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1.
Ontogenetic changes in digestive enzyme activities and the amino acid (AA) profile of starry flounder, Platichthys stellatus, were investigated and limiting amino acids were estimated compared with the essential AA profile between larvae and live food to clarify starry flounder larval nutritional requirements. Larvae were collected at the egg stage and 0, 2, 4, 7, 12, 17, 24 days after hatching (DAH) for analysis. Larvae grew from 1.91 mm at hatching to 12.13 mm at 24 DAH. Trypsin and chymotrypsin activities changed slightly by 4 DAH and then increased significantly 4 DAH. Pepsin activity increased sharply beginning 17 DAH. Lipase activity increased significantly 4 DAH and increased progressively with larval growth. Amylase activity was also detected in newly hatched larvae and increased 7 DAH followed by a gradual decrease. High free amino acid (FAA) content was detected in starry flounder eggs (110.72 mg/g dry weight). Total FAA content dropped to 43.29 mg/g in 4-DAH larvae and then decreased gradually to 13.74 mg/g in 24-DAH larvae. Most FAAs (except lysine and methionine) decreased >50% in 4-DAH larvae compared with those in eggs and then decreased to the lowest values in 24-DAH larvae. Changes in the protein amino acid (PAA) profile were much milder than those observed for FAAs. Most PAAs increased gradually during larval development, except lysine and phenylalanine. The percentages of free threonine, valine, isoleucine, and leucine decreased until the end of the trial, whereas the protein forms of these four AAs followed the opposite trend. A comparison of the essential AA composition of live food (rotifers, Artemia nauplii, and Artemia metanauplii) and larvae suggested that methionine was potentially the first limiting AA. These results may help develop starry flounder larviculture methods by solving the AA imbalance in live food. Moreover, the increased digestive enzyme activities indicate the possibility of introducing artificial compound feed. 相似文献
2.
Weimin Wang Guangxing Liu Tianwen Zhang Hongju Chen Liao Tang Xuewei Mao 《中国海洋大学学报(英文版)》2016,15(6):1073-1079
To investigate the effects of elevated seawater pCO2 on the early developmental stages of marine benthic calcifying organisms, we exposed the eggs and larvae of Argopecten irradias, an important bivalve species in Chinese aquaculture, in seawater equilibrated with CO2-enriched (1000 ppm) gas mixtures. We demonstrated that elevated seawater pCO2 significantly interfered with fertilization and larval development and resulted in an increased aberration rate. Fertilization in the treatment (pH 7.6) was 74.3% ± 3.8%, which was 9.7% lower than that in the control (pH 8.3) (84.0% ±3.0%). Hatching success decreased by 23.7%, and aberration rate increased by 30.3% under acidic condition. Larvae in acidified seawater still developed a shell during the post-embryonic phase. However, the shell length and height in the treatment were smaller than those in the control. The development of embryos differed significantly at 12 h after fertilization between the two experimental groups. Embryos developed slower in acidified seawater. Nearly half of the embryos in the control developed into D-shaped larvae at 48 h after fertilization, which were considerably more than those in the treatment (11.7%). Results suggest that future ocean acidification (OA) would cause detrimental effects on the early development of A. irradias. 相似文献
3.
We evaluated the effect of pH on larval development in larval Pacific oyster （Crassostrea gigas） and blood cockle （Arca inflata Reeve）. The larvae were reared at pH 8.2 （control）, 7.9, 7.6, or 7.3 beginning 30 min or 24 h post fertilization. Exposure to lower pH during early embryonic development inhibited larval shell formation in both species. Compared with the control, larvae took longer to reach the D-veliger stage when reared under pH 7.6 and 7.3. Exposure to lower pH immediately after fertilization resulted in significantly delayed shell formation in the Pacific oyster larvae at pH 7.3 and blood cockle larvae at pH 7.6 and 7.3. However, when exposure was delayed until 24 h post fertilization, shell formation was only inhibited in blood cockle larvae reared at pH 7.3. Thus, the early embryonic stages were more sensitive to acidified conditions. Our results suggest that ocean acidification will have an adverse effect on embryonic development in bivalves. Although the effects appear subtle, they may accumulate and lead to subsequent issues during later larval development. 相似文献
4.
Abalone Haliotis diversicolor supertexta is an important economic mollusk. The settlement and metamorphosis are two critical stages during its development period, which has direct influence on abalone survival and production. The influence of reactive oxygen species （hydrogen peroxide） on abalone embryo and juvenile development were examined in this study. Larvae of Haliotis diversicolor supertexta were induced to settlement and metamorphose by exposure to seawater supplemented with hydrogen peroxide. They had the best performance at 800 μmol/L. The concentration of 1 000 μmol/L or higher was toxic to the larvae, as the larvae could settle down only at benthic diatom plates without complete metamorphosis. In addition, H2O2 adding time was critical to the larval performance. 24h after two-day post-fertilization was proved to be the optimal adding time. In this paper, two action mechanisms of hydrogen peroxide are discussed： （1） hydrogen peroxide has direct toxicity to ciliated cells, thus cause apoptosis; （2） hydrogen peroxide, as a product from catecholamines＇ autoxidation process in vivo, can reverse this process to produce neuro-transmitters to induce abalone metamorphosis. 相似文献
5.
In laboratory conditions, effects of rearing temperature and stocking density were examined on hatching of fertilized egg
and growth of auricularia larvae of Apostichopus japonicus respectively. Data series like larval length and density, metamorphic time, and survival rate of the larvae were recorded.
Statistics showed that for A. japonicus, survival rate (from fertilized egg to late auricularia) decreased significantly with the increasing rearing temperature
(P<0.05). At different temperatures SGR was statistically significant as well (P<0.05) from day 1, and maximal SGR was found on day 9 at 24°C (159.26±3.28). This study clearly indicated that at low temperature
(<24°C), metamorphic rate was remarkably higher than at higher temperature (>26°C). Hatching rate was significantly different
between 0.2–5 ind./ml groups and 20–50 ind./ml groups. Rearing larvae at the higher density had the smaller maximal-length,
whereas needed longer time to complete metamorphosis. This study suggested that 21°C and 0.4 ind./ml can be used as the most
suitable rearing temperature and stocking density for large -scale artificial breeding of A. japonicus’s larvae. 相似文献
6.
《中国海洋湖沼学报》2016,(5)
Ontogenetic changes in digestive enzyme activities and the amino acid(AA) profile of starry flounder,Platichthys stellatus,were investigated and limiting amino acids were estimated compared with the essential AA profile between larvae and live food to clarify starry flounder larval nutritional requirements.Larvae were collected at the egg stage and 0,2,4,7,12,17,24 days after hatching(DAH)for analysis.Larvae grew from 1.91 mm at hatching to 12.13 mm at 24 DAH.Trypsin and chymotrypsin activities changed slightly by 4 DAH and then increased significantly 4 DAH.Pepsin activity increased sharply beginning 17 DAH.Lipase activity increased significantly 4 DAH and increased progressively with larval growth.Amylase activity was also detected in newly hatched larvae and increased 7 DAH followed by a gradual decrease.High free amino acid(FAA) content was detected in starry flounder eggs(110.72mg/g dry weight).Total FAA content dropped to 43.29 mg/g in 4-DAH larvae and then decreased gradually to 13.74 mg/g in 24-DAH larvae.Most FAAs(except lysine and methionine) decreased 50%in 4-DAH larvae compared with those in eggs and then decreased to the lowest values in 24-DAH larvae.Changes in the protein amino acid(PAA) profile were much milder than those observed for FAAs.Most PAAs increased gradually during larval development,except lysine and phenylalanine.The percentages of free threonine,valine,isoleucine,and leucine decreased until the end of the trial,whereas the protein forms of these four AAs followed the opposite trend.A comparison of the essential AA composition of live food(rotifers,Artemia nauplii,and Artemia metanauplii) and larvae suggested that methionine was potentially the first limiting AA.These results may help develop starry flounder larviculture methods by solving the AA imbalance in live food.Moreover,the increased digestive enzyme activities indicate the possibility of introducing artificial compound feed. 相似文献
7.
WANG Xinxia MAI Kangsen 《中国海洋大学学报(英文版)》2005,4(3):267-271
A 13-day feeding trial was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of a microbound diet for rearing the larvae of Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis in comparison with the live foods that consist of Isochrysis galbana, Chlorella vulgaris, Tetraselrnis chuii, rotifer （Brachionus plicatilis） and Arternia sp. Larvae of 0 to 13d post-hatch （dph） were reared in a temperature-controlled semi-open culture system and stocked at a density of 100 larvae L^-1 in tanks, each containing 50 L sterilized seawater with salinity 30-32. Larvae were manually fed either the live foods or the microbound diet 6 times per day. At 13 dph, the growth of the larvae fed on the microbound diet was approximately 84% of that fed on the live foods. The survival rate of the larvae fed on the microbound diet was 44.29% at 13dph, which was not significantly different from that of larvae fed on live foods （63.55%）. The body length and development index （DI） of the larvae fed on the microbound diet were always lower than those of larvae fed on live foods. However, the differences reached significant levels only at 11 and 13 dph （P〈 0.05）. The mean dry weight loss of the microbound diet was 9.2% after 90 min immersion in seawater, indicating that this diet has a good water stability. The microbound diet contains 52.23% crude protein and 10.27% lipid and is easy to prepare. These characteristics of the diet suggest good potentials for its successful use in the larviculture of other penaeid and fish species. 相似文献
8.
A 13-day feeding trial was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of a microbound diet for rearing the larvae of Chinese
shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis in comparison with the live foods that consist of Isochrysis galbana, Chlorella vulgaris, Tetraselmis chuii, rotifer (Brachionus plicatilis) and Artemia sp. Larvae of 0 to 13d post-hatch (dph) were reared in a temperature-controlled semi-open culture system and stocked at a
density of 100 larvae L−1 in tanks, each containing 50 L sterilized seawater with salinity 30–32. Larvae were manually fed either the live foods or
the microbound diet 6 times per day. At 13dph, the growth of the larvae fed on the microbound diet was approximately 84% of
that fed on the live foods. The survival rate of the larvae fed on the microbound diet was 44.29% at 13 dph, which was not
significantly different from that of larvae fed on live foods (63.55% ). The body length and development index (DI) of the
larvae fed on the microbound diet were always lower than those of larvae fed on live foods. However, the differences reached
significant levels only at 11 and 13dph (P<0.05). The mean dry weight loss of the microbound diet was 9.2% after 90min immersion in seawater, indicating that this diet
has a good water stability. The microbound diet contains 5223% crude protein and 10.27% lipid and is easy to prepare. These
characteristics of the diet suggest good potentials for its successful use in the larviculture of other penaeid and fish species. 相似文献
9.
池养条件下军曹鱼仔鱼的消化道内容物 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用光镜解剖观察的方法对池塘培育的1~20日龄军曹鱼仔鱼消化道内容物的种类、数量和大小进行研究。结果显示:军曹鱼仔鱼于2日龄开口,主要摄食桡足类无节幼体和桡足幼体及枝角类;在2~20日龄阶段,桡足类在军曹鱼仔鱼食谱中占据主要成分;从13日龄开始摄食虾、蟹类幼体等大型浮游动物,两个阶段的食物选择性指数存在显著差异。 相似文献
10.
A thorough understanding of the normal bacterial flora associated with shrimp larviculture systems contributes to probiotic screening and disease control.The bacterial community of the water column over a commercial Litopenaeus vannamei larval rearing run was characterized with both culture-dependent and culture-independent methods.A total of 27 phylotypes at the species level were isolated and identified based on 16 S rDNA sequence analysis.Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE) analysis of the V3–V5 region of 16 S rRNA genes showed a dynamic bacterial community with major changes occurred from stages zoea to mysis during the rearing run.The sequences retrieved were affiliated to four phyla,Proteobacteria,Actinobacteria,Bacteroidetes,and Firmicutes,with the family Rhodobacteraceae being the most frequently recovered one.Subsequently,13 representative strains conferred higher larval survival than the control when evaluated in the in-vivo experiments;in particular,three candidates,assigned to Phaeobacter sp.,Arthrobacter sp.,and Microbacterium sp.,significantly improved larval survival( P 0.05).Therefore,the healthy shrimp larviculture system harbored a diverse and favorable bacterial flora,which contribute to larval development and are of great importance in exploiting novel probiotics. 相似文献
11.
We evaluated the effect of pH on larval development in larval Pacific oyster(Crassostrea gigas) and blood cockle(Arca inflata Reeve).The larvae were reared at pH 8.2(control),7.9,7.6,or 7.3beginning 30 min or 24 h post fertilization.Exposure to lower pH during early embryonic development inhibited larval shell formation in both species.Compared with the control,larvae took longer to reach the D-veliger stage when reared under pH 7.6 and 7.3.Exposure to lower pH immediately after fertilization resulted in significantly delayed shell formation in the Pacific oyster larvae at pH 7.3 and blood cockle larvae at pH 7.6 and 7.3.However,when exposure was delayed until 24 h post fertilization,shell formation was only inhibited in blood cockle larvae reared at pH 7.3.Thus,the early embryonic stages were more sensitive to acidified conditions.Our results suggest that ocean acidification will have an adverse effect on embryonic development in bivalves.Although the effects appear subtle,they may accumulate and lead to subsequent issues during later larval development. 相似文献
12.
Abalone Haliotis diversicolor supertexta is an important economic mollusk.The settlement and metamorphosis are two critical stages during its development period,which has direct influence on abalone survival and production.The influence of reactive oxygen species(hydrogen peroxide) on abalone embryo and juvenile development were examined in this study.Larvae of Haliotis diversicolor supertexta were induced to settlement and metamorphose by exposure to seawater supplemented with hydrogen peroxide.They had the best performance at 800 μmol/L.The concentration of 1 000 μmol/L or higher was toxic to the larvae,as the larvae could settle down only at benthic diatom plates without complete metamorphosis.In addition,H2O2 adding time was critical to the larval performance.24h after two-day post-fertilization was proved to be the optimal adding time.In this paper,two action mechanisms of hydrogen peroxide are discussed:(1) hydrogen peroxide has direct toxicity to ciliated cells,thus cause apoptosis;(2) hydrogen peroxide,as a product from catecholamines' autoxidation process in vivo,can reverse this process to produce neuro-transmitters to induce abalone metamorphosis. 相似文献
13.
Lü Yantian 《中国海洋湖沼学报》1989,7(4):318-326
The 48-h straight-hinge larvae ofArgopecten irradians were exposed for 9 days to various concentrations of zinc in seawater. The growth rate of larvae in the 50 ppb Zn mediums
was 77% that of the controls, and nearly zero in the 200 ppb Zn mediums. A progressive decrease in growth and increase in
larval deformity and mortality was observed with increasing zinc concentrations from 50 to 200 ppb. 50 and 100 ppb Zn resulted
in delayed development of eye spot and metamorphosis and reduced numbers of larvae at both stages. All larvae subjected to
higher zinc concentrations died before attaining the eye-spot stage. The zinc concentrations which caused 50% reduction in
growth (G C50) and 50% mortality (LC50) were 109 and 120 ppb respectively. Growing in the medium with 100 ppb Zn, the larvae fed withIsochrysis galbana cultured in a medium with 100 ppb Zn showed more suppressed growth and development than those fed with normal food. It is
suggested that zinc contaminated food has strong influence on the bay scallop larvae.
Contribution No. 1616 from the Institute of Oceanology, Academia Sinica. 相似文献
14.
进行了施氏獭蛤(Lutraria sieboldii Reeve)的人工育苗、幼虫发育及行为观察实验。结果显示:在施氏獭蛤幼虫发育过程中,壳顶后期幼虫只有鳃丝及足出现,而没有眼点出现,发达的足和鳃丝是幼虫变态的标志;幼虫变态期明显的分为3～5d的爬行期和3～5d的附着期;爬行期幼虫有单条水管形成,附着期幼虫只有一条分叉的足丝,水管为单管型;底栖稚贝期开始形成两条水管,底栖稚贝早期的幼虫不具备潜沙能力,只进行爬行活动,随着水管的快速发育,幼虫逐渐具备潜沙能力,幼虫壳长达2500μm、水管长达6000μm以上时,最终具备和成体一样的完全潜沙能力。 相似文献
15.
As the most widely used plasticizers in the world, phthalate esters (PAEs) are potential endocrine disruption compounds (EDCs).
In the present study, the toxicity of dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), di (2-ethylhexyl)
phthalate (DEHP) on embryogenesis and larvae development of the marine univalve Haliotis diversicolor supertexta was examined in laboratory. The results show that the malformation of embryos appeared during the experiment, such as embryos
died or lysed, small transparent flocculent rings studded on the periphery of the embryo, and the larvae could failed to hatch.
In embryo toxic test, embryos incubated at the highest concentration of DMP, DEP and DBP solutions showed significantly high
abnormal rate compared with the control, while DEHP solutions displayed no significant difference. In larval toxic test, in
all concentrations of DMP, DEP and DBP solutions, larval settlement rates were low significantly than that of the control.
Similarly, DEHP solutions show nearly no effect on the larval settlement. The order of toxicity on embryos and larvae is DBP>DEP>DMP>DEHP.
Being a simple and easy stimulation to indoor spawn, sensitive to environmental factors, and short culture time, the embryos
of H. diversicolor supertexta can be used to indicate toxicity of the PAEs.
Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40476057) 相似文献
16.
Jee-Hoon Kim Ok Hwan Yu Eun Jin Yang Sung-Ho Kang Won Kim Eun Jung Choy 《中国海洋湖沼学报》2016,34(6):1191-1198
The venerid clam (Mactra veneriformis Reeve 1854) is one of the main cultured bivalve species in intertidal and shallow subtidal ecosystems along the west coast of Korea. To understand the effects of ocean acidification on the early life stages of Korean clams, we investigated shell growth and abnormality rates and types in the D-shaped, umbonate veliger, and pediveliger stages of the venerid clam M. veneriformis during exposure to elevated seawater pCO2. In particular, we examined abnormal types of larval shell morphology categorized as shell deformations, shell distortions, and shell fissures. Specimens were incubated in seawater equilibrated with bubbled CO2-enriched air at (400±25)×10-6 (ambient control), (800±25)×10-6 (high pCO2), or (1 200±28)×10-6 (extremely high pCO2), the atmospheric CO2 concentrations predicted for the years 2014, 2084, and 2154 (70-year intervals; two human generations), respectively, in the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenario. The mean shell lengths of larvae were significantly decreased in the high and extremely high pCO2 groups compared with the ambient control groups. Furthermore, under high and extremely high pCO2 conditions, the cultures exhibited significantly increased abundances of abnormal larvae and increased severity of abnormalities compared with the ambient control. In the umbonate veliger stage of the experimental larvae, the most common abnormalities were shell deformations, distortions, and fissures; on the other hand, convex hinges and mantle protuberances were absent. These results suggest that elevated CO2 exerts an additional burden on the health of M. veneriformis larvae by impairing early development. 相似文献
17.
Bacterial community presumably plays an essential role in inhibiting pathogen colonization and maintaining the health of scallop larvae, but limiting data are available for Yesso scallop (Patinopecten yessoensisis Jay, 1857) larval development stages. The aim of this study was to characterize and compare the bacterial communities associating with Yesso scallop larval development at fertilized egg S1, trochophora S2, D-shaped larvae S3, umbo larvae S4, and juvenile scallop S5 stages by Illumina high-throughput sequencing. Genomic DNA was extracted from the larvae and their associating bactera, and a gene segment covering V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced using an Illumina Miseq sequencer. Overall, 106760 qualified sequences with an average length of 449 bp were obtained. Sequences were compared with those retrieved from 16S rRNA gene databases, and 4 phyla, 7 classes, 15 orders, 21 families, 31 genera were identified. Proteobacteria was predominant phylum, accounting for more than 99%, at all 5 larval development stages. At genus level, Pseudomonas was dominant at stages S1 (80.60%), S2 (87.77%) and S5 (68.71%), followed by Photobacterium (17.06%) and Aeromonas (1.64%) at stage S1, Serratia (6.94%), Stenotrophomonas (3.08%) and Acinetobacter (1.2%) at stage S2, Shewanella (25.95%) and Pseudoalteromonas (4.57%) at stage S5. Moreover, genus Pseudoalteromonas became dominant at stages S3 (44.85%) and S4 (56.02%), followed by Photobacterium (29.82%), Pseudomonas (11.86%), Aliivibrio (8.60%) and Shewanella (3.39%) at stage S3, Pseudomonas (18.16%), Aliivibrio (14.29%), Shewanella (4.11%), Psychromonas (4.04%) and Psychrobacter (1.81%) at stage S4. From the results, we concluded that the bacterial community changed significantly at different development stages of Yesso Scallop larvae. 相似文献
18.
As the most widely used plasticizers in the world, phthalate esters (PAEs) are potential endocrine disruption compounds (EDCs). In the present study, the toxicity of dimethyl phthalate (DMP),diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on embryogenesis and larvae development of the marine univalve Haliotis diversicolor supertexta was examined in laboratory. The results show that the malformation of embryos appeared during the experiment, such as embryos died or lysed, small transparent flocculent rings studded on the periphery of the embryo, and the larvae could failed to hatch. In embryo toxic test, embryos incubated at the highest concentration of DMP,DEP and DBP solutions showed significantly high abnormal rate compared with the control, while DEHP solutions displayed no significant difference. In larval toxic test, in all concentrations of DMP, DEP and DBP solutions, larval settlement rates were low significantly than that of the control. Similarly, DEHP solutions show nearly no effect on the larval settlement. The order of toxicity on embryos and larvae is DBP>DEP>DMP>DEHP. Being a simple and easy stimulation to indoor spawn, sensitive to environmental factors, and short culture time, the embryos of 1-1. diversicolor supertexta can be used to indicate toxicity of the PAEs. 相似文献
19.
The effects of different dietary lipid content on the growth and lipase activity of Eriocheir sinensis larvae were studied in the paper. The results showed that the survival, metamorphic rate and weight gain of E. sinensis larvae at different stages of growth all varied significantly with lipid content (P<0.05). Further, the survival and metamorphosis rates were the highest during the larval phases Z3 to Z4, and the weight gain was the highest during the larval phases Z5 to M. During the first 20 h after metamorphosis of every larval stage, the lipase activity increased over time at Z1, Z2, Z3 and M and declined at Z4 and Z5, and was influenced significantly by lipid content (P<0.05). In addition, lipase activity at each larval stage began to respond to dietary lipid contents 4 h after the larvae
were fed, and tended to be stable after 12 h. The diets with higher lipase activity and lower lipid content were selected
to give the suitable recipe of lipid requirements at each larval stage. It was concluded that the suitable lipid requirements
at Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4, Z5 and M were 6%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 8% and 10%, respectively. 相似文献
20.
《中国海洋大学学报(英文版)》2016,(6)
Bacterial community presumably plays an essential role in inhibiting pathogen colonization and maintaining the health of scallop larvae, but limiting data are available for Yesso scallop(Patinopecten yessoensisis Jay, 1857) larval development stages. The aim of this study was to characterize and compare the bacterial communities associating with Yesso scallop larval development at fertilized egg S1, trochophora S2, D-shaped larvae S3, umbo larvae S4, and juvenile scallop S5 stages by Illumina high-throughput sequencing. Genomic DNA was extracted from the larvae and their associating bactera, and a gene segment covering V3-V4 region of 16 S r RNA gene was amplified and sequenced using an Illumina Miseq sequencer. Overall, 106760 qualified sequences with an average length of 449 bp were obtained. Sequences were compared with those retrieved from 16 S r RNA gene databases, and 4 phyla, 7 classes, 15 orders, 21 families, 31 genera were identified. Proteobacteria was predominant phylum, accounting for more than 99%, at all 5 larval development stages. At genus level, Pseudomonas was dominant at stages S1(80.60%), S2(87.77%) and S5(68.71%), followed by Photobacterium(17.06%) and Aeromonas(1.64%) at stage S1, Serratia(6.94%), Stenotrophomonas(3.08%) and Acinetobacter(1.2%) at stage S2, Shewanella(25.95%) and Pseudoalteromonas(4.57%) at stage S5. Moreover, genus Pseudoalteromonas became dominant at stages S3(44.85%) and S4(56.02%), followed by Photobacterium(29.82%), Pseudomonas(11.86%), Aliivibrio(8.60%) and Shewanella(3.39%) at stage S3, Pseudomonas(18.16%), Aliivibrio(14.29%), Shewanella(4.11%), Psychromonas(4.04%) and Psychrobacter(1.81%) at stage S4. From the results, we concluded that the bacterial community changed significantly at different development stages of Yesso Scallop larvae. 相似文献