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1.
Understanding changes in the size of tropical cyclone (TC) wind and rain fields before landfall can improve identification of areas that may experience damage. We examine 25 Atlantic basin TCs for 36 h before gale-force winds (R17) cross land. Rain field extents are measured from satellite estimates of rain rates using a Geographic Information System. In each quadrant, R17 is obtained from the Extended Best Track data-set and correlated with the extent of the rain field. In general, both fields expand prior to landfall. The non-linearity of this trend poses problems for persistence forecast models. The largest wind fields are located over the Atlantic Ocean. Correlations between wind and rain field extent are strongly positive for Atlantic cases regardless of whether extratropical transition (ET) occurs and are associated with the direction of vertical wind shear. Poor correlations exist for Gulf observations. Rain fields extend farther towards the east during ET when vertical wind shear is stronger, but wind fields are not significantly different when separating cases based on whether or not ET occurs. As rain fields extend farther than wind fields in 33% of Gulf cases, moderately heavy rainfall may commence before damaging winds arrive, decreasing the time available for preparedness activities. 相似文献
2.
A synoptic climatology of warm season heavy rainfall is developed from patterns of 850 mb thermal advection over the Appalachian region. Heavy rain events are categorized according to the position and orientation of a warm air advection (WAA) ridge, a feature found in nearly two-thirds of the events. Numerous study events occur within the conditionally unstable region of the WAA ridge. In fact, numerous occurrences of heavy rainfall are tied to a superpositioning of a WAA and air mass instability ridge in the vicinity or upstream of the heavy rain area. 相似文献
3.
本文以季风环流的季节变化及地形两大因子对台湾降水的影响进行了研究分析，结果显示：东北季风和地形共同影响，造成冬半年台湾东北部多雨和西南部干旱；夏半年由于受西南季风的影响，出现了岛西部降水略多于岛东部的现象，且由于西南季风的影响，缓解了西南部干旱．台湾地形对降水的影响居全国之冠，海拔高度每上升100m，年降水量递增值都大于100mm，海拔500mm左右的低层递增率更是高达266．5mm／100m． 相似文献
4.
1960—2017年太湖流域不同等级降水时空特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于太湖流域1960—2017年逐日降水数据，运用Mann-Kendall非参数检验法、R/S分析等方法，分析太湖流域不同等级降水的时空变化特征，并探讨了不同等级降水对年降水的影响。结果表明：1）近60年来，流域小雨发生率最高，为73.55%；年总降水量中，中雨量所占比例最大，为32.05%。小雨发生率呈显著减少趋势，暴雨贡献率呈显著增加趋势。2）太湖流域大雨、暴雨的降水量和降水日数都呈显著增加，小雨日数显著减少，小雨强度、年总降水强度显著增强。3）不同等级降水变化趋势的空间分布存在明显差异。小雨日数与年总降水日数，以及小雨强度与年总降水强度的变化趋势空间格局相一致。中雨日数、大雨日数、暴雨日数变化趋势的空间分布与其对应的降水量变化趋势的空间格局相似。4）R/S分析结果显示，小雨、暴雨、年总降水相关指标（小雨量除外）都表现出较强的持续性，未来变化趋势与过去相一致。5）近60年来，太湖流域年总降水量、降水日数、年总降水强度的变化，分别受中雨量、小雨日数、暴雨量的影响较大。在旱年流域年降水量偏少受大雨量减少的影响较大，而涝年年降水量偏多受暴雨增加的影响较大。 相似文献
5.
河西走廊典型荒漠区土壤水分对降水脉动响应的稳定同位素分析 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
基于稳定同位素技术研究了河西走廊中部典型荒漠区土壤水分对降水脉动的响应。结果表明：降水分布及其δ18O值都存在显著的季节变化特征,降水事件多发生在夏季,且有较高的δ18O值,而冬季降水稀少,且δ18O值偏低。降水以脉动方式输入土壤中,不同量级的降水事件会导致土壤含水量和δ18O值不同程度的响应。降水入渗后不同深度的土壤含水量和δ18O值的响应程度和响应时间不同,土壤深度越大,响应程度越小且响应时间越滞后。对比降水δ18O值和降水后不同深度的土壤水δ18O值的变化发现,表层土壤能够迅速的对降水做出响应,下层土壤的响应具有滞后性。即这种自上而下的活塞式下渗是该区主要的降水入渗方式。荒漠区土壤水分受降水的调节和控制,但是深层土壤水受小降水事件的影响较小,大降水事件虽然发生频率较小,但是能够对深层土壤水形成有效的补给,对整个荒漠生态系统的可持续发展都具有十分重要的意义。 相似文献
6.
博州不同级别降水及极端降水事件的时空变化 总被引：14，自引：3，他引：11
根据1961—2005年新疆博州（博尔塔拉蒙古自治州的简称,下同）4站逐日降水资料,用阈值检测方法计算出博州地区极端降雨（雪）的阈值,并用气候趋势系数、Kendall-τ秩次相关以及滑动t检验等分析了博州地区不同量级降水日数以及极端降水日数的变化特征。研究表明,博州地区极端降水阈值与年平均降水量的空间分布基本一致：山区大,盆地小,地区间差异极大。3—10月一日降水量≤0.2 mm的微量降雨日数大范围减少;年降水量增加的方式在不同子区域是不同的：①对于年平均降水量仅有100 mm左右的艾比湖一带而言,主要体现在中雨、小雪次数的增加上,其他量级的雨雪日数及强度增加趋势不显著,这种增量对干旱区而言很小,无法改变干旱区的本质。②博河上游地区夏半年主要体现在小雨、大雨次数的增加以及中雨强度的增加上,冬半年主要体现在小雪、大雪或极端降雪日数的增加以及大雪、暴雪强度的增加上。虽然博河上游地区大雨次数显著增加,但强度显著降低。这种增加方式导致博河上游地区冬季牧区易出现雪灾,夏季易出现洪灾。③博河中游地区主要体现在小雪、中雪、大雪（或极端降雪）、中雨频次以及小雨强度的增加上,而且一日降水量≤0.2 mm的微量降雨日数的减少趋势大于其他量级降雨总次数的增加趋势。降水日的这种变化方式在该区域气候显著偏暖的气候背景中,极易造成春夏阶段性极端干旱事件频发。 相似文献
7.
利用丽江地区常规观测资料,对丽江地区近51年来暴雨事件发生的频次及强度进行分析,研究结果表明：（1）丽江地区暴雨事件全部发生在汛期内（5～10月）,呈单峰型分布,7月、8月为暴雨集中发生时期,连续性暴雨事件在丽江地区属于极小概率事件.（2）暴雨事件发生频次与降水量均呈现一致上升趋势,在年际尺度上具有3～5年的周期性.（3）丽江地区小雨发生频次最多,占总降水频次比率超过63％.暴雨频次所占比率较小,最高发生在7月,仅为2.69％.大雨与暴雨的频次占总降水频次不足9％,但由极端降水事件产生的降水量却占总降水量超过35％.（4）小雨、中雨的降水量年际变化稍小,呈下降的趋势;大雨、暴雨的降水量年际变化明显,有明显的上升趋势. 相似文献
8.
分析2011年6月27～28日大理地区人汛来首场强降水天气过程的影响系统、物理量特征以及风廓线雷达资料,结果表明此次区域性强降水过程的主要影响系统是东移的中纬度槽和低层的切变线;区域性强降水开始前,大理上空是不稳定能量的密集区且大气处层结于不稳定状态;从水汽条件看,过程开始前低层湿度虽大,但没有水汽的强辐合;强降水出现时存在剧烈的上升运动释放不稳定能量,且低层正涡度高层负涡度,散度场上低层辐合高层辐散,但低层辐合并不强;信噪比和垂直速度在降水的持续时间和降水强度方面与降水对应关系非常密切,强降水出现时间及持续时间与40dbz高信噪比出现时间一致,垂直速度负值绝对值越大降水越强,厚度越厚持续时间越长;强降水出现时水平风随高度存在多层切变,强降水出现期间水平风矢量达到最高的位置,随着降水的减弱,测量到的水平风矢量高度明显降低。 相似文献
9.
近年来伴随着城市化的快速发展,世界各大城市汛期极端降雨事件频发,洪涝造成的社会经济损失日益严重,在此背景下,分析中国首都北京各城市化阶段汛期降雨变化显得非常有必要。论文基于30个雨量站1963—2012年汛期降雨资料,运用线性回归、滑动平均以及ArcGIS空间分析等方法对北京汛期降雨时空特征进行分析,通过对比城区和近郊区汛期降雨之间的差异来研究城市化对汛期降雨特征的影响,同时利用北京不同城市化阶段土地利用数据分析了城市下垫面变化对降雨的影响,得出以下主要结论：① 北京各区域汛期降雨时间上整体呈现下降趋势,空间上整体表现为由东向西呈逐渐减小的趋势。② 北京山区最容易发生小雨和中雨;城区则更容易发生中雨以上等级降雨事件,特别是暴雨和大暴雨;近郊区发生小雨和中雨概率与城区接近,但大雨以上等级降雨事件发生可能性小于城区;远郊发生各等级降雨事件的可能性均较大。③ 相对于北部近郊而言,在不同城市化发展阶段,城区降雨比南部近郊更大,但城市化增雨效应在城区与北部近郊之间也有所体现。④ 随着城市化的发展,北京城区和郊区城镇建设用地面积持续增长,原有下垫面条件被改变;由于城区城市化进程比近郊区更快,下垫面条件的改变使得城区汛期降雨量大于近郊区,且更易发生大雨以上等级降雨事件。 相似文献
10.
三峡库区山地灾害基本特征及滑坡与降水关系 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
分析三峡库区山地灾害的基本特征，着重讨论库区滑坡灾害与前期降水量的相关关系，运用Fisher判别法则建立该区滑坡发生的降水预报方程。结果表明，三峡库区山地灾害主要出现在雨季，7月发生最为频繁，灾害种类多样，主要以滑坡为主，降水是诱发山地灾害的主要因素；当日和前5d的暴雨日数、当日和前10d降水量与滑坡发生的关系最为密切，诱发库区滑坡灾害的主要降水类型为暴雨诱发型和多日中大雨诱发型；通过Fisher判别方法，以两个降水因子建立起的滑坡发生的预报方程，对于三峡库区滑坡发生具有一定的判别能力，为库区山地灾害的预防提供科学依据。 相似文献
11.
近50 年来祁连山及河西走廊降水的时空变化 总被引：10，自引：2，他引：8
利用1960-2009 年的日降水量资料,采用线性趋势、5 年趋势滑动、IDW 空间插值、Morlet 小波分析、Mann-Kendall 突变检验等方法,对祁连山及河西走廊地区不同等级降水日数和降水强度的时空变化特征进行了研究。结果表明:不同等级降水日数和降水强度的多年平均在空间上既表现出东西分异,也表现出南北分异;不同等级降水日数的年际变化在绝大部分区域呈增多趋势,且自东向西增幅减小,大雨强度的年际变化在绝大部分区域呈增大趋势,其它等级降水强度为部分区域呈增大趋势,部分区域呈减小趋势;小雨、中雨日数的年际变化呈显著增多趋势,大雨日数呈明显增多趋势,暴雨日数呈不明显增多趋势,小雨、大雨强度的年际变化呈不明显减小趋势,中雨、暴雨强度呈不明显增大趋势;不同等级降水日数变化的周期集中在2a、5a、8a、11a、19a,不同等级降水强度变化的周期集中在2a、5a、11a、15a、25a;除小雨强度突变减小外,其它等级降水日数均突变增多,降水强度均突变增大,降水量的增加主要是降水日数的增多造成的,其中小雨、中雨日数的增多贡献最大。 相似文献
12.
科尔沁沙地降雨特征分析——以奈曼旗为例 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
了解降水的当前特征及未来的变化趋势对理解气候变化对区域生态系统的影响具有重要的意义。科尔沁沙地是中国北方农牧交错带的典型区域,年降雨量300~500 mm,对气候变化(特别是降水的变化)非常敏感。对科尔沁沙地沙漠化较为严重的奈曼旗1971-2013年的降水资料进行了分析研究。结果表明:(1)该地区多年平均降水量为338.8 mm,5-9月降雨量占全年降水量的(85.32±7.71)%,5-9月降雨量,年降水量1971-2000年经历了先增加后减少的趋势,2001-2013年有缓慢增加的趋势;同时降水量的年际变异性近10年也呈增加的趋势。(2)5-9月降雨量呈先增大后减小的趋势,在7月最大,为104.2 mm,5月和9月最小(分别为32.7 mm和32.8 mm),月降雨量的年际变率均大于49%;生长季内降雨主要以<10 mm的事件为主,占总降雨事件的64.41%,却仅占总降雨量的16.95%;≥30 mm的降雨事件占总降雨事件的10.96%,占到总降雨量的45.93%,且对总降雨量具有决定性的影响。(3)≥5 mm降雨的平均间隔为9.4 d,以1~10 d为主,占到69.5%,10~20 d(19.5%)的次之;≥30 d的发生频率最小,为3.81%,降雨间隔的年际变异性均呈增加的趋势。(4)生长季降雨日数呈减少的趋势,降雨事件降雨量的变异性与生长季降雨量的变化具有相似性,从2001年开始呈增加的趋势。该地区的降雨量年际变异性强,降雨日数的减少和降雨事件降雨量变异性的增加将提高极端干旱事件发生的频率,可能对该地区的生态系统产生严重影响,加剧该地区的沙漠化发展方向。因此,加强气候变化对生态系统影响的研究,可为合理利用土地资源及调整土地管理方式提供理论依据。 相似文献
13.
Gregory E. Faiers 《自然地理学》2013,34(3):223-231
Each measurable hourly precipitation event during January at Lake Charles, Louisiana, over the 1951–80 period has been classified by associated synoptic weather type. Using Muller's synoptic classification, four types were found to produce rainfall over the study period. Frontal Overrunning accounted for 71% of the hourly events with an average hourly intensity of 1.78 mm. Frontal Gulf Return accounted for the greatest hourly intensity of the four types (3.05 mm) and accounted for 24% of the observations. The Gulf Return and Coastal Return types produced few hours of precipitation at this time of year owing to both the cooler surface temperatures which limit convection and the dominance of the frontal activity. The frequency of the events associated with these types varied significantly over the study period. The frontal-related weather types increased dramatically during the colder months, and also increased in association with El Nino events and related cyclogenesis in the western Gulf of Mexico. Non-frontal events were most common in the 1950s. This approach could be applied to hourly precipitation studies elsewhere so that processes underlying monthly and inter-annual climate fluctuations may be better understood. [Key words: Hourly Precipitation, Synoptic weather Types, Climate Fluctuations.] 相似文献
14.
暖湿背景下新疆逐时降水变化特征研究 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
基于新疆16个国家基准站1991-2013年5~9月逐小时的降水观测资料,分析研究了新疆夏半年逐时降水的时空分布和日变化特征。结果表明:新疆小时降雨频数呈现西北多、东南少的特征;4 mm·h-1以上量级雨强的强降雨高频时段北疆自西向东依次出现在下午、前半夜和后半夜,南疆多出现在夜间;新疆各区域逐时降水频率的日变化特征明显不同,各区域逐时降水分布并不均匀:塔城北部、阿勒泰地区日降水分布呈现双峰型特征,北疆其余地区则是较为一致的单峰型;南疆各区域以双峰型居多。南北疆0.1 mm·h-1以上、4 mm·h-1以上量级雨强的出现总频次均呈明显增加趋势,进入21世纪10年代南疆强降雨频次增加更显著。 相似文献
15.
Christopher S. Moses William T. Anderson Colin Saunders Fred Sklar 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2013,49(1):5-14
Precipitation and temperature in Florida responds to climate teleconnections from both the Pacific and Atlantic regions. In this region south of Lake Okeechobee, encompassing NWS Climate Divisions 5, 6, and 7, modern movement of surface waters are managed by the South Florida Water Management District and the US Army Corps of Engineers for flood control, water supply, and Everglades restoration within the constraints of the climatic variability of precipitation and evaporation. Despite relatively narrow, low-relief, but multi-purposed land separating the Atlantic Ocean from the Gulf of Mexico, South Florida has patterns of precipitation and temperature that vary substantially on spatial scales of 101–102 km. Here we explore statistically significant linkages to precipitation and temperature that vary seasonally and over small spatial scales with El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Over the period from 1952 to 2005, ENSO teleconnections exhibited the strongest influence on seasonal precipitation. The Multivariate ENSO Index was positively correlated with winter (dry season) precipitation and explained up to 34 % of dry season precipitation variability along the southwest Florida coast. The AMO was the most influential of these teleconnections during the summer (wet season), with significant positive correlations to South Florida precipitation. These relationships with modern climate parameters have implications for paleoclimatological and paleoecological reconstructions, and future climate predictions from the Greater Everglades system. 相似文献
16.
A synoptic-scale climatology of precipitation amounts from thunderstorms was developed by analysis of amounts from individual storms for 220 stations in the conterminous United States for the period 1948-1977. The probability of having a thunderstorm without rainfall was assessed for each station. For storms which did produce precipitation, the probability distribution of amounts was found to be well summarized by the incomplete gamma distribution. Sets of seasonal maps of the probability of receiving any measurable amount, less than 4 mm, and more than 20 mm of precipitation are presented. Consistent spatial patterns are found. Thunder without precipitation is most likely in the west. The greatest probability of heavy precipitation occurs along the Gulf Coast, extending in the summer throughout the mid-section of the nation. Topographic effects are apparent, with mountainous areas generally having less intense precipitation than surrounding regions. [Key World: thunderstorms, precipitation probabilities, gamma distribution.] 相似文献
17.
乌鲁木齐1991-2010年降雨特征分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
利用1991—2010年5—9月乌鲁木齐市气象站降水量资料,分析了乌鲁木齐近20 a降雨特征。结果表明,逐小时降水量和降水频次呈现较为一致的日变化特征,均以20时以后至翌日11时左右为高值区,在下午16时达最低值;1 h降水频次最多的是量级≤1.0 mm的降水,其次是1.1 mm≤R1≤3.0 mm,但1.1 mm≤R1≤3.0 mm量级的降水贡献率最高,其次是R1≤1.0 mm。不同量级降水过程均有较为明显的年际差异,小雨过程发生的频次最多,其次为中雨、大雨和暴雨过程。前半夜为小雨、中雨和大雨过程最易发生时段,下午为暴雨过程最易发生时段。小雨、中雨、大雨和暴雨过程发生最多的时段分别为7月中旬、5月中旬、5月中下旬、5月上中旬与7月中旬及8月下旬。短时性降水(1~3 h)主要集中在前半夜,持续4~6 h和7~9 h降水多集中在前半夜到后半夜,持续10~12 h及以上的降水多发生在下午至后半夜。20 a来雨日年际变化不明显,后10 a和前10 a相比,暴雨日数有所增加,而其他量级及总雨日均减少。 相似文献
18.
David E. Wilkins 《自然地理学》2013,34(5):460-477
Western North American hemiarid basins situated along a climate boundary zone, or threshold, that separates regions of different climate regimes exhibit greater variability to changes in hydroclimatic variables. The Trans-Pecos Closed Basin study examines how global paleoclimatic factors and intrinsic geographic controls act in determining the threshold between states of hydroclimatic equilibria. Geomorphic, radiocarbon, and limnetic evidence identifies four major highstands for late Pleistocene Lake King during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Patterns in the resulting model limnograph for Lake King suggest that runoff contributions from basin catchments to the inundated area were limited by precipitation rather than evaporation. Timing of the onset of lacustrine transgressive events corresponds with the later stages of cooling events recorded in the Greenland ice and North Atlantic deep-sea sedimentary record. Correlation of Trans-Pecos lacustrine environments with North Atlantic cooling implies that full pluvial conditions in the basin were limited to those periods when those cooling events resulted in extreme equatorward shifts of the LGM subpolar winter storm tracks, providing a moisture source to the basin. By comparing timing, intensity, and direction of climate change over a widely spaced array of hemiarid basins, the global implications of climatic events are better understood. [Key words: Last Glacial Maximum, paleolakes, Pleistocene, Trans-Pecos Closed Basin, New Mexico, Texas.] 相似文献
19.
Hourly precipitation data were collected from 143 first-order US weather stations during the period from 1980 to 2009 to assess the internal distribution of precipitation events lasting at least three hours. A total of 46,595 individual precipitation events were identified and evaluated using the mean, standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis, and the number of peaks occurring within an event. Mean event duration is longest along the West and Northwest coasts, the Mid-South, the Mid-Atlantic, and the Northeast; while shorter-duration events are more frequent in the Rocky Mountains, the Southwest, and the Great Plains. Mean event precipitation and standard deviation are greatest along the Gulf Coast and decrease inland. Precipitation events are positively skewed, indicating that more precipitation tends to occur earlier in the event. The most positively-skewed events are also located in regions flanking the Gulf of Mexico, while less-skewed events are common in the Northwest and Rocky Mountain regions. Event kurtosis is negative throughout the entire USA, with the highest negative values generally west of the Front Range, where cyclonic development and transition produce more evenly distributed precipitation within storms. Intra-event precipitation maxima were also evaluated, with western Florida and the desert Southwest having the greatest number per event. 相似文献
20.
Previous studies have shown that moisture availability in the central highlands of Mexico during the last 3000 years has been highly variable, but evidence remains ambiguous since the climatic signal is partially masked by that of human activity. Here we use two isotope systems to provide evidence for environmental change in Laguna Zacapu, Michoacán covering this time period. Carbon isotope ratios of organic material suggest that there have been fluctuations in the carbon pool related to plant productivity, possibly as a result of changes in the abundance of aquatic plants around the lake margins. The drainage basin and lake have been managed intensively during the 20th century. Lake level apparently fell during the early part of the century, but has been artificially controlled since the 1950s. The oxygen isotope ratios from diatom silica should provide the more unambiguous climate signal, although we show that the interpretation of the diatom oxygen isotope record is far from straight forward. Zacapu is a spring-fed, non-evaporating system and changes in δ18Odiatom are likely to be a function of changes in δ18O of precipitation, due to either temperature and salinity variation in the Gulf of Mexico (associated with changes in the Bond cycles from the North Atlantic or the Loop current from the Carribean) and/or changing moisture contributions from different air masses (Gulf of Mexico vs. Pacific). Changes in the Gulf of Mexico are possibly at a resolution comparable to the periodicity we see in the δ18Odiatom record, although without better dating the comparison is speculative. 相似文献