2000-2500 h、年平均气温7-14℃、≥10℃积温3000-4800℃·d、最冷月平均气温-7-0℃、夏季气温平均日较差8-12℃、年降水量400-800 mm、夏季平均气温20-26℃、夏季平均空气相对湿度60%-78%。中国富士苹果的气候适宜区主要分布在黄土高原、环渤海湾和黄河古道,其中,黄土高原区的陕西、山西和甘肃气候适宜度最高,而山东和河北两省富士苹果规模化种植还有较大发展空间。 相似文献
7.
近50多年来淮河流域气候水分盈亏时空变化 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
水分盈亏是区域干湿气候划分的重要依据。基于淮河流域63个气象台站1957—2014年逐日观测数据,运用累积距平、Mann-Kendall突变分析、Morlet小波分析及ArcGIS反权重空间插值法,结合Penman-Monteith蒸散计算模型获得淮河流域水分盈亏量的周期特征、突变特征及其时空分布特征,并分析其主要影响因子。结果表明:(1)水分盈亏月变化基本符合5月最低,7月最高。(2)从季节分布来看,水分亏缺面积秋季春季冬季夏季,亏缺程度春季最强。从平均年水分盈亏量分布来看,水分盈亏量由南向北递减。且不论季节还是年状况,山地及河流对区域水分盈亏量的南北递减存在滞后作用。(3)从各因子气候倾向率的时空分布来看,江苏东南部、山东西部、河南大部、湖北中部水分盈亏量变化的主导因子为潜在蒸散量,其他区域的主导因子为降雨量。(4)淮河流域水分盈亏量存在周期特征,第一主周期为10 a。 相似文献
8.
9.
基于世界各国年碳排放总量数据和人口密度数据,将人口密度作为一项经济-人口综合指标来对碳排放进行空间分配,运用ArcGIS空间分析工具,做出了1950年、1980年、2014年共3期的全球碳排放空间分布格局图 （0.1?×0.1?),并对各期分布格局及变化进行了比较分析。结果显示：1950年主要碳排放区为美国的东部和欧洲地区,1980年新增中国东部、日本、韩国等为全球碳排放的主要区域,2014年新增印度、东南亚为主要排放区。各碳排放区的排放量总体上大幅增加,少数地区略有减少,这与其工业发展所处的不同阶段有关。该数据能够反映当前全球不同区域的碳排放水平的空间格局,为全球变化研究提供基础数据。 相似文献
10.
1961～2013年中国蒸发皿蒸发量时空分布特征及其影响因素 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
分析了1961～2013年中国1302个台站的蒸发皿蒸发量（Pan Evaporation,PE）的时空分布特征并探讨了影响PE变化的主要气候因子。结果表明:站点平均PE在全年和四季都呈明显下降趋势,且在1978年发生了突变。PE在华北平原、新疆、广东、广西及海南等地呈现出显著的下降趋势,而在福建、浙江和贵州等地为显著上升的趋势。用年平均PE距平场经验正交函数做经验正交函数（EOF）分解得到:在第一模态（EOF1）中,1981年时间系数由负转正,EOF1的空间模态与PE的变化有较好的一致性;第二模态（EOF2）中PE距平呈南北反向分布,2002年以后PE在北方减小,在南方增大。通过计算PE与近地面5个气象因子（降水、气温、风速、湿度、日照时数）的偏相关系数后发现:除了降水外,其余4个因子都和PE有很好的相关性。风速与PE为显著正相关,且相关系数最大的区域与EOF1中PE变率最大的区域吻合;相对湿度与PE为显著负相关;PE与气温的相关系数都为正值,且相关系数最大的区域对应于PE显著增加的地区,而与日照时数的相关系数在除春季以外的其他季节都大于0.6。进一步分析发现,风速和日照时数与PE的关系受两个气象因子的线性趋势影响较大,以此推断出PE的下降趋势应该很大程度是受风速和日照时数减小的影响。此外,干旱发生时,PE明显偏大,降水、气温、湿度和日照时数的变化也都对PE增大有明显的贡献,PE对干旱有很好的指示作用。 相似文献
11.
Michelle Simões Reboita Rosmeri Porfírio da Rocha Tércio Ambrizzi Ernesto Caetano 《Climate Dynamics》2010,34(6):873-889
A Regional Climate Model (RegCM3) 10-year (1990–1999) simulation over southwestern South Atlantic Ocean (SAO) is evaluated
to assess the mean climatology and the simulation errors of turbulent fluxes over the sea. Moreover, the relationship between
these fluxes and the rainfall over some cyclogenetic areas is also analyzed. The RegCM3 results are validated using some reanalyses
datasets (ERA40, R2, GPCP and WHOI). The summer and winter spatial patterns of latent and sensible heat fluxes simulated by
the RegCM3 are in agreement with the reanalyses (WHOI, R2 and ERA40). They show large latent heat fluxes exchange in the subtropical
SAO and at higher latitudes in the warm waters of Brazil Current. In particular, the magnitude of RegCM3 latent heat fluxes
is similar to the WHOI, which is probably related to two factors: (a) small specific humidity bias, and (b) the RegCM3 flux
algorithm. In contrast, the RegCM3 presents large overestimation of sensible heat flux, though it simulates well their spatial
pattern. This simulation error is associated with the RegCM3 underestimation of the 2-m air temperature. In southwestern SAO,
in three known cyclogenetic areas, the reanalyses and the RegCM3 show the existence of different physical mechanisms that
control the annual cycles of latent/sensible heating and rainfall. It is shown that over the eastern coast of Uruguay (35°–43°S)
and the southeastern coast of Argentina (44°–52°S) the sea-air moisture and heat exchange play an important role to control
the annual cycle of precipitation. This does not happen on the south/southeastern coast of Brazil. 相似文献
12.
1998年夏季HUBEX/GAME期间热量和水汽收支(英) 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
By using the high-resolution GAME reanalysis data, the heat and moisture budgets during the period of HUBEX/GAME in the summer of 1998 are calculated for exploring the thermodynamic features of Meiyu over the Changjiang-Huaihe (CH) valley. During the CH Meiyu period, an intensive vertically-integrated heat source and moisture sink are predominant over the heavy rainfall area of the CH valley, accompanied by strong upward motion at 500 hPa. The heat and moisture budgets show that the main diabatic heating component is condensation latent heat released by rainfall. As residual terms, the evaporation and sensible heating are relatively small. Based on the vertical distribution of the heat source and moisture sink, the nature of the rainfall is mixed, in which the convective rainfall is dominant with a considerable percentage of continuous stratiform rainfall. There are similar time evolutions of the main physical parameters(〈Q1〉,〈Q2〉,and vertical motion ω at 500 hPa).The time variations of〈Q1〉and〈Q2〉are in phase with those of -ω500, and have their main peaks within the CH Meiyu period. This shows the influence of the heat source on the dynamic structure of the atmosphere. The wavelet analyses of those time series display similar multiple timescale characteristics. During the CH Meiyu period, both the synoptic scale(～6 days) and mesoscale (～2 days and ～12 hours) increase obviously and cause heavy rainfall as well as the appearances of the maxima of the main physical parameters. Among them, the mesoscale systems are the main factors. 相似文献
13.
双偏振天气雷达Z_(dr)系统偏差是影响雷达数据质量的关键因素,本文利用南京信息工程大学C波段双偏振天气雷达,对90°仰角天顶扫描数据在Z_(dr)系统偏差订正中的应用进行了分析,同时增加90°仰角定点观测模式,讨论并确认了方位旋转关节对Z_(dr)测量结果的影响,在双偏振天气雷达雷达Z_(dr)系统偏差订正中加入了方位旋转关节因素。研究结果表明:选择合适的90°仰角数据,不仅可以对接收双通道不一致造成的Z_(dr)固定系统偏差进行订正,还能够进一步检测由方位旋转关节衰减不同引起的误差;利用90°仰角数据对Z_(dr)的系统偏差进行订正,稳定性和精度较高,满足双偏振天气雷达Z_(dr)精度要求。 相似文献
14.
The modification of greenhouse gas warming by the direct effect of sulphate aerosols 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma) second generation climate model (GCMII) consists of an atmospheric
GCM coupled to mixed layer ocean. It is used to investigate the climate response to a doubling of the CO2 concentration together with the direct effect of scattering by sulphate aerosols. As expected, the aerosols offset some of
the greenhouse gas (GHG) warming; the global annual mean screen temperature change due to doubled CO2 is 3.4 °C in this model and this is reduced to 2.7 °C when an estimate of the direct effect of anthropogenic sulphate aerosols
is included. The pattern of climate response to the comparatively localized aerosol forcing is not itself localized, and it
bears a striking resemblance to the response pattern that arises from the globally distributed change in GHG forcing. This
“non-local” response to “localized” forcing indicates that the pattern of climate response is determined, to first order,
by the overall magnitude of the change in forcing rather than its detailed nature or structure. Feedback processes operating
in the system apparently determine this pattern by locally amplifying and suppressing the response to the magnitude of the
change in forcing. The influence of the location of the change in forcing is relatively small. These “non-local” and “local”
effects of aerosol forcing are characterized and displayed and some of their consequences discussed. Effects on the moisture
budget and on the energetics of the global climate are also examined.
Received: 10 June 1997 / Accepted: 8 January 1998 相似文献
15.
对2006—2011年5—9月90~150°E、0°~50°N范围内远距离暴雨进行统计与合成分析,并选取典型个例进行诊断分析与数值试验,研究结果表明:1)在有利的大气背景下,强度较低的热带扰动也可以与中纬度系统共同作用引发远距离暴雨,对统计得出的21例依据水汽通道的类型分为3类:S型水汽通道、双水汽通道和西北向型水汽通道,其中S型水汽通道发生次数最多。2)低空急流合成分析表明,不论扰动强弱,热带扰动东侧的偏南低空急流是形成远距离暴雨的关键,是联系中低纬度系统的纽带和桥梁,对S型的个例进行诊断分析与数值试验也进一步显示,热带扰动东侧低空急流是中纬度暴雨区水汽输送的主要通道,偏南低空急流的强弱是影响远距离暴雨强度的主要因子之一。3)敏感性试验结果表明,热带扰动也可以引起Rossby波能量向东北方向传播,其强度与扰动强度成正比,从而改变远距离降水分布;去除热带扰动则无法形成波列,不利于能量的传播与远距离降水发展。 相似文献
16.
Palaeoclimates across Europe for 6000 y BP were estimated from pollen data using the modern pollen analogue technique constrained
with lake-level data. The constraint consists of restricting the set of modern pollen samples considered as analogues of the
fossil samples to those locations where the implied change in annual precipitation minus evapotranspiration (P–E) is consistent with the regional change in moisture balance as indicated by lakes. An artificial neural network was used
for the spatial interpolation of lake-level changes to the pollen sites, and for mapping palaeoclimate anomalies. The climate
variables reconstructed were mean temperature of the coldest month (T
c
), growing degree days above 5 °C (GDD), moisture availability expressed as the ratio of actual to equilibrium evapotranspiration (α), and P–E. The constraint improved the spatial coherency of the reconstructed palaeoclimate anomalies, especially for P–E. The reconstructions indicate clear spatial and seasonal patterns of Holocene climate change, which can provide a quantitative
benchmark for the evaluation of palaeoclimate model simulations. Winter temperatures (T
c
) were 1–3 K greater than present in the far N and NE of Europe, but 2–4 K less than present in the Mediterranean region.
Summer warmth (GDD) was greater than present in NW Europe (by 400–800 K day at the highest elevations) and in the Alps, but >400 K day less
than present at lower elevations in S Europe. P–E was 50–250 mm less than present in NW Europe and the Alps, but α was 10–15% greater than present in S Europe and P–E was 50–200 mm greater than present in S and E Europe.
Received: 3 January 1996 / Accepted: 15 July 1996 相似文献
17.
Qinghai Lake, China, is located near the northern limit of the East Asian summer monsoon （EASM） and thus is an ideal region for studies of past monsoonal changes. However, isotope records from this region reflect the combined effects of multiple climatic factors, and make climatic interpretations difficult. The authors use multi-proxy records, generated from the same sediment core from Qinghai Lake, to disentangle these multiple effects in isotope records and to infer EASM variability during the late Holocene. Records of leaf wax （C2s） δD, lake carbonate 5180 and the Dunde ice core δ18O all indicate a millennial-scale depletion of mean isotopic values at -1500-1250 years before present. Compared with independent lake temperature and salinity records, the authors suggest that this depletion of long-term mean isotopic values must have resulted from changes in moisture sources in this region. In contrast, the authors attribute high-frequency （centennial timescale） C2s δD and ice core δ18O variability dominantly to a temperature effect. The multiproxy records provide a coherent picture in that many aspects of this regional climate （temperature, dryness, and moisture source） are strongly linked to the EASM variability. 相似文献
18.
Summary An upper level atmospheric teleconnection between grid points: 0°, 55° N; 10° E, 55° N (North Sea) and 50° E, 45° N; 60° E,
45° N (northern Caspian) was identified. This teleconnection, referred as the North Sea-Caspian Pattern (NCP) is evident at the 500 hPa level. The NCP is more pronounced during winter and the transitional seasons. An index (NCPI) measures the geopotential heights differences between the two poles of the NCP. Time series of the NCPI are presented and analysed. Except for September, no significant temporal trends were found. Negative and positive phases
of the NCP (NCP(−) and NCP(+), respectively) were defined using standardized scores. A classification of all months into NCP(−), NCP(+) or normal conditions during the analysis period (1958–1998) was prepared and analysed. No significant correlation was
found between the NCPI and the NAO index. The anomalous circulation during either NCP(−) or NCP(+) conditions is defined and its possible impact on the regional climate is discussed. Preliminary results show below normal
temperatures and above normal precipitation in the Balkans and the Middle East during NCP(+), and the opposite for NCP(−).
Received March 8, 2001 Revised July 3, 2001 相似文献
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热带太平洋表面水中CO2对El Niño事件响应的数值模拟 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
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