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1.
M. A. Brodsky 《Geophysical Journal International》1981,66(3):727-732
Summary. The inverse gravity potential problem consists in the determination of the form and the density of the body by its exterior gravity potential. We describe two similar classes of bodies for which this problem has a unique constructive solution.
(1) The first class contains the cylindrical bodies with finite length, arbitrary form of section and ρ( R , ø, z) =ρ1 ( z )ρ2 ( R , ø) density distribution, where z is the cylindrical coordinate; R , ø are the polar coordinates in a section plane. This class is important for prospecting geophysics in that it allows us to determine in a unique and constructive way, the function ρ1 ( R , ø), the length, form and orientation of the cylinder if we know the function ρ1 ( z ) and the exterior potential. The classical moment problem of functions is the basis for the solution of this problem.
(2) The analogous problem for the class of the spherical cylinders, or bodies bounded by arbitrary similar sections of two different concentric spheres and the radial lateral surface, appears when bodies of planetary size are studied. (An example of these bodies would be the Moon mascons.) The density distribution of these cylinders is ρ(τ, θ, ø) =ρ1 (τ)ρ2 (θ, ø) where τ, θ, ø are the spherical coordinates. The function ρ1 (θ, ø), length and form of spherical sections can be uniquely determined by exterior potential if we know the function ρ1 (τ). We propose a new constructive method for harmonic continuation of the gravity potential into the region containing the perturbing masses for the solution of the problem. 相似文献
(1) The first class contains the cylindrical bodies with finite length, arbitrary form of section and ρ( R , ø, z) =ρ
(2) The analogous problem for the class of the spherical cylinders, or bodies bounded by arbitrary similar sections of two different concentric spheres and the radial lateral surface, appears when bodies of planetary size are studied. (An example of these bodies would be the Moon mascons.) The density distribution of these cylinders is ρ(τ, θ, ø) =ρ
2.
Anthony Arendt 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》1999,81(4):477-487
Broadband surface albedo measurements, made during the summer melt season at three weather stations on John Evans Glacier (79°40 ' N, 74°00 ' W), varied strongly with the solar zenith angle ( θ z ). Tests were carried out to assess the impact of diurnal variations in surface albedo on seasonal net shortwave radiation ( K * ) totals. Removing the diurnal signal from albedo measurements by daily averaging of hourly measurements, or by applying midday measurements to all hours of the day, changed K * by up to 16%. Ignoring measurements made at θ z & 75°, to account for measurement (cosine) error at high θ z , decreased K * by between 5 and 18%. Given the sensitivity of K * to diurnal patterns in surface albedo, experiments were carried out with two albedo models. One model accounted for albedo variations with θ z and one did not. The model driven by θ z , when implemented within a surface energy balance model for John Evans Glacier, produced better melt estimates. This suggests that diurnal variations in surface albedo should be accounted for in energy balance models of glacier melt. 相似文献
3.
《Polar Science》2014,8(1):10-23
This study compares the common harmonic constants of the O1, K1, P1, Q1, M2, S2, N2, and K2 tidal constituents from eight global and four regional tide models with harmonic constants from satellite altimeter and tide gauge data for the northern region of the Antarctic Peninsula (58°S–66°S, 53°W–66°W). To obtain a more representative comparison, the study area was divided into three zones with different physical characteristics but similar maximum tidal amplitude variations: Zone I (north of 62°S), Zone II (south of 62°S and west of the Antarctic Peninsula), and Zone III (between 62°S and 64.3°S, and east of 58.5°W). Root sum square (RSS) values are less than or equal to 3.0, 4.2, and 8.4 cm for zones I, II, and III, respectively. No single model shows superior performance in all zones. Because there are insufficient satellite altimetry observations in the vicinity of Matienzo Base (64.9761°S, 60.0683°W), this station was analyzed separately and presents the greatest values of both root mean square misfit and RSS. The maximum, minimum, and average amplitude values of the constituents that follow in importance after the eight common tidal constituents, and which have amplitudes greater than 1 cm, are also analyzed. 相似文献
4.
利用鸣沙山-月牙泉景区多点同步风况和输沙通量资料,探讨了近地表流场特征、风沙活动强度及输移路径;基于1985和2009年两期遥感影像,揭示高大沙山动态变化及其对月牙泉的影响。月牙泉主要受南北沙山夹击,尤其是北沙山南移更为突出,直接威胁月牙泉存在。近年来,受地形、周边建筑物和外围树木的影响,月牙泉景区近地表流场改变,导致区域输沙动态平衡破坏。因此,月牙泉风沙防治应从恢复近地表风沙流场角度考虑,遵循风沙动态平衡原则,打通月牙泉景区东风通道,恢复均衡环流结构,这是维系高大沙山与月牙泉共存的关键。 相似文献
5.
青海共和盆地风况及风沙地貌 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
利用共和盆地茶卡、共和、贵南站2012-2015年的风资料,分析盆地风向、风速和输沙势的变化特征,并结合Google Earth高清影像,对盆地风能环境与风沙地貌进行探讨。结果表明：（1）盆地年平均风速1.6～2.7 m·s-1,西北部、中部和东南部年起沙风出现的频率分别为7.7%、3.5%、0.9%,起沙风主要发生在冬、春季,风向以WNW和W为主。（2）盆地属于低风能环境,风沙活动自西北部向东南部减弱,方向变率指数0.7～0.96,风况为窄单峰或宽单峰风况,西北部和中部风向变率属于低变率,东南部属于中等变率,合成输沙方向较一致,为281.0°～286.7°。（3）盆地沙丘类型有新月形沙丘（链）、格状沙丘、复合型链状沙丘、沙山、沙垄、抛物线沙丘等,沙丘类型和风况较吻合。 相似文献
6.
Summary. The elastodynamic fields of point forces and shear dislocations of finite source duration are analysed with the aim of establishing the frequency and time-domain characteristics of the field in the near-source region. Criteria are obtained for amplitude dominance in regions where the source–sensor distance is much smaller than the wavelength.
It is shown that in the frequency domain , the Green's tensor (and hence the displacement field of a single point force) attenuates like R−1 in the near-source region and there exists no region in which the 'near-field' term becomes dominant such that the 'far-field' term can be neglected. Hence, there is no real 'near-field' term for the elastodynamic Green's tensor. The near-field terms of the displacements, velocities and accelerations excited by a shear dislocation attenuate like R −2 , since the R −3 and R −4 terms tend to be eliminated due to mutual cancellation of P and S motions in the near-source region.
In the time domain , the corresponding near field of the displacement field is defined for the steady amplitude interval (away from transients) R /β < t < R /α+ T by the condition R ≤βT where β is the shear velocity and T is the source's duration. The relative strengths of all other arrivals will depend on the particular time window under consideration.
The particle motion patterns due to a single force in the near-source region are shown to be similar to rotating hyperbolas with an axis along the force direction, which are quite different from the 'smoke ring' motion patterns of the so-called 'near-field' term itself. 相似文献
It is shown that in the frequency domain , the Green's tensor (and hence the displacement field of a single point force) attenuates like R
In the time domain , the corresponding near field of the displacement field is defined for the steady amplitude interval (away from transients) R /β < t < R /α+ T by the condition R ≤βT where β is the shear velocity and T is the source's duration. The relative strengths of all other arrivals will depend on the particular time window under consideration.
The particle motion patterns due to a single force in the near-source region are shown to be similar to rotating hyperbolas with an axis along the force direction, which are quite different from the 'smoke ring' motion patterns of the so-called 'near-field' term itself. 相似文献
7.
8.
Robert G. Currie 《Geophysical Journal International》1980,61(1):131-140
Summary. A two-channel MESA or maximum entropy spectrum analysis (Morf et al. 1978) between Δ T °= ET – UT (Morrison 1973) and sunspot numbers spanning 1832–1975 yields the following results over a bandwidth 2–20yr: (1) The spectra of Δ T ° and sunspot numbers are both dominated by a narrow band signal at 11.0 yr; (2) On average the coherency over the continuum is 0.14 while at 11.0yr it peaks at 0.83; (3) The 11-yr sunspot cycle signal in length of day (lod) has an amplitude of 0.16 ms, and in time lags that in sunspot numbers by 3.4yr. Estimates obtained from segmenting the series yield extremal values which grossly bound the above estimates: The narrow band signal has period range (10.5–11.4yr) coherency (0.8–1.0), amplitude (0.06–0.31 ms), and time lag (3.0–3.Syr). In addition, a two channel analysis of sunspot numbers with a new Δ T n series from 1861–1978 (Morrison 1979) and an earlier segment of Δ T °, as well as a single-channel analysis of Δ T ° and Δ T n individually, further support the conclusion that the solar sunspot cycle in Earth rotation has been detected. These experimental results have implications in astronomy, solar physics, meteorology and climatology. 相似文献
9.
J. A. Ruiz‐Arias D. Pozo‐Vázquez H. Alsamamra 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(8):1049-1076
Daily solar radiation estimates of four up‐to‐date solar radiation models (Solar Analyst, r.sun, SRAD and Solei‐32), based on a digital elevation model (DEM), have been evaluated and compared in a Mediterranean environment characterized by a complex topography. The models' estimates were evaluated against 40 days of radiometric data collected in 14 stations. Analyzed sky conditions ranged from completely overcast conditions to clear skies. Additionally, the role of the spatial resolution of the DEM has been evaluated through the use of two different resolutions: 20 and 100 m. Results showed that, under clear‐sky conditions, the daily solar radiation variability in the study area may be reasonably estimated with mean bias errors under 10% and root mean square error values of around 15%. On the other hand, results proved that the reliability of the estimates substantially decreases under overcast conditions for some of the solar radiation models. Regarding the role of the DEM spatial resolution, results suggested that the reliability of the estimates for complex topography areas under clear‐sky conditions improves using a higher spatial resolution. 相似文献
10.
J. Edwards 《Geophysical Journal International》1982,68(3):609-624
Summary. Rotational remanent magnetizations and partial rotational remanent magnetizations have been induced in four specimens using alternating magnetic fields of 55 mT maximum peak strength and 128 Hz, and speeds of rotation between 0.0016 and 0.4 rev s−1 . Each partial rotational remanent magnetization ( PRRM ), was produced by rotating the specimen only at the maximum setting of the alternating field. The variation of PRRM with (a) speed of rotation, ω, and (b) total angle of rotation, θ, was investigated. In (a), PRRM fell slowly but steadily as ω increased; for (b) it rose sharply as θ increased up to 60° and reached a maximum for θ between 90° and 120°. Alternating field demagnetizations of PRRMs were performed with the specimen (a) at rest, and (b) rotating about an axis perpendicular to the field. Rotation significantly enhanced the demagnetization process. Variation of the time T , taken to remove the inducing alternating field produced no detectable effect in the case of PRRM , but affected the value of ω at which a given feature of the RRM —ω curve appeared, and the product θF (=ω T ) appears to be more important than either ω or T separately. Current theories on RRM can be used to explain some of the new experimental data on PRRM . 相似文献
11.
1957-2014年库布齐沙漠地面风场特征 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
风对沙漠化过程具有重要影响,起沙风是塑造沙漠地貌格局的主要动力。根据1957-2014年库布齐沙漠周边4个基准气象站的地面风资料,从风速、风向和输沙势等方面分析库布齐沙漠的地面风场特征。结果显示：（1）库布齐沙漠的起沙风频率与平均风速有很高的相关性;（2）年平均风速为2.7 m·s-1,全年盛行风向为WNW-NW,为中等变率锐双峰风况,合成输沙风向约为310°。4月风速最大,为中等变率环境;8月风速较小,为高变率环境;1月风速最小,为低变率环境。3-6月风速最大,风向集中度一般;11月至翌年2月风速较大,风向集中度高;7-10月风速最小,风向集中度差;（3）20世纪80年代中后期和2007年前后风速、起沙风频率和输沙势发生了较大变化,尤其是2007年前后由减小向增大发展;（4）大气环流和地表粗糙度的改变是库布齐沙漠地面风场变化的重要原因。 相似文献
12.
中国西南山区蒸散发能力的季节和空间变化 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
AxelThomas 《山地学报》2002,20(4):385-393
从全球范围来看，中国西南山区位地热带与亚热带，印度洋季风与中国季风的过渡带，属于季风气候。5－9月的降水占全年平均降水量的70％，整个山区随海拔高度的变化形成了很多气候带，与中国东部相比，中国西南山区旱季（冬季）温暖，光照充足，天空晴郎。根据中国西南山区36个（主要是云南的）气象站观测资料，利用彭曼修正式估算了中国西南山蒸散发能力（PET）。观测资料统计显示这些气象站位于同一气候区的不同类型区域，本文中估算了不同类型区域的月平均PET的递减率。各种气候类型区域的季节变化反映了季风影响的程度，PET的年内变化可划分为季风前期，季风期和季风后期。PET的区域月递减率在1mm/10mm0--5mm/100mm间变动，较低的云雾或云层等局部气候将太阳辐射控制在低水平，影响PET的递减率的正，负变化，由太阳辐射和风速主导大部分区域PET的最大值出现在季风来临前的2－5月份。在6－9月的季风期，中国西南山区受西南季风控制，整个区域气候变化比较一致，PET的值较小，其空间变化也较小。 相似文献
13.
Summary. In their fundamental paper of 1967, Backus & Gilbert made the following conjecture (p. 265): '… that if we seek uniquely to determine v of the functions ρ, k, μ (with ν = 1, 2, 3) from the mass, moment, and eigen-frequencies of the normal modes, we need 2ν different infinite sequences of eigenfrequencies, each sequence consisting either of all toroìdal modes of a given angular order or all spheroidal modes of a given angular order…' . We show that, at least if attention is not restricted to geophysically realistic solutions, the conjecture is false. The question of its validity remains open when attention is restricted to geophysically realistic solutions. However, as the present result indicates, the fact cannot now be ignored that, even in a quite appropriate geophysical context, an examination of angular-order spectra is not sufficient to determine ρ, k and μ. 相似文献
14.
1971-2013年环渤海地区风速的时空特征 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
基于环渤海地区60个站点1971-2013年日序列最大风速数据,采用线性倾向估计、Mann-kendall检验、反距离加权插值、小波分析等方法,分析了近年来环渤海地区风速的年、季节的变化趋势及其空间分异等特征。结果表明:(1)环渤海地区年均最大风速为6.35 m·s-1,并以0.423 m·s-1的年代变化速率呈显著的下降趋势。区内除承德、丰宁和阜新站点呈略微上升趋势,其余站点均呈下降趋势,整体上表现为南部下降幅度高而北部下降幅度低。四季最大风速也均呈显著的下降趋势,冬、春季的最大风速对全年趋势演变贡献率较大。(2)偏北风(尤其是北西北风)和偏南风(尤其是南西南风)是本区的主要风向。春、夏两季以偏南风为主要风向,秋、冬两季则以偏北风为主要风向。(3)环渤海地区最大风速减少的主要原因是各站点日最大风速为5级及以上的发生频率分别以0.912、0.671、0.271、0.076 d·a-1的速率呈下降趋势;大风频率也以1.019 d.a-1的速率呈下降趋势。冬半年是本区大风日数相对较多的时段,春季尤甚。(4)本区多数地区属大风较少区和较多区,其中大风较多区的站点最多(31个),而大风频发区的站点最少(仅4个)。位于大风较少区的站点数增长迅速,而大风较多区、多发区和频发区的站点数则均呈现下降趋势。最大风速与大风日数均具有25～30 a的显著振荡周期。 相似文献
15.
甘肃敦煌雅丹地质公园区风蚀气候侵蚀力特征 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
风蚀气候侵蚀力是潜在风力侵蚀强度的重要表征。基于2013年和2014年风速、降水和空气温度、湿度等气象要素的实地观测数据,对甘肃敦煌雅丹地质公园区的风蚀气候因子指数进行了逐月的计算和分析。结果表明：（1）研究区风蚀气候因子指数为151.98±0.13,是全国的三大极大值区之一;（2）研究区风蚀气候因子指数不同于全国干旱半干旱区基本季节变化特征,夏季最大,春夏季明显高于秋冬季,与新疆和田地区的季节变化特征相似;（3）研究区风蚀气候因子指数具有4—8月持续高值、9月至翌年3月持续低值的月变化特征;（4）风蚀气候因子指数的决定性气象因子是风速,而降水的减弱作用甚微;（5）一般来说,雅丹地貌分布区风蚀气候因子指数≥150。 相似文献
16.
Summary. A simple normal approximation is given for the joint probability density function of the polar coordinates (θ, φ) of a random vector following the Fisher distribution with arbitrary mean direction (θ0 , φ0 ). Two important applications of this approximation are discussed, and conditions for the validity of the approximation are investigated and summarized. 相似文献
17.
甘肃瓜州锁阳城南雅丹地貌区起沙风况与输沙势特征 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
以2016-2018年定位气象观测数据为依据,分析了甘肃瓜州锁阳城南雅丹地貌区的起沙风况及输沙势变化情况。结果表明:(1)研究区起沙风由两组风向近似相反的风所组成,主风向为NE-E,占全年起沙风的68.86%,次风向为WSW-WNW向,占27.67%;(2)年平均起沙风频率为19.0%,春季和夏季起沙风频率最高,分别占全年的33.57%和34.69%,各季起沙风向分布特征基本一致;(3)研究区风况类型为高风能环境和中等风向变率的钝双峰型风况。输沙势的大小和方向变率具有明显的季节性,春、夏季的总输沙势(DP)和合成输沙势(RDP)较高,夏季和冬季的方向变率RDP/DP值较高,合成输沙方向(RDD)245.45°~253.01°(WSW);(4)研究区雅丹地貌长轴走向与主输沙方向一致,说明风力是其形成的主要动力条件。 相似文献
18.
Summary. We have implemented an algorithm which is based on Bailey's solution of the inverse problem of electromagnetic induction in the Earth. The study was motivated by recent determinations of very long period data and also benefited from recent redeterminations of high frequency data. The algorithm has been successfully tested to provide reliable estimates of conductivity down to a depth of 2000 km, using synthetic data in the period range from 4 days to 11 years. Smooth data sets, which are required for the inversion, were constructed from various sources. At a given depth, the range of inverted models is less than one order of magnitude. Due to the lack of high frequency data, the conductivity of the upper 600 km of the mantle, which is found to be of the order of 10−1 Ω−1 m−1 , may be overestimated. The algorithm performs well in the middle mantle, where conductivity rises steadily from 1 to 50 Ω−1 m−1 . The lack of very low frequency data and limitations of the algorithm prevent one from obtaining meaningful estimates in the lower mantle. However, the study of the propagation of the late 1960s secular variation acceleration provides an estimate of the mean conductivity of the whole mantle. Thus, a complete mantle profile can be constructed. It is found that deep mantle conductivity probability does not exceed a few hundred Ω−1 m−1 . 相似文献
19.
Summary. The z -term of latitude and the w -term of UT, as computed by the BIH, are suitable for investigating imperfections in the representation of the real nutation in space. They have been previously used for deriving only the amplitude of the principal term of nutation (Feissel & Guinot). In this study they are used more generally for deriving the amplitudes of two terms of nutation and searching for a possible nutation in space due to the nearly-diurnal wobble.
Two kinds of data are used for this purpose: the values of z and w from 1962.0 to 1980.0 at 0.05 yr intervals and the values of z from 1967.0 to 1980.0 at 5 day intervals. The first ones have been used previously by Feissel & Guinot (using the values up to 1974.0 and 1976.95 respectively). The second ones have not previously been used for such studies.
The derived amplitudes of the principal and the fortnightly terms of nutation are in good agreement with other values deduced from observations, and with the theoretical ones corresponding to the best models of a non-rigid earth. The values obtained are not yet sufficiently precise to distinguish between these models, but could become so in the near future.
The least-squares fits, performed among the z and w data in order to look for any error in the representation of nutation, show the existence of a retrograde term, of a 434 day period for z and 444 day for w and an amplitude of the order of 0.01 arcsec. It may be due to the nearly-diurnal wobble. 相似文献
Two kinds of data are used for this purpose: the values of z and w from 1962.0 to 1980.0 at 0.05 yr intervals and the values of z from 1967.0 to 1980.0 at 5 day intervals. The first ones have been used previously by Feissel & Guinot (using the values up to 1974.0 and 1976.95 respectively). The second ones have not previously been used for such studies.
The derived amplitudes of the principal and the fortnightly terms of nutation are in good agreement with other values deduced from observations, and with the theoretical ones corresponding to the best models of a non-rigid earth. The values obtained are not yet sufficiently precise to distinguish between these models, but could become so in the near future.
The least-squares fits, performed among the z and w data in order to look for any error in the representation of nutation, show the existence of a retrograde term, of a 434 day period for z and 444 day for w and an amplitude of the order of 0.01 arcsec. It may be due to the nearly-diurnal wobble. 相似文献
20.
Dune sand transport as influenced by wind directions, speed and frequencies in the Ordos Plateau, China 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
The Ordos Plateau in China is a region with extensive wind erosion, severe desertification and various aeolian sand hazards. In order to determine aeolian sand transport in this region, the relationship between the sand transport rate and wind speed at 10 min frequencies was established by field observation in both the Qubqi Sand Desert and the Mu Us Sandy Land. Threshold wind speeds (2 m above the ground) for mobile, semi-fixed and fixed dune surfaces were estimated by field observations. The sand transport rate increased with the increase of the bare land ratio and near-bed wind speed. High-resolution meteorological 10 min average wind velocity data at 10 m above the ground were converted into velocity values at a height of 2 m to calculate sand transport potential based on three specific parameters decisive for sand transport: wind speed, duration and direction. The quantity of aeolian sand transported was calculated for various wind speed levels and directions, and the overall characteristics of sand transport on different dune surface types were determined by vector operation techniques. Sand transporting winds took place mainly in springtime. The prevailing wind directions were W, WNW and NW, with a frequency of more than 60% in total, and sand transport in these directions made up more than 70% of the total transport, corresponding to a general southeastward encroachment of aeolian sand in the study area. The relationship between wind frequency and speed can be expressed by a power function. High magnitude strong winds had a low frequency, but they played a dominant role in aeolian sand transport. 相似文献