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1.
The phase equilibrium and growth of mixed (Ba,Pb)(NO3)2 crystals in aqueous solutions were investigated. The microcrystallization method was adapted to systems with isomorphic components, where crystal composition deviates from the thermodynamic equilibrium even at a low supercooling. The solid phase is characterized by continuous miscibility of the components within the analyzed ranges of temperature and solution composition. The diagram is characterized by substantial nonlinearity of the solubility isotherms and nonuniformity of the solid isocomposite location. Quasiequilibrium paths change their slope depending on solution enrichment in Ba(NO3)2 and depletion in Pb(NO3)2. The area of curvature of quasiequilibrium paths is coordinated with the area of the changing isotherm slope, i.e., the area of “remarkable” points, where the behavior of the system changes drastically. Examples of theoretical zoning of a crystal approximated to a sphere were calculated for paths at a temperature decreasing from 50 to 15°C. The content of the Ba component decreases toward the periphery with the consecutive overgrowing of zones. Each zone corresponds to one gram of (Ba,Pb)(NO3)2. Crystals grown from different initial solutions consist of different numbers of zones owing to the nonlinearity of solubility isotherms. Specific features of mixed crystal formation should be taken into account in genetic interpretation of natural minerals of mixed composition.  相似文献   

2.
A new diagram for the representation of stress states is proposed and compared with Nadai's stress diagram. The diagram is a graph whose axes are labelled as the differences of the principal stresses (σ2-σ3 as ordinate axis, σ1-σ2 as the abscissa; where σ1 > σ2 > σ3 are the principal stresses). The design of the plot has been deliberately modelled on that of the ‘log Flinn’ diagram which is used to represent finite strain ellipsoids. The position of the plotted stress state on this diagram depends on the nature of the deviatoric (non-hydrostatic) component of the stress tensor. The distance of the plotted stress from the origin corresponds broadly to the departure of the stress from a hydrostatic state and the parameter R, defined as the gradient of the line joining the plotted state to the origin, expresses the type of symmetry possessed by the stress tensor.It is explained how the diagram can be used to represent calculated palaeostresses and, in particular, how the parameter R can be found directly from some existing methods of stress analysis currently in use.Besides its proposed function to represent the results of such analyses it is felt that the use of the diagram may make clear the essential elements of the definitions of well-known terms used to describe particular stress states (e.g. plane stress, triaxial stress, axial compression, etc.).  相似文献   

3.
Al_2O_3和Ti在风化和热液蚀变等地球化学过程中通常被认为是不活动元素,两者的比值Al_2O_3/Ti常被用来指示地球化学作用过程。通过对中国157件火成岩样品元素含量平均值的统计发现,火成岩样品中Al_2O_3/Ti与SiO_2含量值之间存在着较好的幂函数关系:ln(Al_2O_3/Ti)=0.073×SiO_2-0.89,式中Al_2O_3和SiO_2和Ti含量单位均为%。本文基于得到的经验方程和TAS图解构建了一个新的判别岩石类型的图解——Al_2O_3-Ti图解。该图解可以区分酸性岩、中酸性岩、中性岩、中基性岩-基性岩四类岩性。通过对三个火成岩风化剖面的研究发现,花岗岩风化剖面从新鲜基岩到风化形成的土壤在Al_2O_3-Ti图解中均落在酸性岩区,花岗闪长岩风化剖面从新鲜基岩到风化形成的土壤样品均落在中酸性岩区,玄武质安山岩风化剖面从新鲜基岩到风化形成的土壤样品均落在中基性岩-基性岩区。不同风化程度的风化产物与其母岩在Al_2O_3-Ti图解中所在的区域一致,即Al_2O_3-Ti图解可以用来追溯火成岩风化产物的母岩岩性。通过对胶东焦家金矿和豫西牛头沟金矿两个矿区岩石的研究发现,黑云母花岗岩从新鲜岩石到其蚀变岩及其形成矿石的样品在Al_2O_3-Ti图解中均落在酸性岩区。玄武质安山岩从新鲜岩石到其蚀变岩及其形成矿石的样品在Al_2O_3-Ti图解中均落在中基性岩-基性岩区。即不同蚀变程度的蚀变产物与其原岩在Al_2O_3-Ti图解中所在的区域一致,这表明新构建的Al_2O_3-Ti图解可以用来示踪蚀变岩的原岩性质。  相似文献   

4.
Mechanical disintegration by crystal growth of salts in pores is generally considered as an important mechanism of rock breakdown both on Earth and on Mars. Crystal growth is also a major cause of damage in porous building materials. Sodium sulfate is the most widely used salt in accelerated weathering tests of natural rocks and building materials. This paper provides an updated phase diagram of the Na2SO4-H2O system based on a careful review of the available thermodynamic data of aqueous sodium sulfate and the crystalline phases. The phase diagram includes both the stable phases thenardite, Na2SO4(V), and mirabilite, Na2SO4·10H2O, and, the metastable phases Na2SO4(III) and Na2SO4·7H2O. The phase diagram is used to discuss the crystallization pathways and the crystallization pressures generated by these solids in common laboratory weathering experiments and under field conditions. New crystallization experiments carried out at different temperatures are presented. A dilatometric technique is used to study the mechanical response of sandstone samples in typical wetting-drying experiments as in the standard salt crystallization test. Additional experiments with continuous immersion and evaporation were carried out with the same type of sandstone. Both, the theoretical treatment and the results of the crystallization experiments confirm that the crystallization of mirabilite from highly supersaturated solutions is the most important cause of damage of sodium sulfate in porous materials.  相似文献   

5.
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6.
The new, greatly expanded internally-consistent dataset of Holland and Powell includes thermodynamic data for a wide range of mineral end-members in common rock-forming minerals, in particular, including FeMg-1 substitutions in glaucophane, garnet, chloritoid and carpholite, and FeMg-1 and MgSiAl-1Al-1 substitutions in talc and chlorite. Moreover, we have the uncertainties and correlations for these data. With the data, we have calculated the full pressure-temperature phase diagram for the system Na2O–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O (NFMASH) for quartz (or coesite) and H2O in excess, in the range 300°–800°C and 5–50 kbars. By solving the set of non-linear equations formed by the equilibrium relationships for an independent set of equations between the end-members in an assemblage in NFMASH, the compositions of the minerals (and PT) can be calculated. Thus the changes in MgSiAl-1Al-1 along NMASH reactions, and FeSiAl-1Al-1 along NFASH reactions, are calculated, and the changes in FeMg-1 and MgSiAl-1Al-1 along NFMASH reactions are calculated. From this information it is straightforward to generate PT diagrams for specific rock compositions. Mineral assemblages and mineral compositional changes in the phase diagram are discussed in relation to greenschist, blueschist and eclogite facies assemblages in metapelitic rocks. It is found that the correspondence between the predictions of the phase diagrams and the observations on rocks is remarkably good. When semiquantitative extensions of the phase diagram to include Ca(MgFe)-1, NaSiCa-1Al-1, Fe3+Al-1 and KNa-1 substitutions are taken into account the agreement is essentially complete.  相似文献   

7.
Diagrams giving plagioclase and sanidine fractionation paths and liquid fractionation lines under conditions of ideal water-buffered fractional crystallization in the ternary feldspar system were constructed graphically using topological reasoning, and experimental data and calculated phase relationships from the literature. The liquidus lines and solidus or solvus paths are unique at constant P and a H 2O. The composition of a liquid evolves with time and moves along a fractionation line by removal of successive crystal fractions, whereas the compositions of each of the crystal fractions lie on and define a solidus or solvus path. Most but not all such water-buffered lines and paths differ only slightly from those in which water is free to build up during crystallization and a H 2O to increase, as in many rocks. Liquid compositions lying along liquidus fractionation lines are not normally preserved, unless erupted as aphyric lavas. The solidus or solvus paths may be preserved either as overgrowth zones in crystals (zoning paths) or as a series of crystal fractions in layered intrusions. The topologies of the lines and paths depend mainly on the nature of the two-feldspar boundary line separating the plagioclase and sanidine fields which is a function of P H 2O or a H 2O at constant P; increases in either progressively lower the liquidi and solidi and cause larger intersections of the solidi with the solvus. One-feldspar solidus paths at high P and a H 2O are simple, whereas they are complex and may bend back on themselves at low P H 2O or low a H 2O at high P. Two-feldspar paths may be simultaneous (cotectic) or sequential (peritectic). The former are simple and do not meet at high P and a H 2O, the critical solution line lying in the gap; they are complex and may bend back or overlap at low P H 2O or low a H 2O at high P, the position of the critical solution line being hard to determine. Liquids which have simultaneously fractionated two feldspars may fractionate only one towards the end, crystallization changing from subsolvus to hypersolvus. Sequential paths may involve overgrowth of an early feldspar by a later one, usually sanidine overgrowths on plagioclase, but plagioclase overgrowths on sanidine occur. These complexities explain in part the difficulties of unravelling the textural and compositional relationships of ternary feldspars in water-poor felsic igneous rocks (even in the absence of alteration or complex magma dynamics) and of trying to deduce phase relationships from natural occurrences of feldspars.C.R.P.G. contribution number 948  相似文献   

8.
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9.
The phase diagrams of the systems Cu2S-PbS-Bi2S3 and Ag2S-PbS-Bi2S3 have been investigated in the present study. The paper is concerned with the complete solid solution between bismuthtite and aikinite above 300°C in the system Cu2S-PbS-Bi2S3. The synthetic phases CuBi3S5 and Cu3Bi5S9 have their solid solution ranges in the ternary system with 9 and 26 mole% PbS at maximum, respectively. A complete solid solution between PbS and AgBiS2 divides the phase diagram of the system Ag2S-PbS-Bi2S3 into two parts: Bi-rich and Ag-rich. All sulfosalt minerals and solid solutions, including pavonite ss, lillianite ss, heyovskyite and benjaminite are on the Bi-rich side. And divarant relations were found between pavonite ss -lillianite ss, benjaminite and bismuthtite as well as between lillianite ss -bismuthtite and galenobismutite. Synthetic experiments using LiCl-KCl flux technique show that when a minor amount of copper (less lwt.%) is added in, many of Ag-and Pb-bismuth sulfosalt minerals, for example, vikingite (Ag5Pb8Bi13S30), are synthesized successively, particularly at 400°C. So is heyrovskyite, which has a solid solution range with 3.7 mole% Cu2S at maximum in the system Cu2S-PbS-Bi2S3.  相似文献   

10.
Different parameters were investigated to evaluate their effect on the process removal efficiency of reactive dye from simulated spent reactive dye bath, by solar / TiO2 / H2O2, including H2O2 concentration, TiO2 loading and pH. As a result 99% of reactive dye can be removed at a TiO2 loading of 400mg/l, H2O2 concentration of 150 mg/l and of pH: 5.2. The effect of photo-catalytic deactivation of TiO2 on reactive dye removal was studied for ten number of cycles, and found that the extent of deactivation was high for each consecutive repeated use.  相似文献   

11.
The low-temperature heat capacity (C p) of Si-wadeite (K2Si4O9) synthesized with a piston cylinder device was measured over the range of 5–303 K using the heat capacity option of a physical properties measurement system. The entropy of Si-wadeite at standard temperature and pressure calculated from the measured heat capacity data is 253.8 ± 0.6 J mol−1 K−1, which is considerably larger than some of the previous estimated values. The calculated phase transition boundaries in the system K2O–Al2O3–SiO2 are generally consistent with previous experimental results. Together with our calculated phase boundaries, seven multi-anvil experiments at 1,400 K and 6.0–7.7 GPa suggest that no equilibrium stability field of kalsilite + coesite intervenes between the stability field of sanidine and that of coesite + kyanite + Si-wadeite, in contrast to previous predictions. First-order approximations were undertaken to calculate the phase diagram in the system K2Si4O9 at lower pressure and temperature. Large discrepancies were shown between the calculated diagram compared with previously published versions, suggesting that further experimental or/and calorimetric work is needed to better constrain the low-pressure phase relations of the K2Si4O9 polymorphs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.  相似文献   

12.
A consistent arrangement of solidus curves for reactions involving white mica, alkali feldspar, Al2SiO5, quartz and H2O, as expressed by the components KAlO2-NaAlO2-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O, provides a generally accurate and useful model for the origin of migmatites and peraluminous granites through partial melting of pelitic rocks. The complexities of the univariant (Na-K) reactions may be easily seen on the projection from SiO2 and H2O onto the Ab-Or-Al2O3 plane. Alternative topologies for the appearance of muscovite, paragonite and Al2SiO5 on the quartz and H2O-saturated liquidus may be eliminated by a consideration of possible compositions of liquid and solid phases and Schreinemakers' analysis around (Na-K) invariant points. Paragonite is not likely to be an important phase on the liquidus for most melting paths. Melting paths for natural assemblages may be easily constructed appropriate to P-T-aH2O paths in the model system. Such paths are consistent with observed textures in natural assemblages. Although general models can be developed for decreased aH2O, it is difficult to separate such effects from those involving participation of a calcic component without careful examination of natural assemblages and experimental calibration of appropriate reactions.  相似文献   

13.
In situ data on the daily dynamics of pH, [O2], and Eh values at five water layer depths were obtained. Some regularities have been established: All these parameters are characterized by significant diurnal fluctuations and their daily cyclic recurrence; the diurnal cycles of pH and [O2] nearly coincide (they show close extreme points on the time scale); the Eh cycles are less distinct and antisymbatic to the pH and [O2] cycles, but typical Eh extremes sometimes lag by 2–3 h. These data were analyzed using the principle of equilibrium locality and partiality. The main flows of O2 and CO2 in the system have been revealed with regard to the water layer–atmosphere gas exchange, absorption of CO2 by phytoplankton in the photic layer, breathing of phyto- and zooplankton, birth and die-off of biota, settling of mortomass, and redistribution of detailed components within the water layer as well as between it and the bottom sediments. On the basis of the results obtained, the known technique for estimating the content of primary photosynthesis products (Bruevich's method) was corrected. The used generalized algorithm of chemical thermodynamic analysis of the substance state in aqueous systems can be applied to waters of different classes as well as any surficial waters if Eh, pH, and [O2] are taken into account.  相似文献   

14.
A new graphical technique has been developed which permits the composition and volumetric properties of mixed CO2-H2O inclusions to be determined using microthermometric measurements. If the values of only two of the four variables
1.  density of the CO2 phase derived from the temperature and mode of partial homogenization,
2.  temperature and mode of total homogenization,
3.  volume fraction of the CO2 phase at 40°C, and
4.  molar fraction of CO2
of a mixed CO2-H2O inclusion are known, the values of the other two variables can be taken from a diagram depicting the relationships between all four variables. The diagram can be used to derive the volume fraction of the CO2 phase from measurements of the partial and total homogenization temperature. It can also be employed in the opposite sense for determining the theoretical homogenization temperature of an inclusion which decrepitates before reaching total homogenization, provided a good visual phase volume estimate is available. The graphical technique can also be applied to mixed CO2-H2O inclusions which contain 6 wt% NaCl.  相似文献   

15.
Raman spectra of γ-Mg2SiO4 taken to 200 kbar were used to calculate entropy and heat capacity at various P-T conditions. These new thermodynamic data on γ-MgSiO4, similar data on MgSiO3 perovskite (pv), previous data on β-MgSiO4 and MgO (mw), and previous volumetric data of all phases were used to calculate the phase boundaries in the Mg2SiO4 phase diagram. Our resulting slope for the β→γ transition (50±4 bar K-1) is in excellent agreement with recent multi-anvil studies. The slopes for the β→pv+MgO and γ→pv+MgO are-7±3 and -25±4 bar K-1, respectively, and are consistent with our CO2 laser heated diamond anvil studies. These slopes result in a β-γ-MgO+pv triple point at approximately 229 kbar and 2260 K for the iron free system.  相似文献   

16.
对伊春地区南部中寒武世细中粒二长花岗岩进行LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年,岩石年龄为(504.1±5.4)Ma,是中寒武世岩浆活动的产物。岩石地球化学特征显示该岩石具富碱、富钾的特征,高K2O/Na2O,低TFeO,属钾玄至高钾钙碱性系列。岩石总体上相对富集大离子亲石元素,亏损高场强元素,A/CNK＞1.1,为强过铝质,显示出S型花岗岩的特征。R1-R2图解上大部分样品集中在同碰撞区和造山晚期花岗岩区;Rb-Hf-Ta图解上样品落在同碰撞-碰撞后构造花岗岩区;在Nb-Y图解上样品落在火山弧-同碰撞花岗岩区;在Rb-(Y+Nb)图解上,样品落在同碰撞花岗岩区。该地区中寒武世细中粒二长花岗岩揭示了岩石形成于板块碰撞作用,表明伊春地区在中寒武世存在碰撞造山事件。在该时期佳木斯与松嫩—张广才岭板块已经拼合,并形成具有壳源特征的同碰撞花岗岩。  相似文献   

17.
Published phase diagrams for the siliceous carbonate system CaO–MgO–SiO2–CO2–H2O are contradictory because of different estimates of the relative stability of magnesite. Experimental data on magnesite are too ambiguous to determine the validity of these estimates. Therefore, field evidence is used to select the correct phase diagram topology for siliceous carbonate and carbonate ultramafic rocks at pressures of about 2–5 kbar. The primary selection criterion is provided by the existence of the stable assemblage talc+dolomite+forsterite+tremolite+antigorite, which occurs in the Bergell contact aureole and Swiss Central Alps. Field evidence also is used to argue that the reaction magnesite+quartz=enstatite must occur at lower temperature than the reaction dolomite+quartz=diopside. T-X CO 2 and P CO 2-T phase diagrams consistent with these observations are calculated from experimental and thermo-dynamic data. For antigorite ophicarbonate rocks, remarkable agreement is obtained between the spatial distribution of low variance mineral assemblages and the calculated diagrams.  相似文献   

18.
Melts in the mantle modeled in the system CaO-MgO-SiO2-CO2 at 2.7 GPa   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
The effect of CO2 on mantle peridotites is modeled by experimental data for the system CaO-MgO-SiO2-CO2 at 2.7 GPa. The experiments provide isotherms for the vapor-saturated liquidus surface, bracket piercing points for field boundaries on the surface, and define the positions and compositions of isobaric invariant liquids on the boundaries (eutectics and peritectics). CO2-saturated carbonatitic liquids (>80% carbonate) exist through approximately 200 °C above the solidus, with a transition to silicate liquids (>80% silicate) within ∼75 °C across a plateau on the liquidus. Carbonate-rich magmas cannot cross the silicate-carbonate liquidus field boundary, so the carbonate liquidus field is therefore a forbidden volume for liquid magmas. This confirms the fact that rounded, pure carbonates in mantle xenoliths cannot represent original liquids. A P-T diagram is constructed for the carbonation and melting reactions for mineral assemblages corresponding to lherzolite, harzburgite, websterite and wehrlite, with carbonate, CO2 vapor (V), or both. The changing compositions of liquids in solidus reactions on the P-T diagram are illustrated by the changing compositions of eutectic and peritectic liquids on the liquidus surface. At an invariant point Q (∼2.8 GPa/1230 °C), all peridotite assemblages coexist with a calcite-dolomite solid solution (75 ± 5% CaCO3) and a dolomitic carbonatite melt [57% CaCO3 (CC), 33% MgCO3 (MC), 10% CaMgSi2O6 (Di)], with 63% CC in the carbonate component. At higher pressures, dolomite-lherzolite, dolomite-harzburgite-V, and dolomite-websterite-V melt to yield similar liquids. Magnesian calcite-wehrlite is the only peridotite melting to carbonatitic liquids (more calcic) at pressures below Q (∼70 km). Dolomitic carbonatite magma rising through mantle to the near-isobaric solidus ledge near Q will begin to crystallize, releasing CO2 (enhancing crack propagation), and metasomatizing lherzolite toward wehrlite. Received: 20 March 1998 / Accepted: 7 July 1999  相似文献   

19.
Based on the available experimental data on phase equilibria in the FeO -MgO -SiO2 system the mixing properties of the solid solutions (olivine, β- and γ-spinel, pyroxene, majorite, ilmenite and perovskite and magnesiowustite), the enthalpies of FeO and fictive FeSiO3 phases with ilmenite and majorite structures have been assessed. The entropies, temperature dependance of heat capacities for fictive FeSiO3 end-members were estimated from structural analogies. The calculated phase diagrams for Mg2SiO4-Fe2SiO4 and MgSiO3 — FeSiO3 systems at pressures up to 30 GPa and temperatures between 1000 and 2100 K are quite consistent with the available experimental determinations except for the fine features of the phase diagram at 2073 K.  相似文献   

20.
Calculated phase equilibria among the minerals sodic amphibole, calcic amphibole, garnet, chloritoid, talc, chlorite, paragonite, margarite, omphacite, plagioclase, carpholite, zoisite/clinozoisite, lawsonite, pyrophyllite, kyanite, sillimanite, quartz and H2O are presented for the model system Na2O-CaO-FeO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O (NCFMASH), which is relevant for many greenschist, blueschist, amphibolite and eclogite facies rocks. Using the activity-composition relationships for multicomponent amphiboles constrained by Will and Powell (1992), equilibria containing coexisting calcic and sodic amphiboles could be determined. The blueschist–greenschist transition reaction in the NCFMASH system, for example, is defined by the univariant reaction sodic amphibole + zoisite = calcic amphibole + chlorite + paragonite + plagioclase (+ quartz + H2O) occurring between approximately 420 and 450 °C at 9.5 to 10 kbar. The calculated petrogenetic grid is a valuable tool for reconstructing the PT-evolution of metabasic rocks. This is shown for rocks from the island of Samos, Greece. On the basis of mineral and whole rock analyses, PT-pseudosections were calculated and, together with the observed mineral assemblages and reaction textures, are used to reconstruct PT-paths. For rocks from northern Samos, pseudomorphs after lawsonite preserved in garnet, the assemblage sodic amphibole-garnet-paragonite-chlorite-zoisite-quartz and the retrograde appearance of albitic plagioclase and the formation of calcic amphibole around sodic amphibole constrain a clockwise PT-path that reaches its thermal maximum at some 520 °C and 19 kbar. The derived PT-trajectory indicates cooling during exhumation of the rocks and is similar to paths for rocks from the western part of the Attic-Cycladic crystalline complex. Rocks from eastern Samos indicate lower pressures and are probably related to high-pressure rocks from the Menderes Massif in western Turkey. Received: 8 July 1997 / Accepted: 11 February 1998  相似文献   

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