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1.
Previous laboratory studies1 have shown that physiological and cellular processes of Mytilus edulis are affected by exposure to low and environmentally realistic concentrations of oil. However, there is little information concerning the rate of recovery from oil exposure and the extent to which physiological recovery may be related to the depuration of hydrocarbons from the tissues. The present study has shown a marked reduction in the feeding rate and scope for growth of mussels exposed to two concentrations of diesel oil (30 and 130 μg/litre) for 8 months. During recovery from oil exposure the depuration of hydrocarbons from the tissues was concomitant with the recovery of physiological performance. Mussels exposed to high oil concentrations (‘high-oil’ mussels) were found to recover more rapidly than those exposed to low oil concentrations (‘low-oil’ mussels), both in terms of depuration and scope for growth, and there was evidence of ‘catch-up’ growth. Recovery of both low- and high-oil mussels was complete after approximately 55 days.  相似文献   

2.
The single-cell microgel electrophoresis assay or the comet assay was used to evaluate DNA damage of dispersed crude oil on sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) and mussels (Mytilus edulis L.). Sea urchins were exposed to 0.06 and 0.25 mg/L dispersed crude oil in a continuous flow system, while the mussels were exposed to 0.015, 0.06 and 0.25 mg/L dispersed crude oil. Sea urchin coelomocytes and mussel haemocytes were sampled after 4 and 5 weeks exposure, respectively. In the sea urchin coelomocytes, there was a significant concentration-related increase in the percentage of DNA in comet tail. In mussel haemocytes, there was a significantly higher percentage of DNA in comet tail for all treatments compared to the control. The responses were concentration-related up to 0.06 mg/L oil. The two highest exposure concentrations of mussels were not significantly different from each other. These results indicate that the comet assay can be used for biomonitoring of DNA damage in marine invertebrates following oil contamination.  相似文献   

3.
Long term effects of sublethal concentrations of oil on the marine environment have become of general concern. Cytochrome P4501A activity (EROD) in liver and fixed wavelength fluorescence detection of PAHs metabolites (FF) have in this study been used as biomarkers for dispersed oil exposure on a long term period of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). A Continuous Flow System was used to carry out the study. The fish were continuously exposed to 0.125, 0.5 or 2.0 mg litre−1 dispersed topped crude oil for 6, 15, 24 h, 4 and 21 days followed by a 9 days recovery period in clean seawater. No induction of the cytochrome P4501A was measured. A maximum level in bile metabolites (4- to 5-fold) was recorded after 24 h of exposure revealing thereby a detoxification process, but a decline occurred from day 4 to day 21. This study demonstrated that FF detection of PAHs metabolites in bile could be a more sensitive biomarker than EROD activity in a long term exposure to sublethal concentration of oil.  相似文献   

4.
ABSTRACT

The grounding of the MV Rena has highlighted the lack of information concerning the effects of oil-related compounds on New Zealand marine life. Yellowtail kingfish (YTK), Seriola lalandi, embryos were exposed in static incubations to the water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of Rena heavy fuel oil as well as a similar preparation treated with the commercial dispersant Corexit 9500. Mortality in WAF treatments generally increased in association with total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (tPAH) concentration over a 24-h period. Physical abnormalities were observed in some of the larvae exposed to WAF for 48 h. There was no survival in dispersed oil treatments after 24 h of exposure. These treatments had greater tPAH concentrations (2–53?µgL?1) than equivalent WAF dilutions (0.2–1.5?µgL?1?tPAH). Indications are that significant morbidity is induced in YTK at ecologically relevant tPAH concentrations. This highlights the need for further research into oil and dispersant toxicity in New Zealand marine species.  相似文献   

5.
Acute sediment toxicity tests do not test key life stage events such as moulting and reproduction and therefore do not reveal the longer-term effects of contaminant exposure. A laboratory method is described for determining the chronic toxicity of contaminants associated with whole sediments. The test is conducted using neonates of the estuarine amphipod Corophium volutator at 15 degrees C, salinity 25 psu and a 12 h light:12 h dark photoperiod. The endpoints are survival and growth after 28 days and survival, growth and reproduction of amphipods upon termination of test i.e. reproduction within all control vessels (ca 75 days). The sediment chronic toxicity test was used to investigate the effects of sediments spiked with environmentally relevant preparations of slightly weathered Alaskan North Slope crude oil, including a water-accommodated-fraction (WAF) and a chemically-dispersed (Corexit 9527) WAF. Sediment oil concentrations were quantified using ultra-violet fluorescence. The amphipods exposed to chemically dispersed oil had higher mortality and lower growth rates than control-, Corexit 9527- and WAF-exposed organisms, resulting in reduced reproduction. The described method supplements the standard acute sediment test and would be particularly useful when long-term ecological effects are suspected but acute tests reveal no significant mortality. The sediment chronic test reported herein has shown that sediment that was not evidently toxic during 10-day acute tests could have population-level effects on sediment-dwelling amphipods.  相似文献   

6.
ABSTRACT

The wreck of the MV Rena in October 2011 discharged large quantities of potentially toxic materials in the coastal marine environment of the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand. We evaluated sublethal effects of the water soluble fractions of physically and chemically dispersed heavy fuel oil (HFO) and the water soluble fraction of cryolite on the haematology of subadult or adult snapper (Chrysophrys auratus), spotted wrasse (Notolabrus celidotus) and red rock lobster (Jasus edwardsii). Small but transient effects occurred, the most significant of which were changes in circulating immune cell populations in fish and lobster that recovered by the conclusion of a 96-h exposure period. No post-exposure effects were observed during a 10-day recovery in toxicant-free seawater. Corexit 9500 oil dispersant increased polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) uptake from HFO in fish and lobster by around two-fold and four-fold, respectively, and caused a larger change in immune cell abundance in snapper than exposure to HFO alone. While depuration of PAHs was more rapid in fish than lobster, significantly elevated PAH levels were still evident after 10 days of depuration.  相似文献   

7.
Adaptation to sublethal exposure to crude oil by phytoplankton is poorly understood. Use of chemical dispersants for oil spill remediation increases petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations in water, while exposing marine organisms to potentially toxic concentrations of dispersant. Heat shock proteins (hsps) have been found to serve as an adaptive and protective mechanism against environmental stresses. The objective of this project was to examine the induction of hsps in Isochrysis galbana, a golden-brown algae, following exposure to the water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of Prudhoe Bay crude oil (PBCO) and PBCO chemically dispersed with Corexit 9527® (dispersed oil: DO). Initial experiments using 35S-labeled amino acids and 2-dimensional electrophoresis with subsequent western blotting identified and confirmed hsp60, a member of the chaperonin family of stress proteins, as being efficiently induced by heat shock in this species. One-dimensional SDS PAGE and western blotting, with hsp60 antibodies and chemiluminesence detection, were used to quantitate hsp60 following exposure to a range of environmental temperatures and concentrations of WAF and DO preparations. I. galbana cultured in 22 parts per thousand (‰) salinity showed a statistically significant increase (p<0.05) in hsp60 after exposure to 25, 30, and 35°C for 1 h compared to controls (20°C), while 34‰ cultures showed no significant increase in hsp60 with increasing temperature. Cultures (22 and 34‰) exposed to varying doses of WAF and DO exhibited statistically significant (p<0.05) increases in levels of hsp60 in all cases. A dose-related response was observed in all exposures (r2≥0.90) with the exception of 34‰ WAF. In independent exposures, a dose-related hsp60 response to naphthalene, a relatively abundant water-soluble aromatic hydrocarbon, was observed in both 22 and 34‰ cultures. Results of this study are consistent with previous studies in other species documenting increases in hsp60 levels with exposure to xenobiotics. Further studies are investigating the protective function of hsp60 against the toxic effects of exposure to WAF and DO preparations.  相似文献   

8.
Variations in the natural particle size spectra following the addition of Venezuelan crude oil in seawater (? 6 μl litre?1) were related to the mixing speeds of the emulsion and were independent of the oil concentration. The particle spectrum and feeding behaviour of Meganyctiphanes norvegica and Calanus hyperboreus were both modified. Artificially created oil droplets were suitable in size for ready ingestion by zooplankton. The growth and survival of contaminated Acartia hudsonica were rapidly and significantly reduced. Groups under starvation conditions showed similar decreases to those exposed to oil. During a depuration period, treated copepods exhibited growth rates similar to those of untreated specimens. The input and noxious effects of crude oil are discussed with special reference to particle size distribution and chemosensory feeding behaviour.  相似文献   

9.
原油水溶性成分对斜带髭鲷受精卵及仔鱼的急性毒性效应   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
以2008年8月的北部湾涠洲岛附近发生特大溢油事故为背景,研究涠洲岛原油水溶性成分对斜带髭鲷（Hapalogenys nitens）受精卵孵化及仔鱼的急性毒性效应.受精卵24 h孵化试验中,原油水溶性成分对斜带髭鲷受精卵孵化抑制的半效应浓度EC50（95%置信限）为2.02（1.25～3.25）mg/dm^3,且抑制效应随着浓度的升高而增强;同时,原油水溶性成分对刚孵出的仔鱼具有明显的致畸或致死效应.仔鱼的48 h急性毒性试验中,仔鱼12、24和48 h的半致死浓度LC50（95%置信限）分别为0.91（0.65～1.29）、0.16（0.06～0.50）、0.14（0.05～0.43）mg/dm^3.可见原油水溶性成分对斜带髭鲷受精卵孵化及刚孵出幼体具有明显的急性毒性效应.  相似文献   

10.
Results of depuration studies of mussels collected from chronically polluted sites and those collected after a fuel oil spill tend to confirm laboratory-deduced indications that the rate of depuration decreases as the exposure time increases. Chronically polluted mussels lost their accumulated hydrocarbons with half-lives for depuration that varied between 25 and 45 days whereas, after the oil spill, mussels lost 90 per cent of their accumulated burden within two weeks with a depuration half-life of 3,5 days. These results indicate that information concerning the type of exposure could be obtained from depuration studies of mussels collected during monitoring programmes.  相似文献   

11.
Mussels (Mytilus edulis L.) were exposed to North Sea crude oil, microencapsulated oil and dispersants, singly and in combination, and growth rates measured at 24–48 h intervals.Exposure to microencapsulated pure oil (2·0–2·1 mg litre−1) and to microencapsulated mixtures of oil (2·2−2·5 mg litre-1+5 % of the different dispersants (FINASOL OSR 5, COREXIT 9527, DISPOLENE 36 S) gave approximately the same reduction in growth rate (80–90%) within 170h.Oil chemically dispersed with DISPOLENE 36 S and a pure oil mechanically dispersed in water were significantly less toxic. In high concentrations (2 mg litre−1) all disperants are toxic, DISPOLENE 36 S ssignificantly more than the others.Mussels exposed for 170 h to microencapsulated oil and to microencapsulated oil dispersant mixtures recovered to control growth within 300 h in clean seawater, while in those given pure oil-in-water suspension, the recovery was slower.It is concluded that the toxicity of oil is mainly related to size and concentration of oil particles, while the effect of 5% dispersants added is negligible.  相似文献   

12.
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13.
The aim of the current work was to determine over 10 days the effects of water-borne exposure of the marine amphipod Gammarus locusta to 4 microgCu l(-1) on the metallothionein (MT; measured by differential pulse polarography) protection system and lipid peroxidation (LP: thiobarbituric acid-reactive malondialdehyde equivalents) as a measure of oxidative damage. MT levels in exposed animals increased significantly at day 2 (36% > control; P < 0.001) and remained high at days 6 and 10 (55 and 38%, respectively, P < 0.001). The maximum level of MT at day 6 coincided with the highest Cu body-burden. LP increased within I day of exposure, indicative of Cu as an oxidative stressor. However, in contrast to MT, the highest LP level was seen at day 4 (68% > control, P < 0.001) before returning to control values by day 6, indicating a protective role of MT against the pro-oxidant effects of Cu.  相似文献   

14.
Following the in vivo exposure of dab (Limanda limanda L.) to cadmium chloride, kidney phagocytes were collected and their respiratory burst measured in vitro using chemiluminescence. Fish were exposed to mean measured concentrations of 1.3, 2.7 and 5.5 mg Cd litre−1 (as total cadmium ion) for a total of nine weeks, followed by a three week depuration period in clean sea water. Compared with control fish, the respiratory burst of kidney phagocytes from dab sampled after six weeks was significantly reduced in the 2.7 and 5.5 mg Cd litre−1 treatments (Steel's test, p < 0.05). Significant reductions were observed in the respiratory burst of phagocytes from all cadmium exposed fish compared with control fish after nine weeks (Steel's test, p < 0.05). After a further three week depuration period in clean sea water, the respiratory burst of phagocytes from fish previously exposed to 1.3 and 2.7 mg Cd litre−1 were still significantly less than in the control group (Steel's test, p < 0.05). Muscle tissue cadmium concentrations were also analysed, although there was no clear relationship between the muscle total cadmium levels and kidney phagocyte chemiluminescence. The results are discussed with respect to the possible mechanism(s) of cadmium immunotoxicity in dab and recommendations made for future work.  相似文献   

15.
Laboratory experiments were conducted to measure the rates of accumulation and subsequent depuration of hydrocarbons by black mussels after exposure to various concentrations of water-soluble fractions of crude oil. The initial rate of uptake was related to the concentration in the water, but a maximum level of accumulation was found after long-term exposure. The rate of depuration was closely related to the time of exposure prior to depuration. The depuration profile consists of an initial rapid loss followed by a slower loss of the remaining hydrocarbons. Increased exposure time decreases the relative quantity of hydrocarbons lost in the initial rapid depuration. The results indicate that the use of mussels as petroleum hydrocarbon input "monitors" might have limitations.  相似文献   

16.
The present study investigated the impact of subchronic exposure of the water accommodated fraction (WAF) of light Arabian crude oil, dispersed oil and dispersant on the gills of the juvenile brown spotted grouper (Epinephelus chlorostigma), observing several histopathological lesions at different time points and different concentrations. Significant alterations, compared to the control groups (p < 0.05), in four health categories (circulatory, proliferative, degenerative and inflammatory) were identified. Evaluations of histopathological lesions in gill tissue were carried out following 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 21 days of exposure. The main lesions observed were circulatory (lamellar aneurysms, vasodilatation and hemorrhage), degenerative (edema, lifting of lamellar and filamentary epithelium and epithelium necrosis), proliferative (hypertrophy and hyperplasia of epithelial, mucous and chloride cells, fusion of adjacent lamellae), and inflammatory (lymphocytic infiltration). These results provide a tool for evaluating reclamation initiatives, such as the use of dispersants, and lead to better risk evaluations and environmental health in natural and reclaimed systems.  相似文献   

17.
The accumulation of cadmium from seawater by the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, was studied as a function of metal concentration and exposure time, with special emphasis on cadmium-binding proteins. Cadmium was found, in decreasing order of magnitude, in gills, digestive gland and hemolymph. When exposed to 0·5 ppm cadmium for 2–24h, virtually all of the cadmium in the cytosolic fraction of the gill was associated with a low molecular weight (LMW) cadmium-binding protein (MW 8000). However, after 48h of exposure only 50% of the cadmium in the cytosol was bound to this protein. The rest wasfound to be associated with proteins of a molecular weight of 300 000 and 60 000. This pattern of cadmium distribution did not change over a 12-day depuration period. Similar results were obtained upon exposure to 0·1 ppm cadmium. The pattern of cadmium accumulation in the cytosolic fraction of the digestive gland was in marked contrast to that observed for the gill. Initially, the cadmium was distributed over three low molecular weight fractions. During depuration the distribution of cadmium changed and all of the metal became bound to a low molecular weight protein (MW 9000). The cadmium concentrations in the gill and digestive gland remained essentially constant during depuration (12 days). The LMW cadmium-binding proteins were purified by a combination of gelpermeation and ion-exchange chromatography. Their molecular weight, spectral properties and amino acid composition are characteristic of the vertebrate metallothioneins. During exposure to cadmium the metal rapidly appeared in the hemolymph, mainly associated with hemocyanin. During depuration cadmium was transferred from the hemolymph to the digestive gland, demonstrating that hemocyanin acts as a carrier in trace metal transport.  相似文献   

18.
Cadmium (Cd) accumulation and elimination were investigated in the tissues (gill, intestine, kidney, lever and muscle) of juvenile rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli, after sub-chronic dietary Cd exposure (0, 0.5, 5, 25 and 125 mg/kg). No mortality occurred during the sub-chronic exposure to dietary Cd. Specific growth rates of the rockfish estimated by weight and length were significantly different from those of the control, and a significant inverse relationship was observed between weight gain and the exposure concentration of dietary Cd at 25, 125 mg/kg. Cd accumulation in the tissues increased with exposure periods and concentrations for the 60 days of dietary Cd exposure. Cd accumulation in the intestine of rockfish was higher than other tissues, and the order of Cd accumulation in tissues were intestine>kidney approximately liver>gill>muscle. Accumulation factors showed an increase with the exposure period and an inverse relationship between the accumulation factor and the exposure concentrations in the gill, intestine, liver and muscle, but not in kidney. Cd elimination in tissues of rockfish decreased during the 30 days of depuration except kidney and muscle. Intestine showed the fastest elimination rates of Cd at all concentrations compared with other tissues.  相似文献   

19.
Effects of nanoparticles on aquatic organisms have been little studied to date and toxicological data are urgently needed for development of regulatory frameworks for these substances. Here, we report the findings of a study exposing sticklebacks to cadmium sulfide (CdS) as bulk material and quantum dots. Fish were exposed for 21 d in a flow through test system to 5, 50 or 500 microg l(-1) CdS nanoparticles (nCdS) coated in thiol terminated methyl polyethylene glycol (MPEG), bulk CdS or MPEG at 500 microg l(-1) (nominal concentrations). With the exception of the highest nCdS exposure, measured concentrations were approximately one order of magnitude below nominal. A single fish from each group (excluding MPEG) was examined using energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) to localise cadmium, however, cadmium could not be detected in whole body sections. Elevated levels of oxidized glutathione were measured in the gills of fish exposed to 50 and 500 microg l(-1) nCdS. Induction of vitellogenin synthesis was not detected in any of the treatment groups. The number of males engaged in nest-building behaviour following exposure to 500 microg l(-1) nCdS was reduced and livers of 4/6 fish in the same treatment displayed hepatocellular nuclear pleomorphism. The results are discussed emphasising the fundamental importance of experimental design and the need to understand the behaviour of nanoparticles in the aqueous phase.  相似文献   

20.
Tributyltin (TBT) is toxic to aquatic organisms and occurs widely in sediments and surface waters of American and European rivers and lakes. This study investigated TBT effects on development and population growth rate (r) of the common, hermaphroditic European freshwater snail Physa fontinalis. Egg ropes of similar age (1-3 days old) were exposed to a control (solvent only) and nominal concentrations of 0.01, 1.0 and 10 microg TBT l(-1) in triplicate. Hatching and mortality were recorded during 0-40 days of exposure. At day 40, 18 juveniles were randomly selected from each concentration (i.e., six from each test vessel) and individually exposed to the same concentration of TBT in 50 ml beakers. A cohort of 20 juveniles was allowed to continue developing in the original test vessels, so that individual and grouped results could be compared. Mortality and reproduction were recorded at 48-h intervals throughout the study period (110 days). Abnormal embryonic development was observed at 1 and 10 microg TBT l(-1). Although 50% of eggs hatched at 10 microg TBT l(-1), all these hatchlings failed to survive. Survivorship of hatchlings was significantly reduced by TBT at 1 microgl(-1). In general, there was a delay in egg production in isolated snails when compared with the grouped snails. Survival, fecundity and population growth rate (r) were reduced in both individual and grouped P. fontinalis at 1.0 microg TBT l(-1). Only a decline in r was observed in snails exposed individually to 0.01 microg TBT l(-1).  相似文献   

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