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1.
Katherine Klink 《自然地理学》2013,34(4):289-314
Increased interest in climate change at local and regional scales has prompted climate simulations for regional areas, but tests of climate models have not specifically examined the impacts of regional heterogeneity, and they have largely overlooked possible temporal sensitivity. In this study I used a coupled surface-atmosphere mesoscale model to evaluate the effects of regional heterogeneity in five land-surface parameters that have the strongest impacts on the surface energy balance: albedo, roughness, canopy resistance, rooting profile, and soil water content. I included temporal variability in climate sensitivity by completing a series of mid-month simulations representative of the June-September growing season. I modeled land surfaces of maize contrasted with bare soil, grass, or coniferous trees. Roughness discontinuities were important factors in determining regional energy balance and surface temperature for all three surface contrasts. The effects varied over the growing season as a function of maize height. Canopy resistance was equally important, especially during the middle of the season when the maize canopy was at its fullest extent. Albedo effects appeared to be secondary, but often were more important in September. Changes in soil water content had little impact because vegetation in these simulations was not stressed by low soil moisture. The importance of roots in these simulations was primarily a function of their presence or absence, rather than of the specific profile assigned to each vegetation type. Roughness and canopy resistance discontinuities appeared to play the largest role in determining the regional average energy balance and surface temperature for growing season dates. [Key words: land-surface heterogeneity, energy balance, climatology.] 相似文献
2.
基于数字相机图像的长白山森林物候模拟 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
植被物候作为全球植被和陆面过程模型的重要参数,对其状态的准确描述在很大程度上决定着模型的模拟精度。温带森林作为北半球中高纬度地区主要植被类型及全球重要碳源,研究其物候期的变化将提高对区域碳通量的估算精度。本文以长白山阔叶红松林为研究对象,探讨了数字相机图像在物种尺度物候模拟及群落尺度物候模型改进方面的作用,结果如下：（1）物种尺度上,利用数字相机能获取两种植被（红松,蒙古栎）较为准确的物候期（与人工观测数据比较,绝对误差〈3d）;（2）群落尺度上,基于数字相机图像获取的冠层状态数据提高了基于气象数据的物候模型（GSI：growingseasonindex）的模拟精度（R2=0．9）,尤其是秋季物候模拟,为进一步分析群落物候的环境控制因子提供了有力手段。研究表明：数字相机不仅能够提供精确地基于物种尺度的物候数据,还可为遥感物候数据的校正提供参考,同时为生态模型中物候模块的改进及降低区域尺度碳通量模拟不确定性提供了新的思路。 相似文献
3.
A. John Arnfield 《自然地理学》2013,34(4):361-372
The albedo measurements of Aida (1982), made over simulated urban surfaces constructed from arrangements of concrete blocks into canyon and grid configurations, are used to evaluate the performance of the urban canyon radiation model of Arnfield (1976a, 1982). The model is shown to be capable of producing acceptable estimates of surface albedo for city land-use zones consisting predominantly of canyons with lengths considerably greater than their width, especially for high sun (high irradiance) conditions. For the data best suited to model validation, about half the albedos were estimated to within ±5% and all were within ±10%. For grid canyon configurations, the method yields less satisfactory results but it is argued that errors will be less significant for surface geometries more realistic than those employed by Aida which possessed very short block lengths in relation to street widths. [Key words: urban climate, energy-budget climatology, albedo, radiation model.] 相似文献
4.
利用SiB2 模型对中国东北地区农田、草地和森林3 种土地利用类型的地表能量平衡过程展开研究,分析不同土地利用类型对生物地球物理参数（反照率和粗糙度）、能量平衡（净辐射、潜热和显热）和气候（冠层温度）的影响。结果表明：①模型模拟的地表能量平衡与实测数据的年变化动态相似（R2>0.42）,差值保持在±30 W/m2,温度在±4 ℃。②利用相同气象数据模拟不同土地利用类型通过生物地球物理过程对地表能量平衡和气候的影响,发现森林吸收的净辐射最高且主要用于潜热分配,农田的净辐射最低且主要用于显热分配,草地净辐射和能量分配居中。③生态系统获得的净辐射主要受反照率的影响,净辐射分配受叶面积指数的调节。④冠层温度（℃）受反照率和净辐射在潜热和显热间分配的相对重要性的影响：年平均值为森林（7.7）>农田（7.64）>草地（6.67）。⑤降水对模拟结果有显著影响,是森林模拟差异的主要原因。在不同土地利用类型中,降水增加土壤水分,净辐射更多分配到潜热,较少分配到显热,降低冠层温度。 相似文献
5.
黄河中游大尺度植被冠层截留降水模拟与分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
大尺度植被冠层截留降水定量模拟与分析是揭示气候变化和人类活动综合作用下区域水沙变化机制的重要研究内容。以黄河中游河口镇—潼关区间为研究区,耦合遥感等空间数据与植被冠层截留估算模型,利用地面监测站点降水数据、GLASS叶面积指数遥感数据和地理信息空间分析技术,定量模拟和分析了黄河中游20 世纪80 年代以来3 个典型年份的地表植被冠层截留降水及其时空变化特征。结果表明：（1） 20 世纪80 年代以来,特别是20 世纪末实施的生态修复政策,使得黄河中游叶面积指数显著提高,植被覆盖明显改善;（2） 20 世纪80 年代以来,黄河中游植被冠层截留降水发生了明显变化,1984 年、1995 年和2010 年研究区植被冠层截留降水量区域年平均值分别为19.57 mm、13.66 mm和22.68 mm,截留率分别为3.24%、3.32%和4.92%;（3） 黄河中游植被冠层截留降水特征及其变化受降水特征和地表植被状况共同影响,其中,降水量是决定植被冠层截留降水特征的控制性因素,而叶面积指数年际变化是影响植被冠层截留降水特征变化的主要因素。 相似文献
6.
Adriana Beltrn-Przekurat Roger A. Pielke Sr. Debra P.C. Peters Keirith A. Snyder Albert Rango 《Journal of Arid Environments》2008,72(10):1897-1910
Our goal was to evaluate effects of broad-scale changes in vegetation from grasslands to shrublands over the past 150 years on near-surface atmosphere over the Jornada Experimental Range in the northern Chihuahuan Desert, using a regional climate model. Simulations were conducted using 1858 and 1998 vegetation maps, and data collected in the field. Overall, the vegetation shift led to small changes in sensible heat (SH) and an increase in latent heat (LH). The impacts of shrub encroachment depended on shrubland type: conversion from grass to mesquite cools the near-surface atmosphere and from grass to creosotebush warms it. Higher albedo of mesquite relative to grasses reduced available energy, which was dissipated mainly as LH due to the deeper root system in mesquite. In creosotebush-dominated areas, a decrease in albedo, an increase in roughness length and displacement height contributed to the SH increase and warmer temperatures. Sensitivity simulations showed that an increase in soil moisture content enhanced shrub LH and a reduction in mesquite cover enhanced the temperature differences. The observed shift in vegetation led to complex interactions between land and surface fluxes, demonstrating that vegetation itself is a weather and climate variable as it significantly influences temperature and humidity. 相似文献
7.
陆面过程参数化模式的研究 总被引：17，自引：6，他引：11
在概述了近年来国内外陆面过程参数化研究的基础上,发展了一个改进的陆面过程参数化模式。该模式能被应用于地球表面不同土壤和植被类型的陆面过程的相互作用研究。在该模式中通过土壤结构参数和陆面过程湍流通量的参数化,可广泛应用于不同类型的区域。在模式中,大气-陆面系统包括3个子系统:近地层大气、冠层和土壤活跃层。土壤被分为4层,上两层分别相当于温度的日和季变化层,植被的根系活动也在这两层内,在最深层的温度和含水量是气候的平均值。发展的陆面过程参数化模式可应用于不同气候区域能量平衡和气候的模拟研究。对我国在该领域的研究,特别是在开发我国西北地区过程中的环境生态研究中具有重要的意义。 相似文献
8.
An analytical approximation of spectral albedo is derived for a melt pond with a Lambertian bottom assuming that Rayleigh scattering in the water is small compared to absorption. A Monte Carlo method is used to verify that scattering can he ignored in the water. This enables us to calculate pond albedos in the 400–700 nm wavelength hand using the analytical approximation. Model calculations and observations indicate that a step-decrease in albedo is likely t o occur when a melt pond initially forms, and melt pond albedos in the visible depend more on the structural and optical properties of the bottom than on the depth of the pond. 相似文献
9.
Douglas G. Goodin 《自然地理学》2013,34(6):557-572
Increased use of remotely sensed data for estimation of land-surface climatological variables such as the radiation and energy balance has underscored the need to understand errors inherent in remote sensing systems. The effects of viewing geometry on the signal received at the sensor have been examined for a variety of surface types, but systematic study of how sensor viewing geometry may introduce error into remote measurements of surface climate parameters is lacking. In this paper, close-range remote sensing is used to assess error caused by viewing geometry in remote measurements of net radiation, an important surface climate variable. Estimates of net radiation were made by inserting remotely sensed values of albedo and surface temperature into the surface radiation budget equation. Two contrasting surfaces, one vegetated and one bare, were evaluated at seven view angles and five azimuth angles. The remote net radiation measurements for each combination of view and azimuth angle then were compared to reference measurements to assess error. Results indicate that, under cloud-free conditions, view angle can affect measurement accuracy substantially, and that off-nadir view angles ranging from 15° to 30° in the forward-scatter direction are optimal. The potential impact of these findings on studies of the spatial variation of the surface radiation budget from spaceborne remote sensing platforms is discussed. [Key words: land-surface climatology, remote sensing, radiation budget, net radiation.] 相似文献
10.
基于偏最小二乘法的玉米FPAR高光谱反演模型研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以ASD FR便携式光谱仪与LI-191SA光量子仪对吉林中西部的玉米田进行多次观测,采集到123组有效数据,基于偏最小二乘法(PLS)对玉米FPAR进行高光谱反演。对可见光与近红外光谱(400～1 500nm)进行分析并建立反演模型,对FPAR预测效果进行验证,验证模型的R2为0.785,RMSE为0.117;同时进行了玉米FPAR与光谱反射率、反射率一阶导数之间的关系分析及植被指数与玉米FPAR之间的回归分析。研究结果表明,PLS方法建立的模型可有效地从玉米高光谱反射率数据反演出FPAR含量,反演结果精度较植被指数高。 相似文献
11.
It is a very complicated problem to estimate evapotranspiration (ET) over a large area of land surface. In this paper, the evapotranspiration estimation models for dense vegetation and bare soil are presented, based on the information of parameters like vegetation cover-degree and surface albedo. Combined with vegetation cover-degree data, a model for regional evapotranspiration estimation over the heterogeneous landscape is derived. Through a case study using remote sensing data over Northwest China, the accuracy of the model for regional evapotranspiration estimation is checked. The result shows that the accuracy of the model is satisfactory. The features of evapotranspiration over Northwest China are also discussed with the application of the model. 相似文献
12.
1 IntroductionThe method for estimating evapotranspiration (ET) was first given by Dalton in 1802, and a number of models for ET estimation have been presented since then. Those models, from the experiential and semi-experiential models[1,2] and physical models[3,4] to the models in terms of the mechanism for energy and water fluxes in soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer system such as SiB, have improved the precision of ET estimation. It is, however, difficult to calculate regional ET by … 相似文献
13.
The Bowen ratio (β) is used to quantify heat transfer from the land surface into the air, which is becoming a hot topic in research on the biogeophysical effects of land use and cover changes. The Three-River Headwaters (TRH), as a sensitive and fragile region, was selected as the study area. The β for 2001-2018 was estimated from the evapotranspiration product (ETMOD16) of MODIS and the net radiation of the land surface through the albedo from GLASS. The ETMOD16 data were evaluated against the observation data (ETOBS) at two alpine grassland flux towers obtained from ChinaFLUX. The interannual trend of the β was analyzed by multiple linear regression (MLR) and structure model (SEM) with the multiple factors of precipitation, temperature, humidity, albedo, and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI, MOD09Q1). The results show that the ETMOD16 values were significantly correlated with ETOBS, with a correlation coefficient above 0.70 (P < 0.01) for the two sites. In 2001-2018, the regional mean β was 2.52 ± 0.77 for the whole grassland, and its spatial distribution gradually increased from the eastern to western region. The interannual β showed a downward trend with a slope of -0.025 and a multiple regression coefficient (R 2) of 0.21 (P = 0.056). Most of the variability (51%) in the interannual β can be explained by the linear regression of the above multiple factors, and the temperature plays a dominant role for the whole region. The SEM analysis further shows that an increasing NDVI results in a decreasing albedo with a path coefficient of -0.57, because the albedo was negatively correlated with NDVI (R 2 = 0.52, P < 0.01), which indicates a negative and indirect effect on β from vegetation restoration. An obvious warming climate was found to prompt more evapotranspiration, and restoring vegetation makes the land surface receive more radiation, which both resulted in a decreasing trend in the annual β. This study revealed the biogeophysical mechanisms of vegetation restoration under a changing climate, and demonstrated the Bowen ratio can be applied as an indicator of climate-regulating functions in ecosystem assessments. 相似文献
14.
稀疏植被地表反照率及土壤热传导率特征研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
利用“敦煌试验”稀疏植被站2002年典型晴天的资料,分析了与地表能量平衡最密切的两个参数：地表反照率和土壤热传导率的特征。分析发现稀疏植被下垫面的地表反照率日变化具有明显的不对称特征,这与以往在戈壁或沙漠上的地表反照率的研究明显不同,这可能是由于早晨的露水造成的。另外分别用定义法和加权平均法分别计算得到典型晴天敦煌稀疏植被的平均地表反照率基本为0.25,两种方法计算得到的地表反照率非常接近,得到的地表反照率的值与敦煌戈壁的值较接近,但比“黑河试验”的结果大。这也从一个侧面反映出稀疏植被区是一个气候敏感区。得到的稀疏植被下垫面的地表反照率应该可以作为遥感反演和陆面过程模式的一个参考值。另外还得到了敦煌稀疏植被干燥土壤的热传导率的平均值为0.20 W\5m-1\5K-1,在晴天,干燥土壤的执传导率基本分布在0.164~0.24 W\5m-1\5K-1范围内,平均值与敦煌戈壁2.5 cm处的土壤执传导率接近,但稍大一些;比“黑河试验”在戈壁观测的值小近一倍,而比权威的文献给出的干燥沙漠的值要小一些。 相似文献
15.
陇中黄土高原夏季地表辐射特征分析 总被引：23，自引：12，他引：23
利用实测辐射资料揭示了陇中黄土高原半干旱区夏季辐射特征。结果表明:该地区夏季晴天辐射比较强烈,总辐射最大瞬时值超过1 000 W\5m-2,有时甚至超过太阳常数。春小麦下垫面平均总辐射与典型晴天的日变化比值在0.6～0.8之间,净辐射比值在0.4～0.6之间,在裸地时也表现出同样的特点,表明在半干旱区云和降水对地表辐射的影响比较大。此外,日平均反射率起伏较大,最大为0.24,最小为0.11;春小麦下垫面的地表反射率为0.17,裸地为0.20。植被叶表面的水珠会导致反射率增大,而风速的增大会引起反射率的突变。受土壤湿度及太阳高度角和天气状况等因素的综合影响,不同天气条件下的地表反射率日变化呈现出比较大的差异。 相似文献
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潜在自然植被研究与展望 总被引：14，自引：1，他引：13
植被－环境关系是全球变化与陆地生态系统关系研究的关键,由于受人类几千年活动的影响,全球原始自然植被所剩极少,植被的破坏掩盖了植被与环境之间的关系。如何重演反映环境决定特点的潜在自然植被,是植被－环境关系研究的起点。本文对潜在自然植被的概念、研究的时空尺度进行了论述,指出潜在自然植被研究2个发展阶段的特点：（1）传统的以经验为主的定性研究;（2）以潜在自然植被预测模型为基础的定量研究。在此基础上,提出今后我国潜在自然植被研究的重点应放在：针对我国自然植被分布的特点,构建适用于我国特定区域的潜在自然植被预测模型,对不同时空尺度下的潜在自然植被类型及其地理分布进行模拟与制图;单纯将气候作为潜在自然植被预测模型自变量的方法正逐渐为综合的环境变量方法所取代,并强调了潜在自然植被研究必须考虑与大气环流模式的耦合。 相似文献
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An examination of the three major components of the energy balance has shown that subarctic vegetation cover markedly alters the relative importance of these components for the snowmelt. It has been found that the contribution of net radiation decreases as forest cover decreases while sensible and latent heat contributions to the snowmelt increase with decreasing forest cover. The decrease in the importance of net radiation with decreasing forest cover is due to the effect of the forest cover on albedo and the effects of the forest cover on the long-wave radiation component of the radiation balance. This situation seems to be typical for open canopy forests. The increase in importance of sensible and latent heat in the open is due to the increase in wind speed from the forest to open sites. 相似文献