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1.
The stability of estuarine channel-shoal systems is important for port utilization, navigation maintenance, habitat protection and ecosystem service functions. This paper uses the South Channel of the Changjiang (Yangtze River) Estuary as a typical example to investigate the channel-shoal adjustment mechanism and its future trend. The combined approaches of bathymetric data analysis and process-based modeling (Delft3D) are applied. Quantitative analysis of morphological changes indicates that the South Channel experienced remarkable channel-shoal adjustment during 1958-2018. Periodic evolution was identified, including shoal migration, incision and emergence under natural conditions before the mid-1980s. Since then, fluvial sediment decline and local human intervention have interrupted the periodic processes. After 1986, as river sediment discharge started to decline, the South Channel converted to net erosion, and both the mid-channel shoal at the bifurcation node and the tail of the Ruifeng Shoal showed significant scour. Process-based hydrodynamic simulations revealed that the northern rotation of the mainstream downstream of Wusong triggered the erosion of the Ruifeng Shoal, while unordered sand mining at the shoal tail in approximately 2002 enhanced shoal shrinkage. In addition, the self-adjustment of the transverse section shape resulted in abnormal accretion in 2002-2007. Afterward, the South Channel underwent overall erosion as sediment discharge decreased to a low level (<150 Mt/a). Five stages of channel-shoal pattern adjustment and accretion/erosion status during the past 60 years were defined, i.e., the accretion stage (1958-1965), remarkable channel-shoal adjustment stage (1978-1986), slow erosion stage (1986-1997), shoal scour and shrinkage stage (1997-2007) and overall channel-shoal erosion stage (2007-2018). Model prediction of the evolutionary trend indicates that overall erosion within the South Channel is most likely to continue in 2015-2050. Further adjustment of the South Channel under extremely low sediment discharge may threaten the riverbed stability and the sustainable development of this large-scale estuary. Future work on adaptive strategies for varying conditions is recommended. 相似文献
2.
西安地区灞河河谷土壤侵蚀量研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
以野外调查测量与河谷侵蚀历史资料为依据,研究了灞河河谷土壤总侵蚀量和各阶段侵蚀量,并提出了非对称型河谷区与对称型河谷区的土壤侵蚀量计算公式。结果表明,灞河发育的5级阶地与河漫滩代表灞河发育以来共经历了6个明显的侵蚀阶段,各阶段侵蚀量均存在差别,从老到新,第一、三侵蚀阶段侵蚀强,第二、四、五阶段及河漫滩代表的侵蚀阶段侵蚀弱。河流侧向迁移造成的侵蚀量大于垂直下切产生的侵蚀量。蓝田县城附近57.3 km2范围内侵蚀总量约为6.5 km3。文中提出的计算河谷土壤侵蚀量的计算公式不仅适用于灞河河谷区,而且也适用于其他河谷区。这项研究对河谷区土壤侵蚀总量和分阶段侵蚀量的计算以及查明侵蚀强度变化规律有重要意义。 相似文献
3.
全新世以来山东半岛东北部海面变化的河流地貌响应 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
对全新世以来山东半岛东北部沿岸的相对海面（基准面）变化,不同河流有截然不同的地貌响应方式。大沽夹河型河流的下游河谷中有分别与相对海面升降对应的溯源堆积期和溯源侵蚀期,但不同规模的河流仍有差异。黄水河型河流河谷未因基准面升降而发生侵蚀或堆积,河谷仅起了输沙通道的作用。此外,大沽夹河型河流的中下游河型在相对海面上升或下降时,还可能发生相应地网状化或曲流化。 相似文献
4.
This study focuses on the importance of different stages of bed formation and transportation processes along the partly managed lowland section of Maros River (South Hungary). The role of different stages was determined, applying a series of cross-sectional data. Besides, major morphological zones of over-widened, braided sections were defined, along with their role and function in sediment storage and transport processes.During the rising stage of floods a great volume of sediment is eroded from and transported through the cross-sections. On the falling stage accumulation will be the dominant process. However, concerning the total amount of sediment deposited during falling stages, braids store overwhelmingly more, than straight, narrow reaches. During long-lasting, low-stage periods the cross-sectional area increases, which means net erosion and an increase in mean depth. Therefore, braids have a significant role in falling stage sediment storage and low-stage release.Nevertheless, the location of accumulation within braids is different, influenced by their structure. In braids which are characterised by islands, the sediment is deposited at their upstream end. Islands create a transportation zone towards the downstream end of the braid by increasing stream power. Over-widened sections without islands are more likely to experience deposition at their downstream end.Constant narrowing of the studied reach was also observed. Braids on unmanaged reaches proved to be the most prominent places in this sense. Changes in the regime of the river, and altered land-use help to explain this process, as the frequency of floods has decreased, while the length of extreme low stages has increased. Therefore, the need for the sediment storing and releasing function of braids is less necessary, which leads to their narrowing. 相似文献
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6.
Elucidating the influence of dams on fluvial processes can inform river protection and basin management. However, relatively few studies have focused on how multiple factors interact to affect the morphological evolution of meandering reaches. Using hydrological and topographical data, we analyzed the factors that influence and regulate the meandering reaches downstream the Three Gorges Dam (TGD). Our conclusions are as follows. (1) The meandering reaches can be classified into two types based on their evolution during the pre-dam period: G1 reaches, characterized by convex point bar erosion and concave channel deposition (CECD), and G2 reaches, characterized by convex point bar deposition and concave channel erosion (CDCE). Both reach types exhibited CECD features during the post-dam period. (2) Flow processes and sediment transport are the factors that caused serious erosion of the low beaches located in the convex point bars. However, changes in the river regime, river boundaries and jacking of Dongting Lake do not act as primary controls on the morphological evolution of the meandering reaches. (3) Flood discharges ranging from 20,000 to 25,000 m3/s result in greater erosion of convex point bars. The point bars become scoured if the durations of these flows, which are close to bankfull discharge, exceed 20 days. In addition, the reduction in bedload causes the decreasing of point bar siltation in the water-falling period. (4) During the post-dam period, flood abatement, the increased duration of discharges ranging from 20,000 to 25,000 m3/s, and a significant reduction in sediment transport are the main factors that caused meandering reaches to show CECD features. Our results are relevant to other meandering reaches, where they can inform estimates of riverbed change, river management strategies and river protection. 相似文献
7.
大型水库的兴建深刻改变了下游水沙输移特点,进而导致河床演变规律显著调整,水库下游弯曲河型对水沙过程改变响应敏感,是水库下游河床演变、航道整治、河势控制等方面研究的关键区域。本文基于1996-2016年的实测水文、地形资料,对长江三峡水库下游弯曲河型的演变规律及其驱动机制开展研究,结果表明：① 三峡水库蓄水前,下荆江存在“凸淤凹冲”、“凸冲凹淤”两类弯曲河型,而三峡水库蓄水后均表现为“凸冲凹淤”的一致性规律;② 在水库拦沙作用的影响下,下荆江河段平滩河槽存在累积性冲刷现象,冲刷部位集中于枯水河槽与基本河槽之间的低滩,冲淤部位调整主要由变化的流量过程所驱动,上游河势、河道边界以及支流入汇等因素均有一定驱动作用;③ 在三峡水库蓄水后缺乏大洪水的情况下,凸岸水流挟沙力随流量增加逐渐增强,水流对凸岸冲蚀力度在平滩流量级附近（20000~25000 m3/s）达到最强,平滩流量附近流量级的持续时间超过20天时,弯曲河道发生凸冲凹淤现象。而悬沙中造床粗沙的减少,增强了水流冲刷强度,加剧了凸岸的冲蚀程度。 相似文献
8.
《地理学报(英文版)》2017,(10)
Elucidating the influence of dams on fluvial processes can inform river protection and basin management.However,relatively few studies have focused on how multiple factors interact to affect the morphological evolution of meandering reaches.Using hydrological and topographical data,we analyzed the factors that influence and regulate the meandering reaches downstream the Three Gorges Dam(TGD).Our conclusions are as follows.(1)The meandering reaches can be classified into two types based on their evolution during the pre-dam period:G1 reaches,characterized by convex point bar erosion and concave channel deposition(CECD),and G2 reaches,characterized by convex point bar deposition and concave channel erosion(CDCE).Both reach types exhibited CECD features during the post-dam period.(2)Flow processes and sediment transport are the factors that caused serious erosion of the low beaches located in the convex point bars.However,changes in the river regime,river boundaries and jacking of Dongting Lake do not act as primary controls on the morphological evolution of the meandering reaches.(3)Flood discharges ranging from 20,000 to 25,000 m3/s result in greater erosion of convex point bars.The point bars become scoured if the durations of these flows,which are close to bankfull discharge,exceed 20 days.In addition,the reduction in bedload causes the decreasing of point bar siltation in the water-falling period.(4)During the post-dam period,flood abatement,the increased duration of discharges ranging from 20,000 to 25,000 m3/s,and a significant reduction in sediment transport are the main factors that caused meandering reaches to show CECD features.Our results are relevant to other meandering reaches,where they can inform estimates of riverbed change,river management strategies and river protection. 相似文献
9.
BY C. CONESA-GARCÍA R. GARCÍA-LORENZO 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2009,91(3):159-177
For several decades, the check dam building has been one of the most commonly used structural measures in the Forestry Hydrological Restoration Programs and Plans in the torrential basins of south east Spain. Two examples are the catchments studied here, drained by the Cárcavo and Torrecilla torrential streams belonging to the Segura Basin. Obtaining a more stable bed and a less powerful flow requires transitory hydro-morphological stages such as check dam filling upstream or local erosion downstream. The main aims of this paper are to estimate local scouring induced by check dams downstream, and to find evolution stages of scouring depth, the response time of the local erosion point and the local maximum depth to reach a stable bed situation. To do this, the results obtained by different methods were compared with measured scour depths for various hydraulic radii. From this comparison, performed in non-uniform sediment size beds and in clear-water conditions, the Fahlbusch's formula gives a better fit, while the Jaeger's and Bormann and Julien's methods tend to underestimate the results. These may be used to calculate local instantaneous scouring in flows less than bankfull, but give a worse estimate for maximum equilibrium scouring. Under active bed conditions, the temporal response of the cross-sections experiencing local scour processes below these structures reflects the variations in hydraulic regime during flooding. In general, a rapid evolution phase is followed by a slow stage, which in the most torrential sectors has still not reached the equilibrium threshold. 相似文献
10.
天水城市扩张的时空特征及动因分析 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
以不同时期的天水市地形图和TM遥感影像为基础,提取城市建设用地信息。并利用年均扩展指数（AGI）分析各时期城市空间扩展的分异特征。结果表明：天水城市用地由小范围到大范围、AGI 强度由低到高再趋缓。1996 年前,城区人口密度一直下降,此后又开始上升,与AGI 的变化相对应。受“两山夹一川”的地形限制,天水经历了由二点向多点分散扩展、内部填充与沿河谷延伸的空间演变过程。形成了南北窄、东西长的带状格局,不同于平原型城市以同心圆外扩模式。不同时期城市扩张的动因不同,初期是人口和工商业迁入,中期是行政力量和市场机制,近期是人口、经济的增长带来的社会需求。为了适应重点开发的需要,天水需要走出河谷、开发新区,提升综合功能。 相似文献
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12.
三峡大坝下游水位变化与河道形态调整关系研究 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6
三峡水库蓄水利用已有13年,对坝下游洪、枯水位和河道形态调整的影响已初步显现,通过对1955-2016年长江中游水位、河道地形等资料的分析,结果表明：① 坝下游各水文站同流量枯水位下降、洪水位变化不大,最低水位上升,最高水位下降趋势;② 2002年10月-2015年10月枯水河槽冲刷量占平滩河槽冲刷量的95.5%,冲淤分布由蓄水前“冲槽淤滩”转为“滩槽均冲”,不同蓄水阶段存在差异;③ 河槽冲刷过程中,上荆江及以上河段枯水位下降趋势趋缓,下荆江及以下河段下降速率增加,应采取防控措施遏制河道水位下降趋势;④ 枯水河槽冲刷是长江中下游航道水深提升的基础,枯水位降幅小于深槽下切深度,在河道和航道整治工程综合作用下航道尺度提升,提前5年实现了2020年航道尺度规划目标;⑤ 平滩水位以上河槽形态调整不大,在河床粗化、岸滩植被、人类活动等综合作用下河道综合阻力增加,出现了中洪水流量—高水位现象,应引起足够重视。三峡水库汛期调蓄作用可有效提升中下游洪水防御能力,但不排除遭遇支流洪水叠加效应,中下游洪水压力仍然较大。 相似文献
13.
我国水土保持工作现状、问题和对策 总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1
本文回顾了我国水土保持工作的历史并将其划分为4个阶段.对占国土面积38.2%的367万km2水土流失状况、成因类型和地域分布作了分析.对建国以来累计治理水土流失面积60万km2,建设基本农田1.5亿亩,营造水土保持林5亿多亩,以水土保持措施使每年增产粮食150亿kg、增产果品250亿kg,每年减少土壤侵蚀11亿t、增加保水能力180亿m3,以及水土保持在立法、科研、教育等方面取得的成就作了总结.对目前存在的主要问题及部分地区水土流失面积扩大危害加剧趋势,论文从依法治理、实施全国水土保持规划纲要、抓好7大江河和17片重点治理工程、加强教育和科研等方面提出了具体对策. 相似文献
14.
广州市人口空间分布特征及演变趋势分析 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
本文分析了广州市人口空间分布现状特征，历史上发展特点和建国后至改革开放前人口发展情况，并对改革开放以来人口空间分布的变化作了动态分析，发现改革开放以前广州市中心区和郊区人口密度都在增加，但市中心区增加较快，而改革开放以来在广州市总人口较速增长的情况下，内部人口变动日趋明显，中心区人口密度在减少，外围区人口密度在增加，认为广州市的人口分布正从年龄阶段转向成熟阶段。 相似文献
15.
随着黄河上游控制性水利枢纽相继投入运用,黄河内蒙古段河道冲淤演变格局得到重塑。利用水文站实测数据,系统分析了海勃湾水利枢纽建设运行前后坝后河道水沙变化特征。基于河道断面高程数据,从滩槽冲淤（横向）及沿程冲淤（纵向）两方面定性分析坝后河道形态变迁,采用断面地形法定量计算坝后河道冲淤变化量。结果表明：海勃湾水利枢纽蓄水运用后,坝后河道的水沙搭配条件显著改善,来沙系数、单位径流量的输沙量降幅较大,对坝后河道减淤冲刷作用明显。坝后河道横纵断面变迁以冲刷为主,冲淤演变过程经历了淤积（2004—2012年）、冲淤过渡（2012—2014年）、冲刷（2014—2020年）3个阶段。 相似文献
16.
重庆主城区河段河道泥沙冲淤事关防洪、航运及码头作业等,是三峡水库泥沙问题的重点内容之一。本文依据原型观测资料,以三峡水库175 m试验性蓄水前后河段的泥沙冲淤规律为基础,结合河床组成分析和一维数学模型,计算提出河段悬移质泥沙走沙基本条件,并应用于减淤调度实践中。结果表明：① 三峡水库175 m试验性蓄水后至2012年重庆主城区河段河床冲刷强度下降,主走沙期推迟至汛前消落期,2013年后上游来沙减少使得河床冲刷强度再次增大;② 当寸滩站流量大于4000 m 3/s、坝前水位低于167 m时,河段开始走沙;当寸滩站流量增大至超过5000 m 3/s、坝前水位下降至163 m时,河段走沙能力增强;加大水库自163 m水位的消落速度,能够避免库尾河段产生累积性淤积。 相似文献
17.
S. K. Murimi 《International Journal of Salt Lake Research》1994,3(1):65-74
Reasons why Lake Elmenteita and rivers flowing into it decreased in volume during 1958–1987 were investigated. The effects of changing climate, landcover and landuse were considered. The study suggested that falling lake water-levels are not due to climate change alone: landuse changes and river abstraction and damming may also be important. Long-term trends in rainfall and evaporation reveal various patterns: monthly evaporation has slightly decreased recently but with no effect on lake levels; rainfall has remained more or less constant in total amount, but monthly falls show increased variability. Although flows in rivers and streams are primarily determined by rainfall, other factors operate near the lake so discharge into the lake cannot be predicted from rainfall. Increased settlement and farming on former forested areas within the catchment and irrigation along rivers also indirectly affect discharge values. Additionally, accelerated soil erosion from farmed lands has led to a reduced lake volume following soil deposition in the lake. It is noted that landuse changes need to be carefully monitored because of their effect on lake levels. 相似文献
18.
Walsh AC 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》1984,5(1):73-87
Urbanization trends in Papua New Guinea are analyzed using official data from the 1971 and 1980 censuses. The author suggests that the massive urban population growth rate for 1966-1971 was a figment of post-enumeration miscalculation. However, the data indicate that the annual urban growth rate for the period 1971-1980 was nearly four times higher than the growth rate for the population as a whole. 相似文献
19.
黄河中游土壤侵蚀与下游古河道三角洲演化的过程响应 总被引：10，自引：7，他引：10
根据黄土高原土壤侵蚀的周期特点，结合华北平原古河道，古三角洲的演化过程，应用泥沙输移的过程响应,分析了晚更新世以来黄河中游黄土高原土壤侵蚀与下游古河道，三角洲演化的关系，在人类历史之前，黄土高原土壤侵蚀基本上遵循自在生态环境演化规律，强裂侵蚀期发生在干冷向湿湿气候转化的过渡期，在强裂侵蚀的初期是古道形成期，强烈侵蚀期发生在干冷向温湿气候转化的过渡期，在强裂侵蚀的期是古河道形成期，强烈侵蚀的外营力迭加了人为作用，黄河下游河游泳以改道，三角洲横向扩展发生在强烈侵蚀的衰退期，人类历史时期，土壤侵蚀的外营力迭加了人为作用，破坏了地质历史时期的规律性，土壤侵蚀强度越来越强，基本上按照旱涝变化频率而演化，干冷期降雨不均匀系数增加，土训侵蚀加重，径流量较少，河床以淤积为主，是古河道形成期，正常年黄河泥少输移比接近于一，是三角洲进积期，温湿期降雨量增加，径流量加大，下游河流改道，三角洲横向发展。 相似文献
20.
吴忱 《地理与地理信息科学》2007,23(3):74-77
分布在华北北部山顶面上的“冰臼”,无论从地理环境、地貌演化,还是从海拔高度方面分析,都不是第四纪大冰盖的证据,而是古地貌面上流水侵蚀的遗迹。它分布在3个海拔高度不同的山地夷平面上和现代河流谷地内,与当时的地理环境和山地的地貌演化密切相关。未构成山地夷平面前准平原上的河流以河网密集的曲流河为主。随着准平原的抬升,河流也开始下切,下切的河流以溯源侵蚀为主。在源头地区的顺直型谷地中,一是河流流速较急,且挟有数量不多、颗粒较粗的砂砾石;二是源头地区大块石较多,容易形成涡流;三是河水不深,丰水期刚刚没过块石,枯水期块石露出水面。在质地不均的岩体(特别是花岗岩)中,挟带砂砾石的涡流在岩面上形成了壶穴。准平原及壶穴最后被抬升到山地的顶部,构成了山地夷平面。 相似文献