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1.
From the point of view of urban consumption behavior, urban fresh water consumption could be classified as three types, namely,
direct, indirect and induced water consumption. A calculation approach of urban fresh water consumption was presented based
on the theory of urban basic material consumption and the input-output method, which was utilized to calculate urban fresh
water consumption of China, and to analyze its structural change and causes. The results show that the total urban fresh water
consumption increased 561.7×109m3, and the proportion to the total national fresh water resources increased by 20 percentage points from 1952 to 2005. The
proportion of direct and induced water consumption had been continuously rising, and it increased by 15 and 35 percentage
points separately from 1952 to 2005, while the proportion of indirect water consumption decreased by 50 percentage points.
Urban indirect water consumption was mainly related to urban grain, beef and mutton consumption, and urban induced water consumption
had a close relationship with the amount of carbon emission per capita. Finally, some countermeasures were put forward to
realize sustainable utilization of urban fresh water resources in China.
Foundation item: Under the auspices of Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40535026) 相似文献
2.
The fundamental principle for differentiating water masses is a strict consideration of their “relative interier homogeneity”
and obvious exterior differences with others in characteristics. The conceptions of water type, water mass and water system
are dealt with on the basis of the theory of fuzzy sets. A proposal to apply the theory of fuzzy sets to define the water
mass and its core, independent area, boundary and mixing area is put forward.
As an example, the membership function of the surface water masses in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea in August, 1979, are
considered. Their cores, independent areas, boundaries, mixing areas and the approximation degrees between different water
masses are calculated respectively. The water masses are ranged according to their fuzzy degrees.
This paper was published inOceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 1986,17(2): 102–110.
This study was financially supported by National Natural Sciences Foundation of China. 相似文献
3.
基于FLUS-UGB的县域土地利用模拟及城镇开发边界划定研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
当前城镇开发边界的制定与已有基本农田和生态保护红线存在较大的龃龉,在新的国土空间规划体系下,需要科学划定县域合理的城镇开发边界以实现国土空间的可持续开发利用。对此,本文提出了基于三线协调和FLUS-UGB的城镇增长边界划定方法,以江苏省丰县为研究案例,在对其2011—2017年土地利用进行模拟和验证的基础上预测了至2035年的多情景土地利用变化,结合耕地保护与生态控制背景,最终确定城镇增长边界。结果表明：① 2017年丰县土地利用模拟的总体精度达到94.7%,Kappa系数为0.895,模拟精度较高。② 基准情景下,城镇用地呈现“摊大饼”的空间扩张趋势。在耕地保护与生态控制背景下,城镇呈“放射式”向外有序扩张。③ 预测2035年丰县城镇用地开发边界面积为80.29 km2,2017—2035年共17年增长幅度达到69.07%。明确划分城镇开发边界能够有效避免城镇用地对永久基本农田和重要生态用地的侵占,从而实现城镇扩张、永久基本农田和重要生态用地保护三者之间的良好空间协调。 相似文献
4.
《中国地理科学(英文版)》2020,(4)
Urban agglomeration is the main spatial organization mode used by the Chinese government to promote the policy of new urbanization strategy. Hence, a better understanding of the urban growth boundary(UGB) has profound theoretical and practical significance regarding sustainable urban development. This study devised a raster-based land use spatial optimization(LUSO) framework, and utilized ant colony optimization(ACO) algorithm to delimit the smart growth boundaries of the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan city group(CZTCG) in China. The aim of this study is to design a LUSO model to explore an optimal pattern of urban agglomeration for sustainable growth. Multi growth scenario including a single development center, multipolar development and balanced development patterns are generated by the LUSO model for the year of 2050, and the optimum spatial pattern is chosen based on objectives comparison and the present stage of economic and social development in CZTCG. The main results are listed as the following. 1) It is feasible to identify the growth boundaries of the urban agglomeration using the land use spatial optimization model, and the optimal form of the spatial pattern can be defined. 2) With the growth trend of the urban agglomeration gradually spreads from a single center to multi-centers and even small towns, the total optimization target performance gradually increases, which means that the traditional pie-shaped development does not meet the maximum comprehensive benefit of the city group. 3) Subject to the regional social and economic development stage, absolute fair development or simply developing the central city is not conducive to promoting the coordinated development of the urban agglomeration. Gradient equalization and gradual advancement are the best choice for UGB delineation of urban agglomeration. The findings of this study would be useful to identify the UGB in CZTCG for more sustainable urban development in the future. 相似文献
5.
城镇是创造物质和精神财富的主要空间载体,划定城镇开发边界,是推动城镇化发展由外延扩张式向内涵提升式转变重要手段.第三次国土调查是以土地资源为基础的调查,是国土空间规划的底图底数.通过梳理,第三次国土调查对城镇开发边界底数支撑包括土地利用现状、土地管理、土地成片开发以及耕地保护等方面.具体研究方法为运用Arcgis 10... 相似文献
6.
基于GIS的四平市城市扩展遥感分析 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
本文以吉林省四平市为例,选取1976、1979、1991、2001和2007年MSS、TM、ETM+的5个时相遥感图像,对其进行处理、解译,以城市面积变化、分维数、紧凑度等作为指标,对该市31年来城市扩展及其特点进行研究。结果表明,四平市在31年内的城市扩展可分4个阶段,其中,1979-1991年城市扩展速度最快,而2001-2007年城市扩展速度也较快,而且更注重城市的内涵建设,这与四平市经济发展情况相符合。说明城市形态指数与统计数据结合可以更充分地描述城市扩展的特征和过程。 相似文献
7.
近年来,我国城镇突出的生态环境问题受到社会广泛关注,作为生态环境保护工作的重要组成部分,随着城镇化的快速发展,城镇生态环境监测任务也越来越重、要求越来越高,对结合空间信息的天地一体综合监测的需求非常迫切,急需建立其技术体系,以指导城镇生态环境综合监测工作的开展。本文面向城镇生态环境综合监测的需求,从城镇污染气体、水体水质、生态资源3个方面出发,通过梳理城镇生态环境综合监测中的关键科学技术问题,结合开展的关键技术攻关研究,经过分析论证,构建了城镇生态环境综合监测技术体系框架、指标体系框架以及标准体系框架。在此基础上,根据遥感数据特点及国家生态环境监测需求,提出城镇生态环境综合监测业务应用方案,为国家和省市地方下一步有效开展城镇生态环境监测、管理等工作提供重要指导和支撑。 相似文献
8.
Since the reform and opening-up program started in 1978,the level of urbanization has increased rapidly in China.Rapid urban expansion and restructuring have had significant impacts on the ecological environment especially within built-up areas.In this study,ArcGIS 10,ENVI 4.5,and Visual FoxPro 6.0 were used to analyze the human impacts on vegetation in the built-up areas of 656Chinese cities from 1992 to 2010.Firstly,an existing algorithm was refined to extract the boundaries of the built-up areas based on the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Operational Linescan System(DMSP_OLS)nighttime light data.This improved algorithm has the advantages of high accuracy and speed.Secondly,a mathematical model(Human impacts(HI))was constructed to measure the impacts of human factors on vegetation during rapid urbanization based on Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer(AVHRR)Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI)and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)NDVI.HI values greater than zero indicate relatively beneficial effects while values less than zero indicate proportionally adverse effects.The results were analyzed from four aspects:the size of cities(metropolises,large cities,medium-sized cities,and small cities),large regions(the eastern,central,western,and northeastern China),administrative divisions of China(provinces,autonomous regions,and municipalities)and vegetation zones(humid and semi-humid forest zone,semi-arid steppe zone,and arid desert zone).Finally,we discussed how human factors impacted on vegetation changes in the built-up areas.We found that urban planning policies and developmental stages impacted on vegetation changes in the built-up areas.The negative human impacts followed an inverted′U′shape,first rising and then falling with increase of urban scales.China′s national policies,social and economic development affected vegetation changes in the built-up areas.The findings can provide a scientific basis for municipal planning departments,a decision-making reference for government,and scientific guidance for sustainable development in China. 相似文献
9.
With rapid development of urbanization and regional interaction and interdependence, regional urban agglomeration planning
becomes more and more important in China, in order to promote integrated development of various cities with close interrelationship.
However, it is still arguable academically on how to define the boundary or which cities to be included for the urban agglomeration
of a region. This paper aims to shed lights on how to identify urban spheres of influence scientifically by introducing field
modeling method and by practicing a case study on 168 cities in Central China. In our field modeling method, the influence
intensities of cities were measured by a comprehensive index and urban spheres of influence were represented spatially by
field intensity. Then, their classification and spatial distribution characteristics of study area in 2007 were identified
and explored by using GIS and statistical methods. The result showed that: 1) Wuhan is the absolute dominant city in Central
China; 2) the provincial capital cities dominate their own provinces and there are no other lower grade agglomeration centers;
and 3) the basic types of organization form of urban sphere of influence are single-polar type, agglomeration type, close-related
group type and loose-related group type. 相似文献
10.
《山地科学学报》2021,(9)
Rural environmental governance is an important strategy to achieve the goal of building "green liveable villages" in China. However, studies on technology and devices for pollution remediation focus mainly on urban areas; in this regard, few studies have focused on rural areas, especially mountainous or hilly areas with interflow. Coordinate remediation techniques and devices for water-soil restoration in mountain areas(CRWS-mountain), a subproject of the "environmental monitoring and remediation in rural areas" project(ERM-rural project), was undertaken to develop techniques and devices for coordinating the restoration of water and soil in rural mountainous and hilly areas with interflow. The CRWS-mountain project will attempt to explore the mechanisms of pollutant transportation and transformation in the interflow-soil-surface water system, establish in-situ and heterotopic remediation systems in landfill, towns and surrounding areas, and construct a comprehensive system for "polluted soilinterflow-surface water" by integrating all the technologies and devices at Yanting, a typical rural mountainous hilly area in Sichuan, Southwest China. We expect that after using this comprehensive system, the water quality will meet the requirements for local water function zoning. The operation cost is 10% lower than that of the existing urban equipment. 相似文献
11.
“双评价”视角下基于FLUS模型的武汉大都市区土地利用模拟和城镇开发边界划定研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
城镇开发边界的划定对于保障资源合理利用、促进城镇有序发展具有重要意义。国内现有研究多以规划实践的技术探讨为主,但对资源环境的定量化评估不足,且较少在大都市区尺度开展研究。本文以武汉大都市区为研究案例,提出在耦合多种要素构建“双评价”体系的基础上,结合FLUS模型进行土地利用模拟和城镇开发边界的划定,并运用景观格局指数等对结果进行分析校验。结果表明:① 土地利用模拟KAPPA系数为0.95,总体精度为0.96,能较好的反映未来用地变化情况,且结果显示城镇建设用地呈蔓延式扩张,有必要通过划定边界来控制城镇开发;② 根据模拟结果划定城镇开发边界,能够避免城镇建设集中占用生态或农业价值较高的区域,并在优化形态的基础上改善武汉大都市区的城镇空间布局,有很强的适用性;③ 驱动体系评价表明,相较于单一因子库,“双评价”因子库精度更高,且更能优化景观格局,促进建设用地斑块集聚发展并填补建成区空白,更符合区域发展诉求;④ 扩张结果评价表明划定结果与武汉大都市区的未来发展模式吻合,未来空间管控应重点关注临空港片区、阳逻片区、光谷-未来城片区、纸坊片区扩张的潜在价值。本研究验证了FLUS模型在武汉大都市区内应用的有效性,为规划管控及建设用地布局优化提供一定参考。 相似文献
12.
Effects of Urbanization,Soil Property and Vegetation Configuration on Soil Infiltration of Urban Forest in Changchun,Northeast China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Peijiang Wang Haifeng Zheng Zhibin Ren Dan Zhang Chang Zhai Zhixia Mao Ze Tang Xingyuan He 《中国地理科学(英文版)》2018,28(3):482-494
Urban forest soil infiltration, affected by various factors, is closely related with surface runoff. This paper studied the effect of urban forest types, vegetation configuration and soil properties on soil infiltration. In our study, 191 typical plots were sampled in Changchun City, China to investigate the soil infiltration characteristics of urban forest and its influencing factors. Our results showed that the steady infiltration rates of urban forest soil were highly variable. High variations in the final infiltration rates were observed for different vegetation patterns and compaction degrees. Trees with shrubs and grasses had the highest infiltration rate and trees with bare land had the lowest infiltration rate. In addition, our results showed that the soil infiltration rate decreased with an increase in the bulk density and with a reduction in the soil organic matter content and non-capillary porosity. The soil infiltration rate also had significantly positive relationships with the total porosity and saturated soil water content. Urban soil compaction contributed to low soil infiltration rates. To increase the infiltration rate and water storage volume of urban forest soil, proper techniques to minimize and mitigate soil compaction should be used. These findings can provide useful information for urban planners about how to maximize the water volume of urban forest soil and decrease urban instantaneous flooding. 相似文献
13.
基于GIS和DEA的特大城市空间紧凑度与城市效率分析 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
利用GIS分析工具、数据包络分析方法及Malmquist模型方法,对我国特大城市空间紧凑度、城市效率及其变化,以及它们的相关关系进行深入研究发现:(1)特大城市空间形态呈现出紧凑变化趋势。(2)紧凑度提高的城市数明显多于紧凑度降低的城市数,极高紧凑度和极低紧凑度的特大城市数均呈一定的增加趋势。(3)特大城市效率水平一般,其中,只有少数城市效率达到了效率最优。(4)1990-2000年特大城市效率水平呈现一定的提高趋势,其中城市效率(纯技术和规模效率)呈现弱提高趋势,技术进步和全要素生产率则呈较明显的提高趋势。(5)特大城市的空间紧凑度与城市效率之间存在一定的互动关系:随着特大城市空间紧凑度的提高,城市要素资源的配置和利用水平得到了一定的改善,城市效率提高了;城市空间紧凑度变化率越高,城市效率提高的趋势也越明显,反之,则下降趋势也越明显;(6)城市空间紧凑度变化与城市技术变化不存在互动关系。 相似文献
14.
大都市区增长是当前中国城镇化发展的一种主要模式,如何确定其最佳空间增长形态是新型城镇化关注的重要内容之一。本研究立足于未来“生态城市”建设理念,从自然资源生态敏感性和城市发展适宜性角度构建双重约束条件,利用元胞自动机模型构建了生态空间胁迫下的城市增长过程模拟框架,探讨了边缘性增长、生态性增长与协调性增长3种发展模式,并从建设适宜性、生态安全性与斑块紧凑性等角度构建评价指标对模拟方案进行定量化对比。最后,以长江中游城市群的南昌大都市区进行实例应用,结果表明,协调性空间增长模式能最大程度降低城市建设对生态安全空间的侵蚀,大都市区在制定城市增长边界等空间政策时宜参考此种发展模式,基于生态空间胁迫分析的城市增长过程建模是一种有用的规划决策情景分析工具。 相似文献
15.
This article presents the findings of a study of the spheres of urban influence with regard to all cities in China（not including Hong Kong,Macau and Taiwan Province of China）in the years 1990,2000 and 2009.An optimized gravity model with comprehensive time distance was used to carry out a detailed analysis of the spatial patterns of Chinese spheres of urban influence and the spatial characteristics of urban agglomerations.Such urban agglomerations are characterized by high density population and a developed economy,which are also considered as the national competition unit.This paper initially identifies four spatial patterns of urban agglomerations based on the spatial layout of city groups during their evolution.Some basic characteristics of urban agglomerations are outlined,including the number of cities,the size of cities and the functions of urban centers.These characteristics are examined by using statistical methods and Geographic Information System（GIS）.The main findings from this research are that the development stages and structures of urban agglomerations in China vary significantly.It is also clear that the stages and evolution of spatial patterns are strongly affected and dominated by both policy and location factors. 相似文献
16.
张志良 《中国地理科学(英文版)》1995,5(3):222-231
ＴＨＥＰＲＯＣＥＳＳＡＮＤＳＴＲＡＴＥＧＹＯＦＵＲＢＡＮＩＺＡＴＩＯＮＤＥＶＥＬＯＰＭＥＮＴＩＮＮＯＲＴＨＷＥＳＴＣＨＩＮＡＺｈａｎｇＺｈｉｌｉａｎｇ（张志良）（ＰｉｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＬａｎｚｈｏｕＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉ... 相似文献
17.
城市发展过程中不同类型城市规划用地的建设活动会引起明显的生态效应差异,研究这种差异及其形成的原因对建设生态宜居城市具有重要意义。本文利用Landsat系列遥感影像,反演了福州市2009年和2013年的遥感生态指数（RSEI）,并结合国务院新近审批通过的福州市城市总体规划方案,对福州市建设活动较明显的5类城市规划用地的22个地块进行了研究,以揭示它们在建设前后所产生的生态质量变化情况。研究发现,2009-2013年5大类城市规划用地的生态质量均呈下降趋势,RSEI指数总体下降了近12%。其中,尤以工业用地生态退化最为严重,RSEI指数下降了18%。结果表明,植被、水体在建设中被破坏以及建筑不透水面的大量增加是导致这些城市规划用地生态质量下降的主要因素。 相似文献
18.
本文较为系统地分析了卫星红外遥感技术在我国秸秆焚烧、沙尘、气溶胶、颗粒物、灰霾等大气环境遥感监测,水华、水质参数、水表温度、热污染、核电厂温排水等水环境遥感监测,以及土壤含水量、地表温度、干旱、城市热岛效应等生态环境遥感监测的应用。同时,指出目前国产卫星红外载荷业务化应用程度不高、辐射定标能力不足、应用反演算法原创性不强、地面观测和试验验证能力不足等问题;并提出需大力发展国产红外传感器、提高辐射定标能力、发展国内原创监测算法、建设大型环保应用综合试验场等建议,以促进红外遥感技术在环境保护领域的应用和发展。 相似文献
19.
STUDY ON THE SPATIAL PATTERNS OF LAND-USE CHANGE AND ANALYSES OF DRIVING FORCES IN NORTHEASTERN CHINA DURING 1990-2000 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
Land-use change is an important aspect of global environment change. It is, in a sense, the direct result of human activities
influencing our physical environment. Supported by the dynamic serving system of national resources, including both the environment
database and GIS technology, this paper analyzed the land-use change in northeastern China in the past ten years (1990–2000).
It divides northeastern China into five land-use zones based on the dynamic degree (DD) of land-use: woodland/grassland —
arable land conversion zone, dry land — paddy field conversion zone, urban expansion zone, interlocked zone of farming and
pasturing, and reclamation and abandoned zone. In the past ten years, land-use change of northeastern China can be generalized
as follows: increase of cropland area was obvious, paddy field and dry land increased by 74.9 and 276.0 thousand ha respectively;
urban area expanded rapidly, area of town and rural residence increased by 76.8 thousand ha; area of forest and grassland
decreased sharply with the amount of 1399.0 and 1521.3 thousand ha respectively; area of water body and unused land increased
by 148.4 and 513.9 thousand ha respectively. Besides a comprehensive analysis of the spatial patterns of land use, this paper
also discusses the driving forces in each land-use dynamic zones. The study shows that some key biophysical factors affect
conspicuously the conversion of different land-use types. In this paper, the relationships between land-use conversion and
DEM, accumulated temperature (⩾10°C) and precipitation were analysed and represented. We conclude that the land-use changes
in northeast China resulted from the change of macro social and economic factors and local physical elements. Rapid population
growth and management changes, in some sense, can explain the shaping of woodland/grassland — cropland conversion zone. The
conversion from dry land to paddy field in the dry land — paddy field conversion zone, apart from the physical elements change
promoting the expansion of paddy field, results from two reasons: one is that the implementation of market-economy in China
has given farmers the right to decide what they plant and how they plant their crops, the other factor is originated partially
from the change of dietary habit with the social and economic development. The conversion from paddy field to dry land is
caused prmarily by the shortfall of irrigation water, which in turn is caused by poor water allocation management by local
governments. The shaping of the reclamation and abandoned zone is partially due to the lack of environment protection consciousness
among pioneer settlers. The reason for the conversion from grassland to cropland is the relatively higher profits of farming
than that of pasturing in the interlocked zone of farming and pasturing. In northeastern China, the rapid expansion of built-up
areas results from two factors: the first is its small number of towns; the second comes from the huge potential for expansion
of existing towns and cities. It is noticeable that urban expansion in the northeastern China is characterized by gentle topographic
relief and low population density. Physiognomy, transportation and economy exert great influences on the urban expansion.
Foundation item: Under the auspices of Knowledge Innovation program Key Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZCX-2-308).
Biography: LIU Ji-yuan (1947 - ), male, a native of Shanghai Municipality, professor, Director General of Institute of Geographical
Sciences and Natural Resources Research, the Chinese Academy of Sciences. His research interests include environment and resources,
remote sensing and geography. 相似文献
20.
GPS揭示的现今地壳运动与地震前兆特征 总被引：10，自引：8，他引：2
利用“中国地壳运动观测网络”产出的GPS观测资料,采用球坐标系下非连续变形算法对资源进行计算,以此为基础,对我国大陆地块及其边界带运动与形变进行了分析。对GPS基准站的连续观测序列采用小波变换进行分解变换,分析了部分震例,探讨了从GPS连续观测序列提取地震前兆的方法。初步取得两点认识：（1）7级以上的大地震主要发生在走滑运动量大的活动边界,且与高应变率地块有关,这可以作为地震中长期预测判据;（2）GPS基准站连续观测序列中的低频段,地震前6个月或稍长时段有一定的前兆异常出现,这可以作为地震中短期预测判据。 相似文献