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1.
As it has been shown by Kubik it is possible to get an estimate, , of the reciprocal of the weight-matrix in an adjustment problem. If we want to see whether this new estimate differssignificantly from our a priori valueQ 0 it is necessary to know the distribution function of the elements , the ’s being the elements of . This distribution is found in the present article and it is shown that it is not identical with any of the distributions well known from statistical textbooks. Furthermore a way of computing this new distribution is presented. Finally the connection with the chi-square distribution is explored and it is proved that the chi-square-distribution may be used as an approximation for a large number of over-determinations.  相似文献   

2.
Array algebra forms the general base of fast transforms and multilinear algebra making rigorous solutions of a large number (millions) of parameters computationally feasible. Loop inverses are operators solving the problem of general matrix inverses. Their derivation starts from the inconsistent linear equations by a parameter exchangeX→L 0, where X is a set of unknown observables,A 0 forming a basis of the so called “problem space”. The resulting full rank design matrix of parameters L0 and its ℓ-inverse reveal properties speeding the computational least squares solution expressed in observed values . The loop inverses are found by the back substitution expressing ∧X in terms ofL through . Ifp=rank (A) ≤n, this chain operator creates the pseudoinverseA +. The idea of loop inverses and array algebra started in the late60's from the further specialized case,p=n=rank (A), where the loop inverse A 0 −1 (AA 0 −1 )ℓ reduces into the ℓ-inverse Aℓ=(ATA)−1AT. The physical interpretation of the design matrixA A 0 −1 as an interpolator, associated with the parametersL 0, and the consideration of its multidimensional version has resulted in extended rules of matrix and tensor calculus and mathematical statistics called array algebra.  相似文献   

3.
Jan Rooba 《Journal of Geodesy》1983,57(1-4):138-145
Short-arc orbit computations by numerical or analytical integration of equations of motion traditionally utilized in geodetic and geodynamic satellite positioning are relatively involved and computationally expensive. However, short-arc orbits can be evaluated more efficiently by means of least squares polynomial approximations. Such orbit computations do not significantly increase the computation time when compared to widely used semi-short-arc techniques which utilize externally generated orbits. The sufficiently high-degree polynomial approximation of the second time derivatives , and evaluated from a gravitational potential model at regular (two-minute) intervals and everaged initial conditions (position and velocity vectors at the beginning, the middle and the end of a pass) reproduces the U.S. Defense Mapping Agency precise ephemeris of the Navy Navigation Satellites (NNSS) to about 5 cm RMS in each coordinate. To achieve this level of orbit shape resolution for NNSS satellites, the gravitational potential model should not be truncated at less than degree and order 10. Contribution of the Earth Physics Branch No. 1034.  相似文献   

4.
In the last year a new formulation of Molodensky's problem has been given, in which the gravity vector has been considered as the independent variable of the problem, while the position vector is the dependent. This new approach has the great advantage to transform the problem of Molodensky which is of free boundary type, into a fixed boundary problem for a non linear differential equations. In this paper the first results of the study of the new approach are summarized, without going into many mathematical details. The problem of Molodensky for the rotating earth is also discussed.  相似文献   

5.
Techniques will be presented for the design of one-dimensional gravity nets by means of given variance-covariance matrices. After a critical review of the methods for the solution of the matrix equation , we shall compare different numerical results in order to judge the quality of the designs carried out by means of anSVD criterion matrix, by a criterion matrix created according to an assumed distance-dependence of the mean errors of the grid points, and by means of an iteratively improved criterion matrix respectively.  相似文献   

6.
The Bayesian estimates b of the standard deviation σ in a linear model—as needed for the evaluation of reliability—is well known to be proportional to the square root of the Bayesian estimate (s 2) b of the variance component σ2 by a proportionality factor involving the ratio of Gamma functions. However, in analogy to the case of the respective unbiased estimates, the troublesome exact computation ofa b may be avoided by a simple approximation which turns out to be good enough for most applications even if the degree of freedom ν is rather small. Paper presented to the Int. Conf. on “Practical Bayesian Statistics”, Cambridge (U.K.), 8.–11. July 1986.  相似文献   

7.
A simple statistical approach has been applied to the repeated electro-optical distance measurements (EDM) of 1,358 lines in the Tohoku district of Japan to obtain knowledge about the precision of EDM and the possible accumulation of strain. The average time interval between measurements is about seven or eight years. It is shown that the whole data of the difference between distance measurements repeated over a given lineD are interpreted in terms of EDM errors comprising distance proportional systematic errors and standard errors expressed by the usual form . The rate of horizontal deformation must therefore be much smaller than the strain rates of about 0.7 0.8 ppm over 7 to 8 years which have been hitherto expected.  相似文献   

8.
An investigation was made of the behaviour of the variable (where ρij are the discrepancies between the direct and reverse measurements of the height of consecutive bench marks and theR ij are their distance apart) in a partial net of the Italian high precision levelling of a total length of about1.400 km. The methods of analysis employed were in general non-parametric individual and cumulative tests; in particular randomness, normality and asymmetry tests were carried out. The computers employed wereIBM/7094/7040. From the results evidence was obtained of the existence of an asymmetry in respect to zero of thex ij confirming the well-known results given firstly by Lallemand. A new result was obtained from the tests of randomness which put in evidence trends of the mean values of thex ij and explained some anomalous behaviours of the cumulative discrepancy curves. The extension of this investigation to a broader net possibly covering other national nets would be very useful to get a deeper insight into the behaviour of the errors in high precision levelling. Ad hoc programs for electronic computers are available to accomplish this job quickly. Presented at the 14th International Assembly of Geodesy (Lucerne, 1967).  相似文献   

9.
The vector-based algorithm to transform Cartesian (X, Y, Z ) into geodetic coordinates (, λ, h) presented by Feltens (J Geod, 2007, doi:) has been extended for triaxial ellipsoids. The extended algorithm is again based on simple formulae and has successfully been tested for the Earth and other celestial bodies and for a wide range of positive and negative ellipsoidal heights.  相似文献   

10.
Summary Riemann polar/normal coordinates are the constituents to generate the oblique azimuthal projection of geodesic type, here applied to the reference ellipsoid of revolution (biaxial ellipsoid).Firstly we constitute a minimal atlas of the biaxial ellipsoid built on {ellipsoidal longitude, ellipsoidal latitude} and {metalongitude, metalatitude}. TheDarboux equations of a 1-dimensional submanifold (curve) in a 2-dimensional manifold (biaxial ellipsoid) are reviewed, in particular to represent geodetic curvature, geodetic torsion and normal curvature in terms of elements of the first and second fundamental form as well as theChristoffel symbols. The notion of ageodesic anda geodesic circle is given and illustrated by two examples. The system of twosecond order ordinary differential equations of ageodesic (Lagrange portrait) is presented in contrast to the system of twothird order ordinary differential equations of ageodesic circle (Proofs are collected inAppendix A andB). A precise definition of theRiemann mapping/mapping of geodesics into the local tangent space/tangent plane has been found.Secondly we computeRiemann polar/normal coordinates for the biaxial ellipsoid, both in theLagrange portrait (Legendre series) and in theHamilton portrait (Lie series).Thirdly we have succeeded in a detailed deformation analysis/Tissot distortion analysis of theRiemann mapping. The eigenvalues — the eigenvectors of the Cauchy-Green deformation tensor by means of ageneral eigenvalue-eigenvector problem have been computed inTable 3.1 andTable 3.2 (1, 2 = 1) illustrated inFigures 3.1, 3.2 and3.3. Table 3.3 contains the representation ofmaximum angular distortion of theRiemann mapping. Fourthly an elaborate global distortion analysis with respect toconformal Gau-Krüger, parallel Soldner andgeodesic Riemann coordinates based upon theAiry total deformation (energy) measure is presented in a corollary and numerically tested inTable 4.1. In a local strip [-l E,l E] = [-2°, +2°], [b S,b N] = [-2°, +2°]Riemann normal coordinates generate the smallest distortion, next are theparallel Soldner coordinates; the largest distortion by far is met by theconformal Gau-Krüger coordinates. Thus it can be concluded that for mapping of local areas of the biaxial ellipsoid surface the oblique azimuthal projection of geodesic type/Riemann polar/normal coordinates has to be favored with respect to others.  相似文献   

11.
Summary The range of computation in normal calculators can be extended to functions by providing an usual machine both with a storage unit containing approximate values of functions for arguments in rough steps and factors of interpolation and a device for transferring the values from the storage unit into the calculator proper. Then values of function for any argument may be computed by direct or inverse interpolation from the values stored. Accuracy depends on the number and distribution of the stored values. If usual trigonometric functions are concerned, five-place sometimes even six-place accuracy may be obtained by storing no more than 100 values of function and 100 factors of interpolation. Such a degree of accuracy is sufficient for almost any computation in geodetic operations of lower order, including third-order triangulation. At the Geodetic Institute of the Stuttgart Technische Hochschule a try-out model was developed, with wich the functions sinx, cosx, lanx, cotanx and their inverse functions as well as sec tanx (secant of tangent) and can be computed. As basic machine a hand calculator with Odhner wheels was used. Experiments with the hand try-out calculator showed that the amount of computing erros is only half of that committed in the usual computations by the customary calculators and printed tables of functions. In addition, gain of time was reached in most computations, which amounts to 50 percent in certain problems. Tests also made it clear that the operation of the function calculator even in the actual state of the try-out machine is very simple and can easily be learnt so that also untrained people may operate it. It may be noted that the majority of the persons used in the testing the try-out machine were willing to repeat the computations if so required, by means of the function calculator, but not so with the function tables. Therefore the function calculator appears well suited not only to simplify geodetic computation considerably but also to make it more efficient.
Zusammenfassung Der Rechenbereich normaler Rechenmaschinen kann dadurch auf Funktionen erweitert werden, dass die Maschine mit einem Speicherwerk, das gen?herte Funktionswerte für grob abgestufte Argumente und Interpolationsfaktoren enth?lt, und einer Einrichtung zur Uebertragung der Werte aus dem Speicherwerk in die Rechenmaschine versehen wird. Die Funktionswerte für beliebige Argumente k?nnen dann durch direkte oder inverse Interpolation aus den gespeicherten Werten berechnet werden. Die Genauigkeit ist abh?ngig von der Anzahl und Verteilung der gespeicherten Grundwerte. Bei den gebr?uchlichen trigonometrichen Funktionen l?sst sich bereits durch Speicherung von nur 100 Funktionswerten und 100 Interpolationsfaktoren eine fünf-teilweise sogar bis sechsstellige Genauigkeit erreichen. Diese Genauigkeit ist für alle Berechnungen der niederen Geod?sie einschliesslich der Triangulation III. Ordnung ausreichend. Im Geod?tischen Institut der Technischen Hochschule Stuttgart wurde eine Versuchsmaschine entwickelt, mit welcher die Funktionen sinx, cosx, tgx, ctgx und ihre Umkehrfunktionen sowie sec tgx (Secans aus Tangens) und berechnet werden k?nnen. Als Grund-maschine wurde eine handbetriebene Sprossenradmaschine verwendet. Die Erprobung ergab, dass die Zahl der durch Unaufmerksamkeit des Rechners bedingten Rechenfehler nur noch halb so gross ist wie bei der üblichen Berechnung mit gew?hnlicher Rechenmaschine und gedruckter Funktionstafel. Ausserdem ergab sich bei den meisten Rechnungen ein betr?chtlicher Zeitgewinn, der bei einer Funktionsdoppelrechenmaschine für bestimmte Aufgaben bis zu 50% betr?gt. Die maschinelle Berechnung von Funktionswerten ist bereits in der vorliegenden Form erheblich einfacher als die Entnahme aus Funktionstafeln, so dass auch ungeschulte Kr?fte eingesetzt werden k?nnen. Die Funktionsrechenmaschine ist demnach geeignet, das geod?tische Rechnen wesentlich zu vereinfachen und wirtschaftlicher zu gestalten.
Resumen El campo de cálculo en máquinas de calcular normales puede ser ampliado a functiones, proporcionando a la máquina calculadora una unidad-almacén que contenga valores aproximados de funciones para argumentos groseramente escalonados y factores de interpolación, así como un dispositivo para transferir los valores de la unidad-almacén a la calculadora. Entonces pueden ser calculados valores de función para cualquier argumento, por interpolación directa o inversa de los valores almacenados. La precisión depende del número y distribución de los valores almacenados. Cuando se trata de funciones trigonométricas usuales, puede lograrse una precisión del órden de la quinta cifra y en ocasiones de la sexta cifra, con solo el almaceneje de 100 valores de función y de 100 factores de interpolación. Tal grado de precisión es suficiente para cuaquier cálculo en operaciones geodésicas de órden inferior, incluyendo la triangulación de 3er órden. En el Instituto Geodésico de la ?Technischen Hochschule Stuttgart? fué desarrollado una máquina de ensayo, con la que pueden ser calculadas las funciones sen ϕ, cos ϕ, tang ϕ, cotang ϕ y sus funciones inversas, así como sectang ϕ (secante de tangente) y . Como máquina básica fué empleada una calculadora a mano con ruedas Odhner. Las experiencias realizadas con esta calculadora demostraron que el número de errores de cálculo es solo la mitad de los cometidos en los cálculos corrientes mediante las máquinas de calcular usuales y tablas impresas de funciones. Además, se consiguió una ganancia de tiempo en la mayoria de los cálculos, que llegó a alcanzar el 50 por ciento en ciertos problemas. El cálculo mecánico de valores de funciones es notablemente más sencillo en la forma actual que el manejo de tablas de funciones y puede ser fácilmente aprendido y llevado a cabo por personas sin práctica. La máquina de calcular funciones es, por lo tanto, adecuada, no solo para simplificar notablemente el cálculo geodésico sino también para hacerlo más eficiente.
Résumé Le domaine d’emploi des machines à calculer normales peut s’étendre à des fonctions quelconques si l’on équipe la machine d’une ?mémoire?, contenant les valeurs approchées de la fonction pour des valeurs largement échelonnées de l’argument et des facteurs d’interpolation, et d’un dispositif permettant de reporter ces valeurs de la ?mémoire? dans la machine. Les valeurs de la fonction pour des arguments quelconques peuvent être calculées par interpolation directe ou inverse à partir des valeurs enregistrées. La précision dépend du nombre et de la répartition de ces valeurs enregistrées. Pour les fonctions trigonométriques usuelles, avec 100 valeurs de la fonction et 100 facteurs d’interpolation, on arrive déjà à la précision de la cinquième ou même de la sixième décimale. Cette précision suffit pour tous les calculs de la géodésie courante, y compris la triangulation de 3e ordre. A l’Institut Géodésique de l’Ecole Supérieure Technique de Stuttgart, on a établi une machine expérimentale, qui permet de calculer les fonctions sinx, cosx, tgx, ctgx, et les fonctions inverses ainsi que sec tgx (sécante à partir de la tangente) et . Comme machine on a utilisé une machine à main du type roue à dents saillantes. L’expérience a montré que le nombre des erreurs de calcul d?es à l’inattention du calculateur n’était que la moitié de celui constaté dans le calcul usuel avec une machine normale et les tables des fonctions. On a obtenu en outre, pour la plupart des calculs, un gain de temps apréciable, atteignant 50% pour certains problèmes, avec une machine double. Le calcul à la machine des fonctions est, dès maintenant, sous cette forme, sensiblement plus simple que l’interpolation à partir des tables, si bien que l’on peut y employer du personnel peu confirmé. La machine à calculer les fonctions permet donc de simplifier notablement les calculs géodésiques et de les rendre plus économiques.
Sommario Le possibilità di una normale macchina calcolatrice sono suscettibili di venire estese al calcolo delle funzioni, abbinando alla macchina un’unità-magazzino contenente i valori approssimati di funzioni per opportuni intervalli, unitamente ai coefficienti per l’interpolazione, e ad un congegno per transportare i valori stessi dal magazzino alla macchina calcolatrice vera e propria. I valori della funzione per un argomento qualunque possono allora venir calcolati per interpolazione. La precisione dipende dal numero e dalla distribuzione dei valori immagazzinati. Se si tratta di funzioni trigonometriche, si può raggiungere una precisione di cinque cifre od anche di sei cifre immagazzinando non più di 100 valori della funzione e 100 coefficienti per l’interpolazione. Tale precisione è sufficiente per la maggior parte dei calcoli topografici, inclusa la triangolazione di terzo ordine. All’Istituto Geodetico del Politecnico di Stoccarda è stato costruito un modello siffatto, con il quale è possibile il calcolo dei valori delle funzioni sinx, cosx, tgx, ctgx e funzioni inverse, come pure di sec tgx (secante della tangente). La macchina calcolatrice originaria è una Odhner. Experienze effettuate con questo modello a mano hanno mostrato che gli errori di calcolo sono solo la metà di quelli commessi nelle ordinarie operazioni a mano eseguite da un calcolatore mediante tavole delle funzioni a stampa. Di più, il risparmio di tempo è risultato, in alcuni casi, del 50%. Prove effettuate hanno dimostrato inoltre che l’impiego della macchina cosi modificata risulta molto semplice, e che questo è alla portata anche di personale non specialmente istruito.
  相似文献   

12.
Since the earth is closer to a revolving ellipsoid than a sphere, it is very important to study directly the original model of the Stokes' BVP on the reference ellipsoid, where denotes the reference ellipsoid, is the Somigliana normal gravity, andh is the outer normal direction of. This paper deals with: 1) simplification of the above BVP under preserving accuracy to , 2) derivation of computational formula of the elliptical harmonic series, 3) solving the BVP by the elliptical harmonic series, and 4) providing a principle for finding the elliptical harmonic model of the earth's gravity field from the spherical harmonic coefficients ofg. All results given in the paper have the same accuracy as the original BVP, that is, the accuracy of the BVP is theoretically preserved in each derivation step.  相似文献   

13.
It is shown that also in a rank deficient Gauss-Markov model higher weights of the observations automatically improve the precision of the estimated parameters as long as they are computed in thesame datum. However, the amount of improvement in terms of the trace of the dispersion matrix isminimum for the so-called “free datum” which corresponds to the pseudo-inverse normal equations matrix. This behaviour together with its consequences is discussed by an example with special emphasis on geodetic networks for deformation analysis.  相似文献   

14.
The problem of “global height datum unification” is solved in the gravity potential space based on: (1) high-resolution local gravity field modeling, (2) geocentric coordinates of the reference benchmark, and (3) a known value of the geoid’s potential. The high-resolution local gravity field model is derived based on a solution of the fixed-free two-boundary-value problem of the Earth’s gravity field using (a) potential difference values (from precise leveling), (b) modulus of the gravity vector (from gravimetry), (c) astronomical longitude and latitude (from geodetic astronomy and/or combination of (GNSS) Global Navigation Satellite System observations with total station measurements), (d) and satellite altimetry. Knowing the height of the reference benchmark in the national height system and its geocentric GNSS coordinates, and using the derived high-resolution local gravity field model, the gravity potential value of the zero point of the height system is computed. The difference between the derived gravity potential value of the zero point of the height system and the geoid’s potential value is computed. This potential difference gives the offset of the zero point of the height system from geoid in the “potential space”, which is transferred into “geometry space” using the transformation formula derived in this paper. The method was applied to the computation of the offset of the zero point of the Iranian height datum from the geoid’s potential value W 0=62636855.8 m2/s2. According to the geometry space computations, the height datum of Iran is 0.09 m below the geoid.  相似文献   

15.
Summary A datum change between two geodetic systems with points in common may be derived in three stages; slight adjustments of coordinates to make the networks of common points geometrically similar in the two systems; a scale factor to make them geometrically congruent; finally, an orthogonal transformation to swing them into coincidence. The geometrical concept is developed of a “datum screw”, not arbitrarily chosen as is the “origin” or “datum point” of a geodetic survey, but intrinsic to the geometry. The conditions under which it degenerates to a simple “datum shift” are discussed. Differential and other formulae for changes of spheroid and of datum are given, together with a set of tables of coefficients.  相似文献   

16.
Accuracy assessment of the National Geodetic Survey’s OPUS-RS utility   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
OPUS-RS is a rapid static form of the National Geodetic Survey’s On-line Positioning User Service (OPUS). Like OPUS, OPUS-RS accepts a user’s GPS tracking data and uses corresponding data from the U.S. Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) network to compute the 3-D positional coordinates of the user’s data-collection point called the rover. OPUS-RS uses a new processing engine, called RSGPS, which can generate coordinates with an accuracy of a few centimeters for data sets spanning as little as 15 min of time. OPUS-RS achieves such results by interpolating (or extrapolating) the atmospheric delays, measured at several CORS located within 250 km of the rover, to predict the atmospheric delays experienced at the rover. Consequently, standard errors of computed coordinates depend highly on the local geometry of the CORS network and on the distances between the rover and the local CORS. We introduce a unitless parameter called the interpolative dilution of precision (IDOP) to quantify the local geometry of the CORS network relative to the rover, and we quantify the standard errors of the coordinates, obtained via OPUS-RS, by using functions of the form
here α and β are empirically determined constants, and RMSD is the root-mean-square distance between the rover and the individual CORS involved in the OPUS-RS computations. We found that α = 6.7 ± 0.7 cm and β = 0.15 ± 0.03 ppm in the vertical dimension and α = 1.8 ± 0.2 cm and β = 0.05 ± 0.01 ppm in either the east–west or north–south dimension.  相似文献   

17.
The upward-downward continuation of a harmonic function like the gravitational potential is conventionally based on the direct-inverse Abel-Poisson integral with respect to a sphere of reference. Here we aim at an error estimation of the “planar approximation” of the Abel-Poisson kernel, which is often used due to its convolution form. Such a convolution form is a prerequisite to applying fast Fourier transformation techniques. By means of an oblique azimuthal map projection / projection onto the local tangent plane at an evaluation point of the reference sphere of type “equiareal” we arrive at a rigorous transformation of the Abel-Poisson kernel/Abel-Poisson integral in a convolution form. As soon as we expand the “equiareal” Abel-Poisson kernel/Abel-Poisson integral we gain the “planar approximation”. The differences between the exact Abel-Poisson kernel of type “equiareal” and the “planar approximation” are plotted and tabulated. Six configurations are studied in detail in order to document the error budget, which varies from 0.1% for points at a spherical height H=10km above the terrestrial reference sphere up to 98% for points at a spherical height H = 6.3×106km. Received: 18 March 1997 / Accepted: 19 January 1998  相似文献   

18.
The now classical collocation method in geodesy has been derived byH. Moritz (1970; 1973) within an appropriate Mixed Linear Model. According toB. Schaffrin (1985; 1986) even a generalized form of the collocation solution can be proved to represent a combined estimation/prediction procedure of typeBLUUE (Best Linear Uniformly Unbiased Estimation) for the fixed parameters, and of type inhomBLIP (Best inhomogeneously LInear Prediction) for the random effects with not necessarily zero expectation. Moreover, “robust collocation” has been introduced by means of homBLUP (Best homogeneously Linear weakly Unbiased Prediction) for the random effects together with a suitableLUUE for the fixed parameters. Here we present anequivalence theorem which states that the robust collocation solution in theoriginal Mixed Linear Model can identically be derived as traditionalLESS (LEast Squares Solution) in amodified Mixed Linear Model without using artifacts like “pseudo-observations”. This allows us a nice interpretation of “robust collocation” as an adjustment technique in the presence of “weak prior information”.  相似文献   

19.
The term “entity” covers, when used in the field of electronic data processing, the meaning of words like “thing”, “being”, “event”, or “concept”. Each entity is characterized by a set of properties. An information element is a triple consisting of an entity, a property and the value of a property. Geodetic information is sets of information elements with entities being related to geodesy. This information may be stored in the form ofdata and is called ageodetic data base provided (1) it contains or may contain all data necessary for the operations of a particular geodetic organization, (2) the data is stored in a form suited for many different applications and (3) that unnecessary duplications of data have been avoided. The first step to be taken when establishing a geodetic data base is described, namely the definition of the basic entities of the data base (such as trigonometric stations, astronomical stations, gravity stations, geodetic reference-system parameters, etc...). Presented at the “International Symposium on Optimization of Design and Computation of Control Networks”, Sopron, Hungary, July 1977.  相似文献   

20.
 The perspective 4 point (P4P) problem - also called the three-dimensional resection problem - is solved by means of a new algorithm: At first the unknown Cartesian coordinates of the perspective center are computed by means of M?bius barycentric coordinates. Secondly these coordinates are represented in terms of observables, namely space angles in the five-dimensional simplex generated by the unknown point and the four known points. Substitution of M?bius barycentric coordinates leads to the unknown Cartesian coordinates (2.8)–(2.10) of Box 2.2. The unknown distances within the five-dimensional simplex are determined by solving the Grunert equations, namely by forward reduction to one algebraic equation (3.8) of order four and backward linear substitution. Tables 1.–4. contain a numerical example. Finally we give a reference to the solution of the 3 point (P3P) problem, the two-dimensional resection problem, namely to the Ansermet barycentric coordinates initiated by C.F. Gau? (1842), A. Schreiber (1908) and A.␣Ansermet (1910). Received: 05 March 1996; Accepted: 15 October 1996  相似文献   

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