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1.
泥石流灾害合理的雨量预警阈值不仅与历史泥石流灾害发生时的降雨量有关,且与研究区域的气候、地形地貌、地质、植被等密切相关。论文采用雨场分割法和GIS技术研究了影响泥石流启动的降雨和地质背景两大因素,在对北京市泥石流灾害易发分区的基础上,结合北京地区已发生的82起泥石流的易发性分区和雨量值,提出了不同泥石流易发等级条件下的雨量预警阈值。研究成果已经在2015年7月17日北京房山区西区沟泥石流预警中成功应用,为泥石流区域预警预报提供了一种新的思路。 相似文献
2.
In August 2010, extreme rainfall affected the north of the Czech Republic and caused regional floods and landslides. Three torrential debris flows originated in the Jizerské hory Mts., close to Bílý Potok on the north slope of the Smědavská hora Mt. The rainfall situation which triggered the debris flow was analyzed and compared with the rainfall situation in 1958 when a debris flow occurred in the same area. The rainfall data were obtained from rain gauges of the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute. Four rain gauges were chosen close to the Smědavská hora Mt. with data of daily amounts from 1983 to 2013 and 10-min intensity or hourly amounts from the specific period. The data from 1958 were available from three different rain gauges (only daily amounts). The data series were not complete so linear regression was applied to interpolate them. A number of analyses were carried out including daily rainfall, 2-day/3-day moving values, antecedent precipitation index (API) of 5/10/30 days, 10-min intensity, and hourly amounts, and the trigger factor of the debris flow in the study area was also investigated. It was determined that for the triggering of debris flows, both high API values as well as high-intensity short-duration rainfall is needed. It was documented that in cases of solely high API indices or high-intensity short-duration rainfalls, no debris flows were initiated. 相似文献
3.
This article is intended to explain the snow avalanche occurrence, as a natural phenomenon directly influenced by the local natural conditions, for the well-delimited area represented by the Piatra Mica massif, belonging to the Piatra Craiului mountain range (southern Carpathians). In this respect, depending on the factors that may trigger or encourage the avalanches, some vulnerable areas with avalanche occurring conditions have been identified, based on the analysis of the relationships among the factors controlling the avalanche vulnerability in the study area. These factors are mainly represented by the slope aspect, which induces from the very beginning some specific features for each type of slope (north-, east-, south and west-facing slopes), the geological structure, slope gradient and topography. At the same time, the general climatic and biological features have been taken into account, from the point of view of their importance for avalanche occurrence and distribution. Depending on the microrelief exhibited by the avalanche chutes, one can establish distinct dynamical features for each of the four major slopes of the massif. It is worth mentioning that for this study area, this is the first paper dealing with avalanche phenomenon, vulnerable space, control factors and landscape dynamics. In accomplishing this demarche, we used detailed mappings in the field in several stages, the processing of satellite images, analytical (declivities, the exposure of slopes, etc.) and synthetic maps from which the dynamic of sectors with avalanches resulted. The findings of this investigation may further be employed for solving the problems raised by avalanche-prone areas, as well as for devising a better strategy for the effective management of the mountain realm. 相似文献
4.
山区地质灾害不仅破坏山区环境,损毁耕地、房屋及公共设施,还威胁人民的生命和财产安全,制约山区经济发展.为减轻地质灾害的发生和降低人类生命财产的损失和环境的破坏,提高马边县地质灾害区的防灾减灾能力,通过野外调查、数据统计和GIS空间分析等方法,运用定性和定量结合法研究了马边县地质灾害时空分布与地形地貌、地质构造、降雨条件等3大类和海拔、坡向、坡度、坡型、岩性、断裂、降雨和人为活动8小类因素的关系.结果表明：1）马边县地质灾害以滑坡灾害为主,崩塌次之,泥石流最少,在时间上和空间上分布具有不均匀性;2）地形地貌因子敏感区间为海拔700～900 m之间,坡向为东和东南向,坡度为20～25°之间,坡型为凸型坡为主;3）地质构造因子敏感区间是岩性以泥岩为主,构造带以距离断层中心线小于1 km范围为主;4）降雨量的敏感区间在低山区为1 100～1 300 mm之间,中高山区为1 300～1 500 mm之间;5）人为活动因素已不可忽视． 相似文献
5.
泥石流是我国山区常见的地质灾害,为了定量研究泥石流灾害致灾因子的敏感性并确定各个致灾因子的权重大小,本文通过野外调查、数理统计法和层次分析法对龙溪河流域泥石流灾害的主要致灾因子进行定性规律分析和定量权重计算。结果表明:（1）泥石流灾害的发生与致灾因子的敏感性区间主要定性表现为:流域面积小于1 km2以内、高差在200~400 m范围内、距断层距离为0~2 km、山坡坡度30°~50°、岩性为砂岩、纵比降在400‰~600‰等,其泥石流发生与致灾因子具有相关性,且相关性较好;（2）选取了泥石流灾害致灾因子中的历史因子、地形因子、地质因子和降雨因子等4个一级因子以及流域面积、高程、相对高差、纵坡比、地层岩性等14个二级因子建立层次分析模型和计算判断矩阵,定量计算权重值得出降雨,流域面积,地层岩性,纵比降等四个因子对泥石流发生的敏感性最强。这一结论具有普遍性,可对该区域泥石流的易发性,危险性,风险性评价提供一定的数据参考意义。 相似文献
6.
Ivo Baro�� Tom��? ?eh��nek Ji?�� Vo?mik V��t��zslav Musel Lucie Kondrov�� 《Landslides》2011,8(3):355-361
A large deep-seated landslide, triggered by a heavy rainfall, activated early in the morning on May 19, 2010 along the SW
slope of Gírová Mt., NE Czech Republic. The landslide occurred within a zone of pre-existing deep-seated gravitational deformation,
and it was accompanied with pronounced ground liquefying in the central and lower portion of the sliding mass. The precipitation
that triggered the landslide was about 244.6 mm that fell between May 15th and 18th with an average of 61 mm/day. No properties
or lives were lost. However, the landslide provided a good case study on triggering factors and process of liquefaction at
mountain slopes in the E Czech Republic and adjacent areas. 相似文献
7.
通过对柴北缘地区的野外地质调查及室内实验分析,根据地质剖面中发育的岩石组合类型、沉积构造等特征,对研究区早奥陶世台地斜坡盆地相沉积体系进行了详细研究。认为研究区早古生代持续的海平面上升、柴北缘洋陆俯冲及陆弧碰撞是控制该时期盆山格局及沉积充填演化的重要因素。柴北缘早奥陶世台地边缘颗粒滩相发育在多泉山组中下部,岩性以生物碎屑灰岩、鲕粒灰岩以及泥晶灰岩为特征。而研究区斜坡相深水物质主要是由重力流搬运的碳酸盐岩再沉积物组成,共识别出包括细粒沉降微晶泥、滑塌角砾岩、颗粒流、瘤状灰岩、碎屑流以及浊积岩等不同类型的斜坡异地沉积物。研究区盆地相处于碳酸盐岩沉积体系岛弧碎屑岩沉积体系两大沉积体系的转换位置。受到柴北缘洋陆俯冲及陆弧碰撞等影响,隆升的陆壳基底及大陆岛弧物质向盆地提供大量碎屑物质,因此在靠近岛弧边缘地区发育了砂质碎屑流、浊流等重力流沉积体系下的弧后盆地沉积产物。 相似文献
8.
9.
秦巴山区宁陕县城坡面型泥石流的形成机理 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
近年来,在异常强降雨下,秦巴地区大型滑坡、泥石流灾害频繁发生,尤其是高陡斜坡上罕见的坡面型泥石流不仅突发性强,而且成灾面积大,造成的经济损失十分惨重。本文以2003年8月29日发生于秦岭造山带腹地宁陕县城区的坡面型泥石流为例,通过野外地质调查和室内试验测试,分析了暴雨作用下宁陕城区高陡斜坡带坡面型泥石流的发育特征及其形成机理。作者认为,除了持续集中的特大暴雨和斜坡陡峻等因素外,斜坡表层残坡积物的物质组成尤其是残坡积土的粘粒含量和粘土矿物成分是坡面型泥石流大面积同时发生的重要控制性因素。通过不同含水状态下的粘性土抗剪强度试验结果统计分析,剖析了暴雨坡面型泥石流的形成过程,探讨了斜坡浅表层残坡积物快速流动变形的临界状态,从而为地质灾害预测预警提供了科学依据。 相似文献
10.
甘肃省是我国泥石流地质灾害最为严重的4大省份之一。据统计,全省发育有泥石流沟6 260条,这些泥石流沟大部分集中在东部地区,河西地区较少。泥石流强烈发育的陇南、甘南山区,地势高差多在1 000m以上,山坡坡度≥30°。区内地质构造复杂,地震活动频繁,广泛分布黄土、泥岩、千枚岩、页岩等软弱易滑岩土体,为泥石流发育提供了必要的地形条件和岩土条件,降雨和地震及人类活动是诱发因素。长期以来,频繁发生的泥石流地质灾害已给甘肃人民的生命财产和工农业生产建设带来了严重威胁和危害,造成约3 715人死亡,直接经济损失几十亿。其中,2010年8月8日,舟曲发生的特大泥石流地质灾害震惊世界,泥石流地质灾害已严重困扰和和制约着甘肃省的国民经济发展和广大人民群众的正常生活。因此,应通过科学规划人类活动,采取必要的工程措施制约泥石流地质灾害的发生,减轻泥石流地质灾害造成的损失。 相似文献
11.
江源县位于吉林省东南部,处于长白山西麓,行政管辖隶属于吉林省白山市,具有丰富的矿产和旅游资源。近年来,由于经济的发展和人类工程活动的增强,加剧了区内地质灾害的形成,地质灾害对当地的经济发展和人民生命财产安全造成损失和潜在威胁。本文对该县的地质环境作了详尽的阐述,在此基础上对研究区内的泥石流、滑坡、地面塌陷、不稳定斜坡等地质灾害的发育特征和形成条件作了全面的分析研究,总结出它们的发展规律,同时对该县进行了地质灾害经济损失现状评估和预测评估,最后结合当地经济条件与地质灾害现状,给出了较为切实可行的地质灾害防治对策。 相似文献
12.
甘肃天水市北山地质灾害类型及成因分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文在深入分析天水市北山地质灾害发育现状的基础上,通过野外调查、实验数据和已有成果资料综合分析的方法,系统研究了天水市北山地质灾害的主要类型及成因。通过对研究区地质灾害的形成机制分析和探讨,揭示了该地区地质灾害发育的物质基础、力学性质、自然因素和人为因素,可为进一步治理该区的各类地质灾害提供理论指导,同时对预测研究区未来地质灾害发生、发展具有积极的指导作用和实际意义。研究区突发性地质灾害的类型主要有滑坡、崩塌、不稳定斜坡、地面塌陷和泥石流沟等五种类型,其地质灾害主要分布在北山的阳坡,形成了数条滑坡群沟。滑坡类型以混合式、中层、小型黄土滑坡为主;崩塌类型以人为黄土崩塌为主;不稳定斜坡主要属黄土型,主要位于滑坡或阶地前缘以及人类居住区;地面塌陷主要分布在滑坡体上;泥石流沟灾害,按物质组成属于泥流沟,按流域形态属于山坡型,按流体性质属于稀性,按水动力条件属于暴雨型。 相似文献
13.
川藏铁路建设面临脆弱地质环境的约束,沿线重大地质灾害的孕灾过程及成灾机理研究能为有效防灾提供技术支撑.基于详细的现场调查,揭示川藏铁路廊道泸定段发育3处大型滑坡及4条泥石流沟.区内大型滑坡的孕灾因素主要有以下3点: (1)康滇古隆起多期强烈东西向挤压,致使近南北向长大结构面发育且与河谷岸坡大致平行; (2)河谷走向与最大主应力方向垂直,谷坡岩体强烈卸荷; (3)鲜水河断裂活动产生震动作用,在三面临空的突出地形、坡折微地貌处地震波放大效应叠加背坡效应,导致地震波被放大3至6倍,使得顺坡向陡缓结构面控制的高位岩体发生大规模失稳,从而导致大型滑坡发生.区内构造破碎,且受强震震裂作用影响,支沟沟谷物源丰富,沟域形态利于汇水及物源启动,受汛期7~9月集中降雨影响,易激发群发性泥石流.泥石流活动影响施工营地安全,边坡地震动放大效应影响桥位区仰坡岩体稳定性. 相似文献
14.
福建南安市地质灾害特征及防治对策 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
黄毓明 《中国地质灾害与防治学报》2004,15(2):122-124,121
根据福建省南安市地质灾害调查和区划工作成果，总结该区地质灾害类型主要有滑坡、崩塌和泥石流，尤以滑坡和崩塌的危害性最大。全市共发现地质灾害140处，其中滑坡72处(含土质滑坡67处)，崩塌65处(土质崩塌55处)，泥石流3处。南安市地质灾害具有分布广、规模小、突发性强、危害性大等特点，其控制因素：包括地形地貌、岩土体性质、降雨和人类工程活动等。南安市属于低山丘陵地貌，其中低山山地占全市面积的50％，丘陵、台地占25％；花岗岩、凝灰岩分布面积广，其残积层厚度较大，约5～17m，岩性为残积砾(砂)质粘性土，是致灾的主要土体。98％的地质灾害与降雨有直接的关系，当过程雨量达到100mm时，滑坡开始产生；过程雨量大于200mm时，滑坡普遍发生。直接与人类工程活动有关的地质灾害共134处，占地质灾害总数的95％，坡脚开挖是引发地质灾害的主要因素，占调查总数的84．4％。论文还提出了地质灾害防治的相应对策。 相似文献
15.
温州山地面积大,地形复杂,暴雨频繁,山区遍布村落民居,人类活动频繁,发生泥石流灾害或出现泥石流隐患的可能性很大。通过对温州目前存在的泥石流隐患进行分析,发现如下特征:一是相对高差小、沟床比降大、流域面积小、流域形态独特、两侧山体坡度大;二是大部分泥石流发育在风化强烈的熔结凝灰岩、玻屑凝灰岩、沉积相凝灰质砂岩、沉凝灰岩和侵入岩中;三是多数泥石流多分布在断裂交汇处,其形态与地质构造、地貌格局相一致,主要呈北东向带状分布;四是温州大部分泥石流属于低易发,但是危害大,具有群发性、低频性、猛烈性等活动特征。本文初步总结了温州泥石流的特征,为泥石流治理提供依据。 相似文献
16.
北京山区地质构造条件复杂,新构造活动频繁,人为活动剧烈,泥石流地质灾害较为发育,对人民的生命财产造成较大的威胁,如何利用泥石流发生前的物理特征进行预警,是北京市突发地质灾害防治的重要研究课题。本文首先介绍了以泥石流沟物源区土体的临界土壤含水率为短临预警的理论依据,然后以北京山区密云、门头沟、房山3个区县25条泥石流沟安装的土壤含水率仪为实例,详细阐述了土壤含水率预警系统建设的关键步骤,包括:监测沟谷的选择、土壤含水率仪的选型、仪器的安装及标定以及野外含水率数据的传输。预警研究成果,为首都地质灾害预警工作提供新的技术方法和手段。 相似文献
17.
北京地区现有泥石流沟856条,分布在北京北部燕山山脉和西部太行山脉一带,受地形地貌、地质条件、降雨条件以及人类活动影响较明显,总体以暴雨沟谷型泥石流为主。密云县前火石岭泥石流沟是燕山山脉一带典型的一条泥石流沟,文章在地质调查和勘查的基础上,从地质条件、地形地貌、降雨条件、人类活动等方面,综合分析前火石岭泥石流沟的形成条件及特征,同时对泥石流沟的发育情况进行深入剖析,按10年一遇暴雨强度的设计标准,在泥石流沟上游、中游、沟口3个断面计算泥石流运动特征参数,得出该泥石流沟为低易发-中等易发稀性水石流,目前处于发展阶段的停歇期,区域高强度集中降水为泥石流灾害的激发因素,泥石流的峰值流量等运动参数沿沟逐渐增大。分析结果对该泥石流沟的治理方案制定具有重要意义,对燕山山脉一带泥石流沟的防治具有借鉴作用。 相似文献
18.
地处青藏高原东北缘的黄河与湟水谷地,由于剧烈的地质活动、较大高差与强烈水力作用等,使得地质灾害非常频繁,为明确该区域的地灾易发性区划,选取地貌、坡度、坡高、植被、岩性、降雨量和距断层、距河流、距道路等因子构建评价指标体系,采用信息量模型计算崩塌、滑坡、泥石流及其综合地质灾害易发性指数,将研究区地质灾害易发性划分为极高、高、中、低、极低五级易发区。结果表明:极高易发区主要位于河谷地区,占2.03%,包括贵德县、湟中县、乐都县的黄河及湟水等河流中下游地区;高易发区主要位于中小起伏山间盆地地区,占21.2%;中易发区主要位于中起伏山地地区,占23.45%,属于高、低易发区的过渡区域;低易发区主要位于大中起伏山地地区,占42.1%;极低易发区主要位于冷龙岭、拉脊山、西倾山等山地,占11.23%。研究结果对河湟谷地的防灾减灾及社会可持续发展意义重大。 相似文献
19.
Rainfall-induced landslide event of May 2010 in the eastern part of the Czech Republic 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
Tom��? P��nek Rudolf Br��zdil Jan Klime? Veronika Smolkov�� Jan Hradecky Pavel Zahradn��?ek 《Landslides》2011,8(4):507-516
More than 150 landslides originated in the eastern part of the Czech Republic (region of the Flysch Outer Western Carpathians—hereinafter,
OWC) due to soil saturation caused by antecedent precipitation and long lasting and intensive rainfalls on 16–18 May 2010
(>300 mm as measured by some stations). As a consequence, a multitude of small failures originated 88% of which was smaller
than 104 m2. Most landslides are characterised as shallow (<10 m) or middle–deep (10–30 m) incipient (rather short travel) landslides,
debris slides and soil slips spatially clustered to a geological domain underlain by rather weak thin-bedded flysch and unconsolidated
Quaternary deposits. An exception to this is represented by a kilometre-long rockslide (∼2–3 mil m3) affecting tectonically weakened and weathered claystone/mudstone-dominated flysch on the southern slope of Mt. Girová (the
Beskydy Mountains). The rockslide is one of the largest long runout landslides in the territory of the Czech Republic activated
over the past few decades as it reaches the dimensions of the largest documented Holocene long runout landslides in the Czech
part of the OWC. A majority of the May 2010 landslide events developed inside older (Holocene or historic) landslide terrains,
which points to their spatial persistency and recurrent nature. In spite of the fact that the May 2010 landslide event was
not as destructive as some previous landslide activisation in the OWC region (e.g. July 1997 event), it left many slope failures
at the initial stage of their potential future reactivation. 相似文献
20.
Probabilistic analysis of landslide potential of an inclined uniform soil layer of infinite length: application 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
An extended probabilistic model that is a modification of the Chen et al. (2007,) model for evaluating the failure probability
of an inclined soil layer with an infinite length was developed in the present paper, and then applied to evaluate the occurrence
probability of landslide-related debris flow in Tungmen gully located in the eastern Taiwan, which occurred a devastating
debris flow in 1990. The statistical properties of hydrogeological parameters were collected and summarized, and then used
to evaluate the landslide-related debris-flow probabilities at various relative water depths for Tungmen gully by using the
probabilistic model. Under the assumption that the soil is saturated, the soil’s cohesion is negligible and the specific gravity
of the solid particles of soils is a constant, a simplified probabilistic critical slope equation for the stability of an
infinite slope of soils was also developed, and used to estimate the occurrence probability of debris flow. The result shows
that probabilistic landslide analysis for an infinite slope could provide a suitable approximation for the risk analysis of
debris flow mobilization at a given gully. 相似文献