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1.
The Yonaguni Knoll IV hydrothermal vent field (24°51′N, 122°42′E) is located at water depths of 1370–1385 m near the western edge of the southern Okinawa Trough. During the YK03–05 and YK04–05 expeditions using the submersible Shinkai 6500, both hydrothermal precipitates (sulfide/sulfate/carbonate) and high temperature fluids (Tmax = 328°C) presently venting from chimney‐mound structures were extensively sampled. The collected venting fluids had a wide range of chemistry (Cl concentration 376–635 mmol kg?1), which is considered as evidence for sub‐seafloor phase separation. While the Cl‐enriched smoky black fluids were venting from two adjacent chimney‐mound structures in the hydrothermal center, the clear transparent fluids sometimes containing CO2 droplet were found in the peripheral area of the field. This distribution pattern could be explained by migration of the vapor‐rich hydrothermal fluid within a porous sediment layer after the sub‐seafloor phase separation. The collected hydrothermal precipitates demonstrated a diverse range of mineralization, which can be classified into five groups: (i) anhydrite‐rich chimneys, immature precipitates including sulfide disseminations in anhydrite; (ii) massive Zn‐Pb‐Cu sulfides, consisting of sphalerite, wurtzite, galena, chalcopyrite, pyrite, and marcasite; (iii) Ba‐As chimneys, composed of barite with sulfide disseminations, sometimes associated with realgar and orpiment overgrowth; (iv) Mn‐rich chimneys, consisting of carbonates (calcite and magnesite) and sulfides (sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, alabandite, and minor amount of tennantite and enargite); and (v) pavement, silicified sediment including abundant native sulfur or barite. Sulfide/sulfate mineralization (groups i–iii) was found in the chimney–mound structure associated with vapor‐loss (Cl‐enriched) fluid venting. In contrast, the sulfide/carbonate mineralization (group iv) was specifically found in the chimneys where vapor‐rich (Cl‐depleted) fluid venting is expected, and the pavement (group v) was associated with diffusive venting from the seafloor sediment. This correspondence strongly suggests that the subseafloor phase separation plays an important role in the diverse range of mineralization in the Yonaguni IV field. The observed sulfide mineral assemblage was consistent with the sulfur fugacity calculated from the FeS content in sphalerite/wurtzite and the fluid temperature for each site, which suggests that the shift of the sulfur fugacity due to participation of volatile species during phase separation is an important factor to induce diverse mineralization. In contrast, carbonate mineralization is attributed to the significant mixing of vapor‐rich hydrothermal fluid and seawater. A submarine hydrothermal system within a back‐arc basin in the continental margin may be considered as developed in a geologic setting favorable to a diverse range of mineralization, where relatively shallow water depth induces sub‐seafloor phase separation of hydrothermal fluid, and sediment accumulation could enhance migration of the vapor‐rich hydrothermal fluid.  相似文献   

2.
Abstract. A detail investigation of ore and gangue minerals was performed on the Doyashiki Kuroko deposits, Hokuroku basin, Japan for the first time. Main ore minerals are sphalerite, galena, pyrite, chalcopyrite, tetrahedrite-tennantite and digen-ite. Small amounts of enargite, wittichenite, electrum, covellite, bornite, marcasite and hematite are also observed. Quartz, barite and gypsum are common gangue minerals. Homogenization temperatures and salinities of fluid inclusions in quartz, sphalerite and barite range from 190 to 240C and 3.0 to 5.5 wt% NaCl equivalent, respectively. The FeS contents of sphalerite and Ag contents of electrum were 0.12 to 0.18 mol %, 39.0 to 39.6 atom %, respectively. The chemical composition of digenite as a primary mineral shows high sulfur contents.
These data indicate that ore fluid responsible for digenite and associated ore minerals was characterized by a range of high sulfur fugacity with a moderate formation temperature. This is concordant with the mineral assemblage of bornite-pyrite and chalcopyrite, which shows high sulfur fugacity conditions. It seems that the mineralization closely associated with acidic volcanism has occurred around 13 Ma of Middle Miocene on the seafloor at the depth of about 1500 m.  相似文献   

3.
The Laloki and Federal Flag deposits are two of the many (over 45) polymetallic massive sulfide deposits that occur in the Astrolabe Mineral Field, Papua New Guinea. New data of the mineralogical compositions, mineral textures, and fluid inclusion studies on sphalerite from Laloki and Federal Flag deposits were investigated to clarify physiochemical conditions of the mineralization at both deposits. The two deposits are located about 2 km apart and they are stratigraphically hosted by siliceous to carbonaceous claystone and rare gray chert of Paleocene–Eocene age. Massive sulfide ore and host rock samples were collected from each deposit for mineralogical, geochemical, and fluid inclusion studies. Mineralization at the Laloki deposit consists of early‐stage massive sulfide mineralization (sphalerite‐barite, chalcopyrite, and pyrite–marcasite) and late‐stage brecciation and remobilization of early‐stage massive sulfides that was accompanied by late‐stage sphalerite mineralization. Occurrence of native gold blebs in early‐stage massive pyrite–marcasite‐chalcopyrite ore with the association of pyrrhotite‐hematite and abundant planktonic foraminifera remnants was due to reduction of hydrothermal fluids by the reaction with organic‐rich sediments and seawater mixing. Precipitation of fine‐grained gold blebs in late‐stage Fe‐rich sphalerite resulted from low temperature and higher salinity ore fluids in sulfur reducing conditions. In contrast, the massive sulfide ores from the Federal Flag deposit contain Fe‐rich sphalerite and subordinate sulfarsenides. Native gold blebs occur as inclusions in Fe‐rich sphalerite, along sphalerite grain boundaries, and in the siliceous‐hematitic matrix. Such occurrences of native gold suggest that gold was initially precipitated from high‐temperature, moderate to highly reduced, low‐sulfur ore fluids. Concentrations of Au and Ag from both Laloki and Federal Flag deposits were within the range (<10 ppm Au and <100 ppm Ag) of massive sulfides at a mid‐ocean ridge setting rather than typical arc‐type massive sulfides. The complex relationship between FeS contents in sphalerite and gold grades of both deposits is probably due to the initial deposition of gold on the seafloor that may have been controlled by factors such as Au complexes, pH, and fO2 in combination with temperature and sulfur fugacity.  相似文献   

4.
Hydrothermal sediment mineralogy and geochemistry can provide insights into seafloor mineralization processes and changes through time. We report a geochemical investigation of a short (22 cm) near-vent hydrothermal metalliferous sediment core from the Lucky Strike site (LS), on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR). The sediment was collected from the base of an active white smoker vent and comprises pure hydrothermal precipitates, mainly chalcopyrite, sphalerite, pyrite and barite, with negligible detrital and biogenic inputs. Geochemically, the core is enriched in elements derived from high-temperature hydrothermalism (Fe, Cu, Zn and Ba) and depleted in elements derived from low-temperature hydrothermalism (Mn), and metasomatism (Mg). The U/Fe content ratio is elevated, particularly in the deeper parts of the core, consistent with uptake from seawater associated with sulphide alteration. Rare earth elements (REE) concentrations are low and chondrite-normalized patterns are characteristic of high-temperature vent fluids with an enrichment in light REE and a pronounced positive Eu anomaly. A stronger positive Eu anomaly associated with higher Lan/Smn at the core top is controlled by barite precipitation. The hydrothermal influence on the REE decreases downcore with some evidence for a stronger seawater influence at depth. Nd isotopes also exhibit an increased detrital/seawater influence downcore. Pb isotope ratios are uniform and plot on the Northern Hemisphere Reference Line in a small domain defined by LS basalts and exhibit no detrital or seawater influence. Lucky Strike sediments are derived from high-temperature mineralization and are overprinted by a weak seawater–sediment interaction when compared with other Atlantic hydrothermal sites such as TAG. The larger seawater input and/or a larger detrital contribution in deeper layers can be explained by variable hydrothermal activity during sediment formation, suggesting different pulses in activity of the LS hydrothermal system.  相似文献   

5.
The Sargaz Cu–Zn massive sulfide deposit is situated in the southeastern part of Kerman Province, in the southern Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone of Iran. The stratigraphic footwall of the Sargaz deposit is Upper Triassic to Lower Jurassic (?) pillowed basalt, whereas the stratigraphic hanging wall is andesite. Mafic volcanic rocks are overlain by andesitic volcaniclastics and volcanic breccias and locally by heterogeneous debris flows. Rhyodacitic flows and volcaniclastics overlie the sequence of basaltic and andesitic rocks. Based on the bimodal nature of volcanism, the regional geologic setting and petrochemistry of the volcanic rocks, we suggest massive sulfide mineralization in the Sargaz formed in a nascent ensialic back-arc basin. The current reserves (after ancient mining) of the Sargaz deposit are 3 Mt at 1.34% Cu, 0.38% Zn, 0.08%Pb, 0.24 g/t Au, and 7 g/t Ag. The structurally dismembered massive sulfide lens is zoned from a pyrite-rich base, to a pyrite?±?chalcopyrite-rich central part, and a sphalerite–chalcopyrite-rich upper part, with a sphalerite-rich zone lateral to the upper part. The main sulfide mineral is pyrite, with lesser chalcopyrite and sphalerite. The feeder zone, comprised of a vein stockwork consists of quartz–sulfide–sericite pesudobreccia and, in the deepest part, chlorite–quartz–pyrite pesudobreccia. Footwall hydrothermal alteration extends at least 70–80 m below the massive sulfide lens and more than a hundred meters along strike from the massive sulfide lens. Jasper and Fe–Mn bearing chert horizons lateral to the sulfide deposit represent low-temperature hydrothermal precipitates of the evolving hydrothermal system. Based on mineral textures and paragenetic relationships, the growth history of the Sargaz deposit is complex and includes: (1) early precipitation of sulfides (protore) on the seafloor as precipitation of fine-grained anhedral pyrite, sphalerite, quartz, and barite; (2) anhydrite precipitation in open spaces and mineral interstices within the sulfide mound followed by its subsequent dissolution, formation of breccia textures, and mound clasts and precipitation of coarse-grained pyrite, sphalerite, tetrahedrite–tennantite, galena and barite; (3) replacement of pre-existing sulfides by chalcopyrite precipitated at higher temperatures (zone refining); (4) continued “refining” led to the dissolution of stage 3 chalcopyrite and formation of a base-metal-depleted pyrite body in the lowermost part of the massive sulfide lens; (5) carbonate veins were emplaced into the sulfide lens, replacing stage 2 barite. The δ34S composition of the sulfides ranges from +2.8‰ to +8.5‰ (average, +5.6‰) with a general increase of δ34S ratios with depth within the massive sulfide lens and underlying stockwork zone. The heavier values indicate that some of the sulfur was derived from seawater sulfate that was ultimately thermochemically reduced in deep hydrothermal reaction zones.  相似文献   

6.
The sulfur isotopic composition of sulfides and barite from hydrothermal deposits at the Valu Fa Ridge back-arc spreading center in the southern Lau Basin has been investigated. Sulfide samples from the White Church area at the northern Valu Fa Ridge have δ34S values averaging +3.8‰ (n= 10) for bulk sphalerite-chalcopyrite mineralization and +4.8‰ for pyrite (n= 10). Barite associated with the massive sulfides exhibits an average of +20.7‰ (n= 10). Massive sulfides from the active Vai Lili hydrothermal field at the central Valu Fa Ridge have much higher δ34S ratios averaging +8.0‰ for bulk sphalerite-chalcopyrite mineralization (n= 5), +9.3‰ for pyrite samples (n= 5), and +8.0‰ and +10.9‰ for a chalcopyrite and a sphalerite separate, respectively. The isotopic composition of barite from the Vai Lili field is similar to that of barite from the White Church area and averages +21.0‰ (n= 8). Sulfide and barite samples from the Hine Hina area at the southern Valu Fa Ridge have δ34S values that are considerably lighter than those observed for samples from the other areas and average −4.9‰ for pyrite (n= 9), −4.0 and −5.7‰ for two samples of sphalerite-chalcopyrite intergrowth, and −3.4‰ for a single chalcopyrite separate. The total spread in the isotopic composition of sulfides from Vai Lili and Hine Hina is more than 20‰ over a distance of less than 30 km. The δ34S values of sulfides at Hine Hina are the lowest values so far reported for volcanic-hosted polymetallic massive sulfides from the modern seafloor. Barite from the Hine Hina field also has unusually light sulfur with δ34S values of +16.1 to +16.7‰ (n= 5). Isotopic compositions of the sulfides at Hine Hina indicate a dramatic decrease in δ34S from ordinary magmatic values and, in the absence of biogenic sulfur and/or boiling, imply a unique 34S-depleted source of probable magmatic origin. Sulfide-barite mineralization in the Hine Hina area is associated with a distinctive alteration assemblage consisting of cristobalite, pyrophyllite, kaolinite, opal-CT, talc, pyrite, native sulfur, and alunite. Similar styles of alteration are typically known from high-sulfidation epithermal systems on land. Alunite-bearing, advanced argillic alteration in the Hine Hina field confirms the role of acidic, volatile-rich fluids, and a δ34S value of +10.4‰ for the sulfur in the alunite is consistent with established kinetic isotope effects which accompany the disproportionation of magmatic SO2 into H2S and H2SO4. The Hine Hina field occurs near the propagating tip of the Valu Fa back-arc spreading center (i.e., dominated by dike injections and seafloor eruptions) and therefore may have experienced the largest contribution of magmatic volatiles of the three fields. The sulfur isotopic ratios of the hydrothermal precipitates and the presence of a distinctive epithermal-like argillic alteration in the Hine Hina field suggest a direct contribution of magmatic vapor to the hydrothermal system and support the concept that magmatic volatiles may be an important component of some volcanogenic massive sulfide-forming hydrothermal systems. Received: 16 January 1997 / Accepted: 28 October 1997  相似文献   

7.
Modern seafloor hydrothermal systems provide important insights into the formation and discovery of ancient volcanic-hosted massive sulfide (VHMS) deposits. In 2010, Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 331 drilled five sites in the Iheya North hydrothermal field in the middle Okinawa Trough back-arc basin, Japan. Hydrothermal alteration and sulfide mineralization is hosted in a geologically complex, mixed sequence of coarse pumiceous volcaniclastic and fine hemipelagic sediments, overlying a dacitic to rhyolitic volcanic substrate. At site C0016, located adjacent to the foot of the actively venting North Big Chimney massive sulfide mound, massive sphalerite-(pyrite-chalcopyrite ± galena)-rich sulfides were intersected (to 30.2% Zn, 12.3% Pb, 2.68% Cu, 33.1 ppm Ag and 0.07 ppm Au) that strongly resemble the black ore of the Miocene-age Kuroko deposits of Japan. Sulfide mineralization shows clear evidence of formation through a combination of surface detrital and subsurface chemical processes, with at least some sphalerite precipitating into void space in the rock. Volcanic rocks beneath massive sulfides exhibit quartz-muscovite/illite and quartz-Mg-chlorite alteration reminiscent of VHMS proximal footwall alteration associated with Kuroko-type deposits, characterized by increasing MgO, Fe/Zn and Cu/Zn with depth. Recovered felsic footwall rocks are of FII to FIII affinity with well-developed negative Eu anomalies, consistent with VHMS-hosting felsic rocks in Phanerozoic ensialic arc/back-arc settings worldwide.Site C0013, ∼100 m east of North Big Chimney, represents a likely location of recent high temperature discharge, preserved as surficial coarse-grained sulfidic sediments (43.2% Zn, 4.4% Pb, 5.4% Cu, 42 ppm Ag and 0.02 ppm Au) containing high concentrations of As, Cd, Mo, Sb, and W. Near surface hydrothermal alteration is dominated by kaolinite and muscovite with locally abundant native sulfur, indicative of acidic hydrothermal fluids. Alteration grades to Mg-chlorite dominated assemblages at depths of >5 mbsf (metres below sea floor). Late coarse-grained anhydrite veining overprints earlier alteration and is interpreted to have precipitated from down welling seawater as hydrothermal activity waned. At site C0014, ∼350 m farther east, hydrothermal assemblages are characterized by illite/montmorillonite, with Mg-chlorite present at depths below ∼30 mbsf. Recovered lithologies from distal, recharge site C0017 are unaltered, with low MgO, Fe2O3 and base metal concentrations.Mineralization and alteration assemblages are consistent with the Iheya North system representing a modern analogue for Kuroko-type VHMS mineralization. Fluid flow is focussed laterally along pumiceous volcaniclastic strata (compartmentalized between impermeable hemipelagic sediments), and vertically along faults. The abundance of Fe-poor sphalerite and Mg-rich chlorite (clinochlore/penninite) is consistent with the lower Fe budget, temperature and higher oxidation state of felsic volcanic-hosted hydrothermal systems worldwide compared to Mid Ocean Ridge black smoker systems.  相似文献   

8.
大河边重晶石矿床是一个世界级的超大型重晶石矿床。最近在该区重晶石矿床下部的震旦系陡山沱组碳酸盐岩(白云岩)和碎屑岩中,新发现一套规模较大、层位产出稳定的铅锌矿化。铅锌矿体和重晶石矿床具有"上部为重晶矿,下部为铅锌硫化物矿床"的矿化特征。铅锌矿段矿石矿物主要为闪锌矿、黄铁矿及方铅矿,含少量白铁矿、黄铜矿及磁黄铁矿;脉石矿物主要为石英和重晶石,少量白云石、热液磷灰石、炭沥青及钡冰长石。成矿流体特征类似于形成沉积喷流型铅锌矿床的流体特征。铅锌矿化中的硫源自局限海盆内早寒武世海水经硫酸盐还原作用提供。此种类似于喷流沉积型铅锌矿床在南华裂谷盆地一带矿化层位稳定、分布范围较广泛,体现早寒武世时在裂谷盆地内存在一次大规模的热液事件。天柱大河边铅锌矿床的发现具有重要的资源意义及区内该种矿床的勘查意义。  相似文献   

9.
Massive and stockwork Fe-Cu-Zn (Cyprus type) sulphide deposits in the upper parts of ophiolite complexes represent hydrothermal mineralization at ancient accretionary plate boundaries. These deposits are probable metallogenic analogues of the polymetallic sulphide deposits recently discovered along modern oceanic spreading centres. Genetic models for these deposits suggest that mineralization results from large-scale circulation of sea-water through basaltic basement along the tectonically active axis of spreading, a zone of high heat flow. The high geothermal gradient above 1 to 2 km deep magma chambers emplaced below the ridge axis drives the convective circulation cell. Cold oxidizing sea-water penetrating the crust on the ridge flanks becomes heated and evolves into a highly reduced somewhat acidic hydrothermal solvent during interaction with basaltic wall-rock. Depending on the temperature and water/rock ratio, this fluid is capable of leaching and transporting iron, manganese, and base metals; dissolved sea-water sulphate is reduced to sulphide. At the ridge axis, the buoyant hydrothermal fluid rises through permeable wall-rocks, and fluid flow may be focussed along deep-seated fractures related to extensional tectonic processes. Metal sulphides are precipitated along channelways as the ascending fluid undergoes adiabatic expansion and then further cooling during mixing with ambient sub-sea-floor water. Vigorous fluid flow results in venting of reduced fluid at the sea-floor/sea-water interface and deposition of massive sulphide. A comparison of sulphide mineralization and wall-rock alteration in ancient and modern spreading centre environments supports this genetic concept.Massive sulphide deposits in ophiolites generally occur in clusters of closely spaced (< 1–5 km) deposits. Individual deposits are a composite of syngenetic massive sulphide and underlying epigenetic stockwork-vein mineralization. The massive sulphide occurs as concordant tabular, lenticular, or saucer-shaped bodies in pillow lavas and pillow-lava breccia; massive lava flows, hyalcoclastite, tuff, and bedded radolarian chert are less commonly associated rock types. These massive sulphide zones are as much as 700 m long, 200 m wide, and 50 m thick. The pipe-, funnel-, or keel-shaped stockwork zone may extend to a dehpth of 1 km in the sheeted-dike complex. Several deposits in Cyprus are confined to grabens or the hanging wall of premineralization normal faults.Polymetallic massive sulphide deposits and active hydrothermal vents at medium- to fast-rate spreading centres (the East Pacific Rise at lat. 21°N, the Galapagos Spreading Centre at long. 86°W, the Juan de Fuca Ridge at lat. 45°N., and the Southern Trough of Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California) have interdeposit spacings on a scale of tens or hundreds of metres, and are spatially associated with structural ridges or grabens within the narrow (< 5 km) axial valleys of the rift zones. Although the most common substrate for massive sulphide accumulations is stacked sequences of pillow basalt and sheet flows, the sea-floor underlying numerous deposits in Guaymas Basin consists of diatomaceous ooze and terrigenous clastic sediment that is intruded by diabase sills. Mound-like massive sulphide deposits, as much as 30 m wide and 5m high, occur over actively discharging vents on the East Pacific Rise, and many of these deposits serve as the base for narrow chimneys and spires of equal or greater height. Sulphides on the Juan de Fuca Ridge appear to form more widespread blanket deposits in the shallow axial-valley depression. The largest deposit found to date, along the axial ridge of the Galapagos Spreading Centre, has a tabular form and a length of 1000 m, a width of 200 m, and a height of 30 m.The sulphide assemblage in both massive and vein mineralization in Cyprus type deposits is characteristically simple: abundant pyrite or, less commonly, pyrrhotite accompanied by minor marcasite, chalcopyrite, and sphalerite. With few exceptions, the composition of massive sulphide ranges from 0.3 to 5 wt. % Cu, from 0.1 to 3 wt. % Zn, from 0.5 to 30 ppm Au, and from 1 to 50 ppm Ag. The only common gangue minerals — quartz, chlorite, calcite, and gypsum generally make up less than 10 percent of the massive zone.Sulphide assemblages in massive sulphide samples recovered from the Juan de Fuca Ridge (abundant sphalerite, wurtzite, and pyrite; minor marcasite, chalcopyrite, and galena), East Pacific Rise (abundant sphalerite, pyrite, and chalcopyrite; minor wurtzite, marcasite, and pyrrhotite), and Guaymas Basin (abundant pyrrhotite and sphalerite; minor chalcopyrite) contrast with ophiolitic deposits. Bulk analyses of two zinc-rich sulphide samples from the Juan de Fuca Ridge yield the following average values: Zn, 56.6 wt. %; Cu, 0.2 wt. %; Pb, 0.15 wt. %; Fe, 4.9 wt. %; Ag, 260 ppm; and Cd, 775 ppm. Other minerals precipitated with sulphides at hydrothermal-vent sites include anhydrite, barite, gypsum, Mg-hydroxysulphate-hydrate, talc, sulphur, and amorphous silica.Massive sulphide lenses in some Cyprus-type deposits are underlain by a silica-rich zone consisting of massive quartz, opaline silica, red jasper, or chert mixed with disseminated and veinlet Fe-Cu-Zn sulphides. Some deposits are overlain by ochre, a gossanous Mn-poor Fe-rich bedded deposit composed of goethite, maghemite, quartz, and finely disseminated sulphide. In the Solomon Islands, ochre is overlain by siliceous sinter containing anhydrite, barite, and sulphide; the sinter contains anomalous Ag, Au, Cu, Zn, and Hg, and grades upward into Fe-rich chert and manganiferous wad. Amorphous Fe-Mn deposits (umber) and Mn-bearing chert enriched in Ba, Co, Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb, and Zn are common features near the top of ophiolite sequences. Although their genetic relation to sulphide mineralization is uncertian, they probably formed during off-axis hydrothermal discharge.At modern, medium-rate spreading centres, thin blankets of unconsolidated hydrothermal sediment have been observed near hydrothermal sulphide deposits. Basalt fragments recovered with massive sulphide from the Juan de Fuca Ridge have surfaces coated with smectite, magnetite, hematite, opaline silica, and Fe---Mn-oxyhydroxides. Sediment mounds composed largely of nontronitic clay and hydrated Fe and Mn oxides, and more distal metalliferous (Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) sediment on the flanks of ceanridges, are also products of off-axis hydrothermal processes.Pillow lavas, diabase dikes, and gabbro in ophiolite sequences, and deeper, layer 2 basalt and diabase recovered from oceanic ridges, are altered to greenschist-facies assemblages (albite + chlorite + actinolite ± sphene ± quartz ± pyrite) during high-temperature sub-sea-floor hydro-thermal metamorphism near the axis of spreading. Chemical changes in the wall-rock during this large-scale sea-water/rock interactive episode depend on the water/rock ratio and temperature but generally include gains in Mg, Na and H2O and losses of Ca. Subsequent low temperature sea-water/rock interaction away from the axis of spreading results in fracture-controlled zeolitefacies alteration, characterized by smectite, caledonite, zeolite, calcite, prehnite, hematite, marcasite, and pyrite. This retrograde alteration involves increases in total Fe, K, and H2O and decreases in Mg and Si in the wallrock; Ca may be lost or gained.Wall-rock alteration in Cyprus type stockwork zones is more striking, in that the basalt and diabase between veins of Fe---Cu-Zn sulphides, quartz, and chlorite have undergone partial to complete conversion to fine-grained aggregates of quartz + chlorite + illite + pyrite; kaolinite and palygorskite may be present in minor amounts. Calcium and Na are strongly depleted; K, Al, Ti, Mn, and Ni are leached to a lesser extent; and Fe, S, Cu, Zn, and Co are strongly enriched in the wall-rock underlying massive sulphide. Mafic rocks at depth in the volcanic pile may be enriched in K, Rb, and Li, and depleted in Cu, Co, and Zn. Lavas lateral to and overlying massive sulphide mineralization may have low concentrations of Cu and high concentrations of Zn and Co relative to background levels.Mutual consideration of hydrothermal sulphide deposits and associated wall-rock alteration in ophiolites and at modern oceanic spreading centres can provide useful criteria for the development of regional exploration models for ophiolitic terrains.  相似文献   

10.
Here, we report the first documented occurrences of “invisible” gold and silver in seafloor sulfide deposits from an active hydrothermal system on the Central Indian Ridge. A detailed mineralogical and geochemical study of polymetallic sulfides from the Edmond vent field was conducted in order to identify controls on the distribution of precious metals. Bulk samples (N = 18) contain up to 18.7 ppm Au and 1450 ppm Ag, with average concentrations of 2.3 ppm Au and 218.9 ppm Ag. Among them, several Zn-rich chimney fragments and anhydrite-dominated ore samples have higher contents of precious metals than Fe-Cu-rich massive sulfides and silica-rich hydrothermal precipitates. Native gold grains are mainly associated with sphalerite, anhydrite, barite and Fe-oxyhydroxides. Abundant submicroscopic Au-Ag alloys tend to occur along grain boundaries between Cu-Fe sulfides and tennantite, or close to the rims of Fe-poor sphalerite. In contrast to primary electrum with high Ag/Au ratios, the absence of detectable silver in high-purity gold indicates that secondary Au enrichment has probably occurred after a direct co-precipitation with Zn-rich mineral assemblages upon cooling and mixing of vent fluids with cold seawater. A suite of late-stage Ag-rich phases, including argentotennantite, pearceite and acanthite, occur as crack-filling veinlets and patches in low-temperature fahlores, or as tiny inclusions enclosed by pyrite, chalcopyrite and colloform sphalerite. By using HRTEM combined with HAADF-STEM imaging, we have found out that silver is also present in significant quantities as discrete colloidal nanoparticles in tennantite. Minor native copper is closely associated with altered chalcopyrite, sphalerite and covellite, exhibiting signs of dissolution, recrystallization and reprecipitation. Extensive hydrothermal reworking resulted from a long history of high-temperature venting in this field, together with post-depositional supergene replacement processes (involving oxidation, leaching or coupled dissolution-reprecipitation mechanisms facilitated by a permeable porosity generated in primary Cu-Fe sulfides) are considered to be important for the remobilization and local reconcentration of early-formed precious metals, and may have been responsible for the formation of relatively coarse-grained native gold or silver within recrystallized massive sulfides and chimney debris.  相似文献   

11.
青海抗得弄舍重晶石型金多金属矿床成矿地质特征   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
抗得弄舍重晶石型金多金属矿床为近几年在东昆仑成矿带东段新发现的典型的热水喷流沉积型金多金属矿床,目前该矿床金矿和铅锌矿的规模均已达大型以上,矿床的发现对东昆仑成矿带东段的找矿带来了新的生机和活力。该矿床以典型的热水沉积岩重晶石含金矿为特点,矿床受地层岩性和同生断裂构造双重控制,矿化与蚀变具有明显的空间分带特征。研究表明硫化物中的铅主要来自地幔,硫来自海水或者海相硫酸盐。指出成矿作用经历了早期喷流沉积成矿期,主要在中低温条件下形成铅锌硫化物矿;晚期热水沉积成矿期,主要在低温条件下形成重晶石和金矿;后期热液及构造活动对矿床有了进一步的富集和改造。  相似文献   

12.
《Chemical Geology》2002,182(2-4):357-375
This is the first report about silica-rich hydrothermal precipitates which were sampled together with hydrothermal sulfides (chimney fragments) in an extinct vent field in the Central Indian Ocean. There are two kinds of silica-rich rocks: a jasper which is impregnated and replaced to various degrees mainly by sphalerite, and to a lesser extent by barite, pyrite and traces of chalcopyrite, and an opalite which is an almost pure silica-phase without any sulfide or sulfate impregnations, but which is sometimes covered by manganese crusts.No internal concentric zoning indicating typical chimney structures can be recognized in the jasper and/or opalite samples, the textures rather suggest a sedimentary silica and/or iron deposition from diffuse, low-temperature (±60 °C) vent fluids, partly with still visible indications of former bacterial mats and synsedimentary deformation structures; the sphalerite- and barite-impregnations within the jasper, however, are considered to have precipitated from white-smoker-type fluids since they were deposited under intermediate temperatures between 155 and 265 °C, according to fluid inclusion studies.The sulfur isotopic composition (δ34S) of our sulfide samples has mean values of 6.1% for sphalerite and 5.7% for pyrite indicating a mixture of predominantly basaltic sulfur with subordinate amounts of reduced seawater sulfur. The oxygen isotope signals of some pure jasper concentrate samples indicate that the mean formation temperature calculated from these values lies at 63.2 °C.The relationship between the massive pyrite- and chalcopyrite-ores from the extinct chimney structures and the silica-rich precipitates can be explained by different cycles of hydrothermal activity: one high-temperature (above 300 °C) cycle dominated by pyrite and chalcopyrite formation and one later epithermal (below 300 °C) cycle which resulted in sphalerite- and silica-dominated precipitates. Furthermore, zonation and zone-refining processes are part of the evolution of the mineralized field.  相似文献   

13.
Volcanic‐hosted massive sulfide (VHMS) deposits of the eastern Lachlan Fold Belt of New South Wales represent a VHMS district of major importance. Despite the metallogenic importance of this terrane, few data have been published for sulfur isotope distribution in the deposits, with the exception of previously published studies on Captains Flat and Woodlawn (Captains Flat‐Goulburn Trough) and Sunny Corner (Hill End Trough). Here is presented 105 new sulfur isotope analyses and collation of a further 92 analyses from unpublished sources on an additional 12 of the VHMS systems in the Hill End Trough. Measured δ34S values range from ‐7.4% to 38.3%, mainly for massive and stockwork mineralisation. Sulfur isotope signatures for polymetallic sulfide mineralisation from the Lewis Ponds, Mt Bulga, Belara and Accost deposits (group 1) are all very similar and vary from ‐1.7% to 5.9%. Ore‐forming fluids for these deposits were likely to have been reducing, with sulfur derived largely from a magmatic source, either as a direct magmatic contribution accompanying felsic volcanism or indirectly through dissolution and recycling of rock sulfide in host volcanic sequences. Sulfur isotope signatures for sulfide mineralisation from the Calula, Commonwealth, Cordillera and Kempfield deposits, Peelwood mine and Sunny Corner (group 2) are similar and have average δ34S values ranging from 5.4% to 8.1%. These deposits appear to have formed from ore fluids that were more oxidising than group 1 deposits, representing a mixed contribution of sulfur derived from partial reduction of seawater sulfate, in addition to sulfur from other sources. The δ34S values for massive sulfides from the John Fardy deposit are the highest in the present study and have a range of 11.9–14.5%, suggesting a greater component of sulfur of seawater origin compared to other VHMS deposits in the Hill End Trough. For barite the sulfur isotope composition for samples from the Commonwealth, Stringers and Kempfield deposits ranges from 12.6% to 38.3%. More than 75% of barite samples have a sulfur isotope composition between 23.4 and 30.6%, close to the previously published estimates of the composition of seawater sulfate during Late Silurian to earliest Devonian times, providing supporting evidence that these deposits formed concurrently with the Late Silurian volcanic event. Sulfur isotope distribution appears to be independent of the host rock unit, although there appears to be a relation linking the sulfur isotope composition of different deposits to defined centres of felsic volcanism. The Mt Bulga, Lewis Ponds and Accost systems are close to coherent felsic volcanic rocks and/or intrusions and have sulfur isotope signatures with a stronger magmatic affinity than group 2 deposits. By contrast, group 2 deposits (including John Fardy) are characterised by 34S‐enrichment and a lesser magmatic signature, are generally confined to clastic units and reworked volcanogenic sediments with lesser coherent volcanics in the local stratigraphy, and are interpreted to have formed distal from the magmatic source. An exception is the Belara deposit, which is hosted by reworked felsic volcanic rocks and has a more pronounced magmatic sulfur isotope signature.  相似文献   

14.
新疆阿舍勒铜矿区火山岩与成矿   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9       下载免费PDF全文
王登红 《地质科学》1996,31(2):163-169
阿舍勒铜矿曾被认为是次火山热液矿床。根据岩芯观察研究和同位素、微量元素及稀土元素地球化学研究,认为该矿属海相火山喷气沉积成因,成矿作用与双峰式火山岩密不可分,细碧岩是成矿金属元素的主要来源,而作为沉淀剂的硫主要由酸性火山喷气作用提供。  相似文献   

15.
南秦岭古生代热水沉积盆地与热水沉积成矿   总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7       下载免费PDF全文
扬子地块北部被动边缘的南秦岭古生代沉积盆地中,发育一套自早古生代—中生代以来的碳酸盐岩夹细碎屑岩沉积建造,形成规模巨大独具特色的以铅锌金为主的多金属成矿带。伸展构造体制下形成的裂陷或断陷型盆地中,正常水成沉积与热水沉积同盆共存。正常水成沉积中叠加的热水沉积是一个"突发事件或灾变事件",具有特殊的物质组成和产态。通过对区内沉积成矿盆地的识别、分级,二级沉积盆地中边缘部位常发育多个三级构造热水沉积成矿盆地,它受控于沉积盆地中的同生断裂,具有沉积岩相、热水沉积岩组合、显著成矿作用及物化探异常广布的特点。三级构造热水沉积成矿盆地是矿床定位的构造空间,四级热水沉积洼地为矿体(矿层)的容纳空间。区内热水沉积岩主要为重晶石(毒重石)岩、硅质岩、钠长石岩和铁碳酸盐岩类,铅锌重晶石等矿产多产于热水沉积岩中或上盘。热水沉积形成一般由早期的热水喷发交代→主期热水喷流→晚期热水喷气演变。早期的热水喷发交代往往沿矿液喷发通道,形成网脉状、角砾状矿化;主期热水喷流主要形成多金属及热水喷流相,形成块状、条带状、层纹状矿石或热水沉积岩;晚期热水喷气主要形成浸染状矿石和热水喷气岩石。  相似文献   

16.
红岭(浩布高)铅锌多金属矿床位于我国大兴安岭南段主峰黄岗-甘珠尔庙成矿带的东北端。该地区成矿地质条件优越,是我国重点矿产勘查区之一。前人对红岭铅锌矿的矿床成因、成矿规律做了大量研究,但对基础地质特征研究不够深入,特别是对矿区主要赋矿围岩的岩石类型、矿区蚀变-矿化的类型及空间分布规律等方面的研究相对薄弱,制约了研究区矿床成因研究及勘察找矿的进展。本文通过详细的野外地质观察、室内岩矿相鉴定及扫描电镜/能谱(SEM/EDS)研究发现,矿区内出露的二叠纪地层除大理岩外,其余均为火山岩和火山碎屑岩,未见正常碎屑岩,与已有勘查资料认识不同,且在片理化二叠系晶屑凝灰岩中发现了由黄铜矿和闪锌矿组成的压力影,表明该区二叠系中可能发育同生的铜、锌矿化。矿区内除矽卡岩型矿化外还存在角砾岩型、热液脉型、碳酸盐交代型等多种矿化类型,为该区找矿提供了新思路。  相似文献   

17.
G. P. Glasby  K. Notsu   《Ore Geology Reviews》2003,23(3-4):299-339
The Okinawa Trough is a heavily sedimented, rifted back-arc basin formed in an intracontinental rift zone. Submarine hydrothermal activity is located within the six back-arc rifts located in the middle and southern Okinawa Trough and its distribution is controlled principally by tectonic factors. Subduction of the Daito and Gagua Ridges beneath the Ryukyu Arc has resulted in fracturing of the brittle lithosphere beneath the Okinawa Trough. Hydrothermal activity is strongest in the volcanic arc-rift migration phenomenon (VAMP) area plus the JADE site and Southernmost Part of the Okinawa Trough (SPOT) area which form the prolongation of these two ridges. These areas are characterized by extremely high heat flow locally. Submarine hydrothermal fluids from the Okinawa Trough tend to be strongly influenced by interaction of the hydrothermal fluids with organic matter in the sediment resulting in high alkalinity and NH4+ concentrations of the fluids. The fluids also contain high concentrations of CO2 of magmatic origin. Submarine hydrothermal mineralization in the trough is diverse. The CLAM site consists principally of carbonate chimneys. Interaction of the hydrothermal fluid with organic matter in the sediment is particularly strong at this site. This is most probably a sediment-hosted deposit in which sulphide minerals have deposited within the sediment column leaving ‘spent ore-fluids’ to emerge at the seafloor. The JADE site consists of active and inactive sulphide–sulphate chimneys and mounds. The Zn–Pb-rich sulphides at this site contain the highest concentrations of Pb, Ag and Au so far recorded in submarine hydrothermal sulphide deposits. At Minami-Ensei Knoll and Hatoma Knoll, active and inactive chimneys consist principally of anhydrite and barite as a result of phase separation of the hydrothermal fluids beneath the seafloor. An intense black smoker has recently been discovered at Yonaguni Knoll in the SPOT area. If it is confirmed that sulphide mineralization is dominant at this site, this could be a highly prospective area. The most prospective areas for economic-grade minerals in the Okinawa Trough appear to be the JADE site and the SPOT area.  相似文献   

18.
张辉  徐九华  成曦晖 《地质通报》2015,34(6):1011-1025
美国阿拉斯加红狗(Red Dog)铅锌矿床为典型的喷流沉积型(SEDEX)或页岩容矿矿床,拥有世界上最丰富的锌储量。矿床赋存于石炭纪库纳组中。该地层由黑色富有机质的硅质泥岩和页岩组成,局部有大量的碳酸盐浊积岩。根据闪锌矿结构和成分变化,矿化可分为4个阶段:早期褐色闪锌矿阶段、黄褐色闪锌矿阶段、红褐色闪锌矿阶段和晚期棕褐色闪锌矿阶段,其中第2和第3阶段为主矿化阶段。成矿年代学及古地磁研究表明,矿化作用与库纳组沉积作用同时发生,且存在中生代热液叠加。矿床形成经历了4个沉积-热液成矿过程:未固结泥中重晶石和硫化物沉积、重晶石的热液重结晶和硫化物沉淀、重晶石和硫化物脉的形成并交代早期重晶石,以及晚期角砾岩-细粒石英和晚期棕褐色闪锌矿的形成。  相似文献   

19.
Modern massive sulfide deposits are known to occur in diverse tectonic settings and it is generally expected that hydrothermal deposits of similar geological settings shall have more or less similar mineralogical and geochemical signatures. However, the Mount Jourdanne sulfide deposits along the super-slow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge deviate from this common concept. These sulfide precipitates are Zn-rich (up to 35 wt.%) and are characterized by high concentrations of Pb (≤ 3.5 wt.%), As (≤ 1.1 wt.%), Ag (≤ 0.12 wt.%), Au (≤ 11 ppm), Sb (≤ 967 ppm), and Cd (≤ 0.2 wt.%) which are unusual for a modern sediment-free mid-oceanic ridge system. Therefore, we have reinvestigated the sulfide samples collected during the INDOYO cruise in 1998, in order to explain their unusual mineralogy and geochemical composition. The sulfide samples are polymetallic and are classified as: a) chimneys, b) mounds, and c) hydrothermal breccias. The chimneys are small tube-like symmetrical bodies (30–40 cm high; ~ 10 cm diameter) and consist mainly of sphalerite and less chalcopyrite, set in a matrix of late amorphous silica. The inner wall shows a late-stage colloform sphalerite containing co-precipitates of galena and/or Pb–As sulfosalts. In contrast, the mound samples are dominated either by Fe-sulfides (pyrite) or by a mixture of pyrite and chalcopyrite with less sphalerite, pyrrhotite, amorphous silica and barite. Both, the chimney and mound samples, are characterized by layering and mineral zonation. The hydrothermal breccias are highly altered and mineralogically heterogeneous. They consist of silicified basaltic material that are impregnated with sulfides and contain cm-sized chimney fragments within a matrix of low-temperature minerals such as sphalerite and pyrite. The latter fragments mainly consist of chalcopyrite with isocubanite lamellae. In addition, these breccias contain late-stage realgar, boulangerite, galena, Pb–As sulfosalts and barite that are mostly confined to vugs or fractures. At least five mineralogical associations are distinguished that indicate different thermal episodes ranging from black smoker mineralization conditions to cessation of the hydrothermal activity. Based on the mineralogical associations and established literature in this regard, it is inferred that the mineralization at Mt. Jourdanne occurred mainly in three temperature domains. Above 300 °C, the chalcopyrite (with isocubanite)–pyrrhotite association formed whereas the sphalerite dominated assemblage with much less chalcopyrite and pyrite formed around and below 300 °C. The late-stage mineralization (below 200 °C) contains colloform sphalerite, galena, Pb–As sulfosalts, realgar and barite. The unusual mineralogy and trace element chemistry for this modern VHMS deposit could be explained assuming hydrothermal leaching of some felsic differentiates underneath the basaltic cover and subsequent zone refining processes.  相似文献   

20.
Wetar Island is composed of Neogene volcanic rocks and minor oceanic sediments and forms part of the Inner Banda Arc. The island preserves precious metal-rich volcanogenic massive sulfide and barite deposits, which produced approximately 17 metric tonnes of gold. The polymetallic massive sulfides are dominantly pyrite (locally arsenian), with minor chalcopyrite which are cut by late fractures infilled with covellite, chalcocite, tennantite–tetrahedrite, enargite, bornite and Fe-poor sphalerite. Barite orebodies are developed on the flanks and locally overly the massive sulfides. These orebodies comprise friable barite and minor sulfides, cemented by a series of complex arsenates, oxides, hydroxides and sulfate, with gold present as <10 m free grains. Linear and pipe-like structures comprising barite and iron-oxides beneath the barite deposits are interpreted as feeder structures to the barite mineralization. Hydrothermal alteration around the orebodies is zoned and dominated by illite–kaolinite–smectite assemblages; however, local alunite and pyrophyllite are indicative of late acidic, oxidizing hydrothermal fluids proximal to mineralization. Altered footwall volcanic rocks give an illite K–Ar age of 4.7±0.16 Ma and a 40Ar/39Ar age of 4.93±0.21 Ma. Fluid inclusion data suggest that hydrothermal fluid temperatures were around 250–270°C, showed no evidence of boiling, with a mean salinity of 3.2 wt% equivalent NaCl. The 34S composition of sulfides ranges between +3.3 and +11.7 and suggests a significant contribution of sulfur from the underlying volcanic edifice. The 34S barite data vary between +22.4 and +31.0, close to Miocene seawater sulfate. Whole rock 87Sr/86Sr analyses of unaltered volcanic rocks (0.70748–0.71106) reflect contributions from subducted continental material in their source region. The 87Sr/86Sr barite data (0.7076–0.7088) indicate a dominant Miocene seawater component to the hydrothermal system. The mineral deposits formed on the flanks of a volcanic edifice at depths of ~2 km. Spectacular sulfide mounds showing talus textures are localized onto faults, which provided the main pathways for high-temperature hydrothermal fluids and the development of associated stockworks. The orebodies were covered and preserved by post-mineralization chert, gypsum, Globigerina-bearing limestone, lahars, subaqueous debris flows and pyroclastics rocks.  相似文献   

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