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1.
This study presented a quantitative comparison of cockpit and doline karst by examining the numbers and characteristics of typical types of landform entities that are developed in Guilin(Guangxi, China), La Alianza(PR, USA), Avalton(KY, USA), and Oolitic(IN, USA). Five types of landform entities were defined: isolated hill(IH), clustered hills(CHs), isolated sinkhole(IS), clustered sinkholes(CSs), and clustered hills with sinkholes(CHSs). An algorithm was developed to automatically identify these types of landform entities by examining the contour lines on topographic maps of two cockpit karst areas(Guilin and La Alianza) and two doline karst areas(Oolitic and Avalton). Within each specific study area, the CHSs is the least developed type yet with a larger size and higher relief. The IH and IS entities are smaller in size, lower in relief, and outnumber their clustered counterparts. The total numbers of these types of entities are quite different in cockpit and doline karst areas. Doline karst is characterized by more negative(IS and CSs) than positive(IH and IHs) landforms and vice versa for cockpit karst. For example, the Guilin study area has 1192 positive landform entities in total, which occupy 9.81% of the total study area. It has only 622 negative landform entities occupying only 3.91% of the total study area. By contrast, the doline karst in Oolitic has 130 negative while only 10 positive landform entities. The positive and negative landforms in Oolitic occupy 12.68% and 2.61% of the total study area, respectively. Furthermore, average relief and slope of the landform entities are much higher and steeper in the cockpit karst than the doline karst areas. For instance, the average slope of CHs in Alvaton is 3.90 degrees while it is 19.78 degrees in La Alianza. The average relief of CSs is 4.07 m and 34.29 m in Oolitic and Guilin respectively. Such a difference within a specific area or between the cockpit and doline karst may reveal different controls on the development of karst landscape.  相似文献   

2.
This study presented a quantitative comparison of cockpit and doline karst by examining the numbers and characteristics of typical types of landform entities that are developed in Guilin（Guangxi, China）, La Alianza（PR, USA）, Avalton（KY, USA）, and Oolitic（IN, USA）. Five types of landform entities were defined： isolated hill（IH）, clustered hills（CHs）, isolated sinkhole（IS）, clustered sinkholes（CSs）, and clustered hills with sinkholes（CHSs）. An algorithm was developed to automatically identify these types of landform entities by examining the contour lines on topographic maps of two cockpit karst areas（Guilin and La Alianza） and two doline karst areas（Oolitic and Avalton）. Within each specific study area, the CHSs is the least developed type yet with a larger size and higher relief. The IH and IS entities are smaller in size, lower in relief, and outnumber their clustered counterparts. The total numbers of these types of entities are quite different in cockpit and doline karst areas. Doline karst is characterized by more negative（IS and CSs） than positive（IH and IHs） landforms and vice versa for cockpit karst. For example, the Guilin study area has 1192 positive landform entities in total, which occupy 9.81% of the total study area. It has only 622 negative landform entities occupying only 3.91% of the total study area. By contrast, the doline karst in Oolitic has 130 negative while only 10 positive landform entities. The positive and negative landforms in Oolitic occupy 12.68% and 2.61% of the total study area, respectively. Furthermore, average relief and slope of the landform entities are much higher and steeper in the cockpit karst than the doline karst areas. For instance, the average slope of CHs in Alvaton is 3.90 degrees while it is 19.78 degrees in La Alianza. The average relief of CSs is 4.07 m and 34.29 m in Oolitic and Guilin respectively. Such a difference within a specific area or between the cockpit and doline karst may reveal different controls on  相似文献   

3.
Dolines are the most typical landform in karst landscapes. They play an important role in karst hydrogeology; they are effective sediment traps that provide information about past climates and karst evolution, and can also be indicators of tectonic activity. The morphometic analysis of those depressions can help in their study and interpretation. However, detailed identification and delineation of dolines becomes increasingly difficult when the study area is very large, of limited access or covered by vegetation. Here, we have used a method developed by the authors for automatic identification and delineation of karst depressions based on the use of a pit removal algorithm. Next a complete morphometric analysis of the karst depressions has been carried out. The main advantage of the methodology is that by delineating and identifying the depth of each doline from its rim, many morphometric statistics can be obtained, including the relation of doline depth and area with respect to altitude, the main doline orientations, doline density, the fractal dimension of doline area and frequency, and point field analysis, among others. The results are interpreted from a geomorphological point of view and the mapped dolines can be easily integrated into geomorphological mapping. A case study is presented from the large Sierra Gorda karst massif in southern Spain, where 3100 depressions have been identified. A strong structural control of doline shape and orientation is demonstrated; the main areas of doline density are highlighted and doline size is shown to follow a fractal law.  相似文献   

4.
Multiple sinkhole susceptibility models have been generated in three study areas of the Ebro Valley evaporite karst (NE Spain) applying different methods (nearest neighbour distance, sinkhole density, heuristic scoring system and probabilistic analysis) for each sinkhole type separately (cover collapse sinkholes, cover and bedrock collapse sinkholes and cover and bedrock sagging sinkholes). The quantitative and independent evaluation of the predictive capability of the models reveals that: (1) The most reliable susceptibility models are those derived from the nearest neighbour distance and sinkhole density. These models can be generated in a simple and rapid way from detailed geomorphological maps. (2) The reliability of the nearest neighbour distance and density models is conditioned by the degree of clustering of the sinkholes. Consequently, the karst areas in which sinkholes show a higher clustering are a priori more favourable for predicting new occurrences. (3) The predictive capability of the best models obtained in this research is significantly higher (12.5–82.5%) than that of the heuristic sinkhole susceptibility model incorporated into the General Urban Plan for the municipality of Zaragoza. Although the probabilistic approach provides lower quality results than the methods based on sinkhole proximity and density, it helps to identify the most significant factors and select the most effective mitigation strategies and may be applied to model susceptibility in different future scenarios.  相似文献   

5.
基于异质性喀斯特地貌结构与喀斯特保护地整体保护利用的关系,将水平蚀低垂直加深的喀斯特地貌发育机制落实于地理信息系统支持的Strahler面积—高程分析,形成整体、海拔段和内部洼地的面积—高程曲线与积分值指标组,以量化石林县域喀斯特地貌演化。结果表明不同地貌发育特征的不同地形面具有不同的Strahler值,其差异和规律性有一定的指示价值。石林县四级海拔梯级地貌处于壮年晚期,为断裂切割与巴江侵蚀基准面差异性控制下的孤丘夷平面分解,属同期异构的回春型地貌区。> 2100 m海拔段为孤丘夷平构造侵蚀溶原中山,洼地不发育。1900~2100 m海拔段为孤丘夷平面转向孤丘溶原洼地、峰丛洼地,暗河不发育。1700~1900 m海拔段为溶丘洼地斜坡,由蚀余状石林—剑状石林—覆盖石林—烘烤石林组成的石林垂直层状结构与溶丘—洼地—暗河—泉群—河谷盆地组成的水平梯级地貌结构,它是水平与垂直地貌过程的融合产物。石林发育区既为水源形成区,也为水土流失区。这是石林保护地整体保护利用的地貌动力依据。  相似文献   

6.
为了弥补岩溶区地下土壤漏失程度评价指标体系空白,基于在粤北岩溶区连南县多个岩溶山地采矿断面、公路修建断面实地调查获得的56条裂隙、40个漏斗和多个孔穴的调查数据,以及粤北岩溶丘陵、峰林区英德市岩背镇、九龙镇等40多个样方的地表景观实地调查资料,探讨构建岩溶地下土壤漏失程度评价指标与标准。首先,充分考虑了土壤漏失途径、阶段、各指标的关联性、断面调查数据及数据采集的可操作性等,将定性指标与量化指标结合,采用裂隙、洞穴、漏斗3个一级指标和与溶洞连通度、断面比、密度,洞穴类型、数量、位置,漏斗深宽比、形状、周边裂隙发育情况9个二级指标,构建了岩溶区地下漏失无漏失、轻度漏失、中度漏失、重度漏失分级标准;其次,将基岩、地貌、地形、岩石裸露率、植被结构、类型、盖度和土壤深度等地表景观特征作为地下漏失程度的辅助参考指标,使地下漏失评价与地表石漠化程度评价能够有机结合,共同形成岩溶环境评价的整体系统。  相似文献   

7.
The karstlands of Trinidad and Tobago, their land use and conservation   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
The karst landscapes of Trinidad and Tobago, although restricted in area, present a previously undocumented array of tropical karst landforms, including karren, caves, springs, valley systems, and a range of dolines or sinkholes, including an area of polygonal cockpit karst. The karstlands are located primarily in the Northern and Central Ranges of Trinidad and in the southwestern portion of Tobago, and they have developed on carbonate rocks ranging in age from Jurassic to Quaternary. Associated with them is a range of vegetation types and faunal communities, many of which have been much altered by human land management, including forestry and agriculture. Quarrying has destroyed much of the karst in the western part of Trinidad, and urban development and tourism have taken their toll too, especially in the Lowlands of western Tobago. Little of the karst is incorporated within existing protected areas.  相似文献   

8.
Using data from the Scottish Highlands and northwest Iceland, the present study indicates that bedrock strength properties are an important control on the morphology of glacial valleys. Results indicate that on closely jointed metasedimentary bedrock of low rock mass strength, broad U‐shaped valleys are developed, whilst steeper sided, narrower cross‐profiles have been developed on igneous bedrock of high rock mass strength. Findings suggest it is the interplay of the mass strength of the subglacial bedrock and the dynamic properties of the eroding glacier that control valley morphological development. The implication is that realistic models of topographic development beneath ice sheets need to consider the rock mass strength properties of the eroded bedrock as well as the glaciological variables.  相似文献   

9.
地形信息对确定DEM适宜分辨率的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
分辨率会直接影响基于栅格数字高程模型（DEM）的数字地形分析结果,因此在实际应用中,需要选择适宜的DEM分辨率。目前采取的基本方法,基于某种地形信息定量刻画尺度效应曲线,从而确定DEM适宜分辨率,但对于采用不同地形信息时所产生的影响尚缺乏研究。本文针对该方法中通常采用的坡度、剖面曲率、水平曲率等3 种地形信息,每种地形信息提取时,分别使用两种不同的常用算法,在3 个不同地形特征的研究区中,逐一计算其在不同分辨率下的局部方差均值,以刻画尺度效应曲线,确定相应的DEM适宜分辨率,并进行对比分析。结果表明：① 采用剖面曲率或水平曲率所得适宜分辨率结果基本相同,但采用坡度所得出的适宜分辨率结果则有明显差别,后者所得的适宜分辨率更粗;② 采用不同地形信息时,越是在平缓地形为主的研究区,所得的适宜分辨率结果越相近,在复合地形特征的研究区所得到的适宜分辨率区间均明显较宽;③ 地形属性计算时所用的算法对适宜分辨率结果的影响不明显。  相似文献   

10.
A short introduction to Slovene alpine karst, i.e. surface, geological base, hypsometric divisions, orography, and climate conditions is presented first. According to previous data there are three types of alpine karst in Slovenia: high-mountainous karst, doline karst, and karst on conglomerate and alluvial surface. The article then gives a general view of the caverns in the Slovene Alps; altogether there are over 1000 registered and explored caverns. Different numeric data are added, together with mean values. Types of caverns are compared between them and with different types of alpine land.  相似文献   

11.
CARBONATE EROSION RATES IN SOUTHWESTERN WISCONSIN   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Between 1977 and 1979 three sets of erosional weight loss tablets were em-placed in the karst of southwestern Wisconsin to measure both potential and actual rates of carbonate erosion. Tablets of Jamaican White Limestone, which has been used in many other karst areas, were used to gauge relative erosion potential while tablets of the local bedrock, Prairie du Chien dolomite, were used to assess absolute rates. Tablets of Yugoslavian limestone were emplaced as part of a world-wide study of comparative rates. Tablets were recovered in 1983 and 1984. Although potential erosion rates are similar to those in other carbonate areas, the sluggish dissolution of the indigenous dolomite retards karst development. Soil cover increases erosion rates and rates at a given depth are consistent over sites of up to 10 m2. The highest erosion rates were recorded by the Yugoslavian tablets but betweensite variations caution that results based on a single site may be unrepresentative. Over 37% of all tablets were affected by mechanical weathering processes, probably freeze-thaw action.  相似文献   

12.
Analysis of topographic and bedrock surface data from 41 sites 23.3 km2 (9 m2) within Midwestern areas glaciated during the Late Wisconsinan identifies an average drift thickness-maximum bedrock relief transition equation for the presence or absence of bedrock surface influences on topographic detail. For sites with average drift thicknesses between 15 and 35 m, the transition occurs when average drift thicknesses exceed 0.5 maximum bedrock relief + 10 m. This equation may provide a practical tool in searching for buried bedrock valleys.  相似文献   

13.
西南岩溶山地生态环境研究进展与若干问题   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
西南岩溶山地是典型的脆弱生态系统，是中国的关键生态区之一，石漠化逐步扩大等生态退化问题严重制约着该区持续发展，生态亟待恢复重建，但岩溶石漠化治理模式实际上受限于岩溶生态基础理论研究的不足。岩溶山地生态重建与可持续发展研究中应进一步加强地质地貌背景生态效应与生态类型划分问题、岩溶生态系统的恢复重建依赖对生态过程研究的突破、土地利用／土地覆盖的定量研究有待加强、治理模式的尺度性与转型研究，阐明岩溶生态系统的运行过程，提出石漠化类型划分和石漠化分级的科学依据。并通过生态系统评价和生态区评价，诊断存在问题，提出生态系统可持续管理的有效途径和方法。  相似文献   

14.
In this paper, I develop global karst chemical denudation models using chemical equilibrium equations. Theoretical karst chemical denudation rates are calculated as soil carbon dioxide concentration varies from 10?3.5 atm to 10?1.0 atm, temperature varies from 0°C to 30°C, and annual runoff varies from 500 mm to 3,000 mm. Both open and closed karst solution systems are examined. The Drake (1980) and the Brook‐Folkoff‐Box (1983) soil pCO2 equations are used to develop chemical denudation models for different carbonate rocks (limestone and dolomite), climate (tropical, temperate, and arctic/alpine terrains), and karst solution type (open and closed systems). The major conclusion is that the karst solution type, least known in the past karst studies, is an important factor in controlling chemical denudation rates.  相似文献   

15.
In this paper, I develop global karst chemical denudation models using chemical equilibrium equations. Theoretical karst chemical denudation rates are calculated as soil carbon dioxide concentration varies from 10?3.5 atm to 10?1.0 atm, temperature varies from 0°C to 30°C, and annual runoff varies from 500 mm to 3,000 mm. Both open and closed karst solution systems are examined. The Drake (1980) and the Brook-Folkoff-Box (1983) soil pCO2 equations are used to develop chemical denudation models for different carbonate rocks (limestone and dolomite), climate (tropical, temperate, and arctic/alpine terrains), and karst solution type (open and closed systems). The major conclusion is that the karst solution type, least known in the past karst studies, is an important factor in controlling chemical denudation rates.  相似文献   

16.
广州市典型岩溶塌陷区岩溶发育及影响因素   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
通过对广州市内的夏茅、金沙洲和大坦沙3个典型重大岩溶塌陷区进行调查,结合现场情况和地质背景资料,采用统计分析和对比分析等方法,深入探讨3个地区的岩溶塌陷基本特征、岩溶发育情况以及影响岩溶发育的主控因素。结果表明：1）金沙洲塌陷区的直接经济损失最高,大坦沙塌陷区受影响人数最多,而夏茅塌陷区受影响程度则相对较小;2）覆盖型灰岩是引起3处塌陷的主要物质基础,各地岩溶在纵向上的规律及溶洞的发育各具特点,其中夏茅塌陷区岩溶发育程度为强发育,其余两地为中等―强发育;3）3个地区地质断裂普遍发育,断裂构造控制着岩溶发育的方向,断裂切割使岩石破碎,增加地下水与可溶岩的接触面积,同时地下水的作用是岩溶发育的主导因素,影响着岩溶发育的规模和大小,在水动力条件较好的地段,岩溶相对发育。  相似文献   

17.
中国南方岩溶区土地石漠化的成因与过程   总被引：18，自引：2，他引：16  
中国南方岩溶区是石漠化广为发展的脆弱生态区域。南方岩溶区土地石漠化的起因既有自然因素,也有人为因素。在地质历史时期其自身环境孕育和存在着自然石漠化过程,在历史时期—现代自然石漠化过程又叠加了人为石漠化过程,人为活动加速、加剧了石漠化的发展。清朝初、中期是人为活动影响石漠化的重要转折时期,此后人为因素作用比重逐渐超过自然因素的作用比重。岩溶区土地石漠化过程是由植被退化丧失过程、土壤侵蚀过程、地表水流失过程、基岩溶蚀侵蚀过程、土地生物生产力退化过程合成的地表生态过程,其实质是形成石质荒漠的土地退化过程。  相似文献   

18.
一个计算山地地形参数的计算机模式   总被引：24，自引：0，他引：24  
本文提出了一个虚拟次网格二维差分格式,依此建立了一个计算山地小地形参数(即局地平均坡向、坡度和地形遮蔽角)的通用计算机模式。模式的输入参数为研究地区的拔海高度网格化后的资料、空间格距和网格点数;模式的输出结果为每个格点上的坡向、坡度及沿任一方位上的地形遮蔽角以及一些地形统计值。由此,可较准确、客观地制作出研究山区的坡向、坡度图和地形遮蔽图。经实测验证,模式的计算值与实测值比较吻合。  相似文献   

19.
石林地区土壤性质与喀斯特洼地发育   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  
梁福源  宋林华  唐涛 《地理研究》2004,23(3):321-328
对石林地区洼地边坡和底部红壤的物理、化学性质差异进行了研究 ,结果表明土壤的化学成分、水分含量和粒度组成都和所处的地貌部位有关。洼地底部的土壤细粘粒含量、水分含量、Al2 O3和Fe2 O3含量低于洼地边坡 ,而粗粉粒含量、SiO2 含量则高于洼地边坡。土壤SiO2 含量随粒径变细而减少 ,Al2 O3和Fe2 O3则随粒径变细而增加 ,土壤中水分含量与细粘粒含量正相关 ,与粗粉粒含量负相关。因此 ,不同地貌部位土壤的粒度组成差异决定了洼地底部和边坡的水分含量及化学组成的差异  相似文献   

20.
喀斯特高原峡谷与高原盆地区石漠化及变化特征对比   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
以贵州典型喀斯特峡谷和高原盆地区为研究对象,以5期卫星遥感影像为数据源,综合运用“3S”技术,辅以其他参考图件获得研究区不同时段石漠化图,通过对研究区石漠化状况及工程治理后动态变化特征作对比分析,探讨不同地貌类型区石漠化及其变化特征的差异性。研究表明：石漠化发生与演变和地貌类型存在一定相关性,花江喀斯特峡谷区和清镇喀斯特高原盆地区石漠化发生率分别为67.4％和31.6％,花江喀斯特峡谷区石漠化面积、石漠化发生率、石漠化强度明显地高于清镇高原盆地区。2000―2010年,花江喀斯特高原峡谷区和清镇喀斯特高原盆地区石漠化面积分别减少2.79和5.04 km2,石漠化年变化率分别为-0.91%和-2.78%,清镇喀斯特高原盆地区石漠化减少更明显。在监测时段内,花江喀斯特高原峡谷区石漠化年变化率先增加后逐渐减少,而清镇喀斯特高原盆地区则一直保持较高的石漠化年变化率,这在一定程度上说明石漠化越严重,治理越难,治理成效越不明显。当前开展的石漠化治理专项工程应根据不同地貌类型差异合理布设治理工程,先易后难,重点做好轻、中度石漠化地区的石漠化治理工作。  相似文献   

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