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1.
Principles of Probabilistic Regional Mineral Resource Estimation 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Agterberg Frits 《地球科学》2011,36(2):189-200
Five principal sources of uncertainty in quantitative mineral resource estimation are listed and illustrated by means of a simple example (mosaic model) and a case history study for large copper deposits in the Abitibi area of the Canadian Shield. Abitibi copper potential originally was estimated on the basis of 1968 estimates of production and reserves totalling 3.12 Mt Cu. This prognostication now could be evaluated on the basis of 2008 copper production and reserves totalling 9.50 Mt Cu. An earlier hindsight study performed on the basis of 1977 data (totalling 5.23 Mt Cu) showed seven new discoveries occurring either in the immediate vicinities of known deposits or on broad regional copper anomalies predicted from the 1968 inputs. By 1977, the global geographic distribution pattern of large copper deposits in the Abitibi area had stabilized. During the next 30 years, new copper was essentially found close to existing deposits, much of it deeper down in the Earth's crust. In this paper, uncertainties associated with copper ore tonnage are analyzed by comparison of 2008 data with 1968 data using (a) log-log plots of size versus rank, and (b) lognormal QQ-plots. Straight lines fitted by least squares on these plots show that 1968 slopes provide good estimates of 2008 slopes but 1968 intercepts are much less than 2008 intercepts. In each linear log-weight versus log-rank plot, the slope is related to fractal dimension of a Pareto frequency distribution, and in a lognormal QQ-plot it is determined by logarithmic variance. The difference between 2008 and 1968 intercepts represents the increase in copper ore production and reserves from 1968 to 2008. The Pareto model fits actual copper and massive sulphides increase over the past 40 years better than the lognormal frequency distribution model for 10 km×10 km cells on favorable environments in the Abitibi area. 相似文献
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Huan-huan Yang Qin Wang Yan-bo Li Bin Lin Yang Song Yi-yun Wang Wen He Hong-wei Li She Li Jian-li Li Chang-cheng Liu Shi-bin Feng Tang Xin Xue-lian Fu Xin-juan Liang Qi Zhang Bei-qi Wang Yang Li 《China Geology》2022,5(1):136-159
The Tiegelongnan Cu(Au,Ag)deposit in central Tibet contains more than 10 Mt of copper ranking 29 th in the world.It is characterized by typical porphyry-epithermal alteration and mineralization.In order to improve the understanding of porphyry-epithermal copper deposit in Tibet,new zircon U-Pb age and sulfur isotope data along with published data in the Tiegelongnan are presented to investigate the formation and preservation mechanism.Ore-related intrusive rocks in the Tiegelongnan including Early Cretaceous(about 120 Ma)granodiorite porphyry and diorite porphyry are closely related to the northward subduction of Bangongco-Nujiang ocean.Sulfur mainly comes from deep magma,and ore-forming fluid is affected by both magmatic and meteoric water.The metallogenic setting of Tiegelongnan is consistent with those of Andean porphyry copper deposits in South America.The cover of the Meiriqiecuo Formation volcanic rocks,Lhasa-Qiangtang collision and India-Eurasian collision have significance in the preservation and uplift of the deposit.The formation,preservation and discovery of Tiegelongnan play an important role in exploration of ancient porphyry-epithermal deposits in Tibet. 相似文献
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Early Eocene hyperthermals are geologically short-lived global warming events and represent fundamental perturbations to the global carbon cycle and the Earth’s ecosystem due to massive additions of isotopically light carbon to the ocean-atmosphere system.They serve as ancient analogs for understanding how the oceanic carbonate system and surface-ocean ecosystem would respond to ongoing and future climate change.Here,we present a continuous carbonate record across the Eocene Thermal Maximum 2(ETM2 or H1,ca.54.1 Ma)and H2(ca.54 Ma)events from an expanded section at Ocean Drilling Program Site 1258 in tropical Atlantic.The abundant calcareous nannofossils and moderate carbonate content throughout the studied interval suggest this record was deposited above the calcite compensation depth(CCD),but below the lysocline and under the influence of terrestrial dilution.An Earth system model cGENIE is used to simulate the carbon cycle dynamics across the ETM2 and H2 to offer insights on the mechanism of the rapid warming and subsequent recovery in climate and ecosystem.The model suggests moderate changes in ocean pH(0.1–0.2 unit)for the two scenarios,biogenic methane from a rechargeable methane capacitor and organic matter oxidation from thawing of the permafrost.These pH changes are consistent with a recent independent pH estimate across the ETM2 using boron isotopes.The carbon emission flux during the ETM2 is at least an order of magnitude smaller than that during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum(PETM)(0.015–0.05 Pg C yr-1vs.0.3–1.7 Pg C yr-1).The comparable pre-and post-event carbonate contents suggest the lysocline did not over deepen following the ETM2 at this tropical Atlantic site,indicating spatial heterogeneity in the carbonate system due to strong dilution influence from terrestrial weathering and riverine discharge at Site 1258. 相似文献
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Guichun Liu Jing Li Xin Qian Qinglai Feng Wei Wang Guangyan Chen Shaobin Hu 《地学前缘(英文版)》2021,12(1):39-52
Late Mesoproterozoic igneous rocks in the SW Yangtze Block are important for understanding the role of it in reconstruction of the Rodinia supercontinent.In the present study,we report new geochronological,geochemical,and Nd-Hf isotopic data for the Cuoke plagioclase amphibolites and granites in the SW Yangtze Block.Geochronological results show that the plagioclase amphibolites and granites have similar late Mesoproterozoic zircon U-Pb ages of 1168-1162 Ma,constituting a bimodal igneous assemblage.The plagioclase amphibolites have high and variable TiO2 contents(1.15-4.30 wt.%)and Mg#(34-66)values,similar to the tholeiitic series.They are characterized by enrichment in LREEs and LILEs,and have OIB-like affinities with positive Nb and Ta anomalies.The plagioclase amphibolites have positive whole-rockεNd(t)(+3.2 to+4.3)and zirconεHf(t)(+4.3 to+10.7)values,indicating that they were derived from an OIB-like asthenospheric mantle source.The granites belong to the reduced peralkaline A-type series and have negativeεNd(t)value of-6.0 andεHf(t)values of-5.8 to-13.8,indicating a derivation from the partial melting of ancient mafic lower crust.In combination with the~1.05-1.02 Ga bimodal igneous assemblage in the SW Yangtze Block,we propose that the Cuoke 1168-1162 Ma igneous rocks were likely formed in a continental rift basin and argue against the existance of Grenvillian Orogen in the SW Yangtze Block during the late Mesoproterozoic. 相似文献
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This paper is based on the analysis and research on the silver-lead-zinc polymetallic ore in New Ballyhoo Banner in southern Manzhouli of Inner Mongolia.Because metal mineralization brings rock formations,the geophysical features such as low resistivity,high polarization rate and uneven distribution of magnetization,the comprehensive geophysical methods are adopted including high-precision magnetic measurement,high-power induced polarization,IP field middle gradient and controlled source audio-frequency magnetotellurics.In the survey work of multi-metal ore deposits,from surface sweeping to single point measurement,and from single point to section going deeper layer by layer,the resolution of measurement is continuously improved,and various geophysical methods support and complement each other,so explorers can successfully predict the direction,scale and volume of the metallogenic belts in conjunction with geochemical exploration,geological survey and drilling.It has provided a strong basis for completing the exploration task of predicting the reserve volume of ore bodies.The research conclusions of this exploration case have thus a high reference value in the same type of exploration work. 相似文献
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在物探扫面工作中,有大量的剖面数据需要绘制成剖面平面图,要求寻找一个高效快速的制图方法.通过对Grapher 自动化功能的分析和实践,编制程序实现了快速绘制彩色渐变剖面平面图的需求,说明利用自动化脚本能够在获得精美图件的同时,可以极大地提高作图效率. 相似文献
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冷生风化作用对边坡稳定性影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The experiment shows that considerable influence on density rock properties are subjected by nival weathering conditions. The main parameter defining the rock suitability for solution various engineering and geological problems is its firmness limit on single axis pressing. The firmness properties of sandstone being in absolutely dry condition for Kabakta suite at the beginning of investigation was 64.7 MPa, for Nerungri suite sandstones it was 48. 7 MPa. The investigations showed how much the nival conditions of cryohypergenesis of rock sandstones in Kabakta and Nerungri suites have destructive influence in comparison with aquale and more over aerale conditions. In the aerale conditions sedimentary rock firmness of Kabakta suite decreased to 23.2 MPa, in aquale conditions to 16.5, and in the nivale conditions to 8.9 MPa. In Nerungri suite sandstones are according to 17.7 MPa, 11.1 MPa, and 6 MPa after 300 freezing and thawing cycles. The common sandstone firmness decrease of Kabakta suite was 25 %,of Nerungri suite it was 23.8%. Marlstone samples after 400 FTC decrease to 62% in the nivale conditions and to 33 % in the aerale conditions. After 3～5 years of exploitation marlstone will destruct due to structural and textural inhomogenesis up to gruss, i.e. it will not meet the requirements of durability.Judging by the results of carried out experiment it should be concluded that by cryogenic weathering the sedimentary rocks (sandstones) and rocks with schistose lithogenic texture (marlstone) are subjected to disintegration. The primary rock samples firmness considerably influences on the disintegration rate. 相似文献
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The process of Cenozoic sea-land changes in the northern South China Sea(SCS)controlled the sedimentary filling pattern and played an important role in the petroleum geological characteristics of the northern marginal sedimentary basins.Under the control of the opening process of the SCS,the northern SCS Cenozoic transgression generally showed the characteristics of early in the east and late in the west,and early in the south and late in the north.The initial transgression occurred in the Eocene in the Taixinan Basin(TXNB)of the eastern SCS,while the transgression occurred until the Pliocene in the Yinggehai Basin(YGHB)of the western SCS.International Ocean Discovery Program(IODP)expeditions(Expeditions 367/368)revealed that the initial transgression of the SCS basin occurred at approximately 34 Ma,which was the initial opening time of the SCS.The period of drastic changes in the sedimentary environment caused by large-scale transgression corresponded to the opening time of the southwestern subbasin(approximately 23 Ma),which also represented the peak of the spreading of the SCS.The sea-land transition process controls the distribution of alternating continent-marine facies,marine facies source rocks and reservoirs in the basins.The marine facies source rocks of the basins in the northern SCS have a trend of gradually becoming younger from east to west,which is consistent with the regional process of gradual transgression from east to west.Regional sea-level changes were comprehensively influenced by SCS opening and global sea-level changes.These processes led to the early development in the east and south and late development in the west and north for the carbonate platform in the SCS.Carbonate platforms form another type of"selfgenerating and self-accumulating"oil-gas reservoir in the northern SCS.The sea-land transition controlled the depositional filling patterns of different basins and laid the foundation of marine deposits for oil and gas resources.The source-reservoircap assemblage in the northern SCS was controlled horizontally by provenance supply and sedimentary environmental changes caused by sea-land transition and vertically by the tectonic evolution of the SCS and regional sea-level changes. 相似文献
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YU Yixin PENG Wenxu SHI Shengbao SUN Hefeng LU Man SHANG Peng Delores ROBINSON LU Yuehan 《《地质学报》英文版》2022,96(1):261-272
Despite the upsurge in hydrocarbon exploration in the Lake Albert Rift Basin(LARB)over the past three decades,systematic characterization of hydrocarbon compositions remains lacking,leading to uncertainties in source rock and oil generation determination.We characterized crude oil compositions and oil sand samples in the northern and southern subbasins of LARB.The relative abundance of normal and branched linear alkanes,hopanes,steranes,and aromatic hydrocarbon suggest that northern and southern hydrocarbons were deposited in anoxic to suboxic lacustrine environments and share similar biological source compositions(i.e.,a mixture of plants and aquatic algae and bacteria).Relative to southern samples,northern samples show more negative δ13C values for oils,saturates and aromatics,indicating longer migration paths,and exhibit higher MPI-1,DNR-1 and 4-/1-MDBT ratios,indicating higher maturity.Between the two possible sets of source rocks(upper Miocene and Jurassic strata),the positive δ13C values of saturated hydrocarbons(average=-20.5‰)suggest that the upper Miocene lacustrine shale is the most likely candidate.Oleanane index(<5% in our samples)does not exclude either source rock possibility,and C28/C29 regular sterane(average=0.63)may be biased by high terrestrial inputs in a lacustrine setting.Together,our data show that northern and southern oils originate from the same source rocks but different oil kitchens.Given the similar geochemical characteristics of southern and northern oils,previous exploration successes in the northern subbasin likely suggest similar potential in the southern sector,while other elements influencing exploration success must be also evaluated. 相似文献
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《同一个地质计划》的进展与对策 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
《同一个地质计划（OneGeology）》最初由英国地质调查局于2006年2月提出,已得到全球地学组织的支持。到2007年底,国际地球科学联合会等10个全球学术团体与国际地学组织、2个跨国公司、2位知名人士和67个国家的地质调查局参加了该计划。《同一个地质计划》是各个国家的地质调查局贡献给国际行星地球年的、约1：100万比例尺的、可在网络上很容易取得最好世界地质图数据的计划。该计划的目标是：使可用的地质图数据能被更多的人使用,使需要的人受益,促进互操作能力的增强。《同一个地质计划》的实施,可以提升全球、大陆、行星、海洋地球科学图的编制和出版的合作能力。深化对一些地区地质问题的研究,并可作为国际地球行星年一个切实可用的成果,提升国家地质调查局的形象;运用管理地学知识的领导能力和经验,通过教育、科学、文化和交流。能够处理全球污染对社会、经济和环境的影响问题。促进全球环境保护公约的执行,减缓自然灾害,使全球经济可持续发展,人们的居住环境更安全、更繁荣。精神生活更丰富、更快乐。因此,实施该计划不仅有现实意义,更有重要而深远的政治意义。 相似文献
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黄河水下三角洲粉质土扰动土层特征及成因探析 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8
黄河水下三角洲上分布着大量的扰动土层,其性质与周围未扰动土相比有很大的差异。在老黄河口区选择扰动土层的典型分布区,利用工程地质钻探取样、原位静力触探试验和浅地层剖面探测对海底扰动土层的厚度及工程地质特征进行了调查分析。结果表明,与未扰动土相比,扰动土的重度较大、孔隙比较小、含水率较低、强度有一定程度的提高。同时,分别对风暴潮作用下黄河水下三角洲粉质土的瞬时液化极限深度和残余液化极限深度进行了计算。计算结果表明,残余液化极限深度较大。将残余液化极限深度、通过浅地层剖面探测结果所得的扰动土层厚度以及通过土工试验统计结果所得的扰动土层厚度进行了对比,发现三者对应很好。对黄河水下三角洲粉质土中扰动土层的形成机制进行了探讨,认为风暴潮作用过程中产生的土体液化是其主要诱因。 相似文献
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南盘江盆地中的大贵州滩为一个自晚二叠世末期开始发育,至晚三叠世初期停止生长的孤立型碳酸盐岩台地。早期的研究工作主要集中于台地内部、北部斜坡和盆地边缘,并认为大贵州滩下三叠统地层格架的几何形态近于对称。本次研究以下三叠统岩石地层对比为基础,借助早三叠世期间δ13C波动频繁且幅度较大的特点进行化学地层对比后发现：台地南缘二... 相似文献
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塔里木河干流上游中、下段河床淤积和耗水对生态环境的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
塔里木河干流上游中、下段河床一直呈淤积状态, 新渠满站1965-2007年总淤积厚度达120 cm, 平均年淤积3.0 cm. 其中: 1965-1990年25 a淤积50 cm, 年均淤积2.0 cm, 1991-2007年17 a中河床淤积加快, 总淤积70 cm, 年均淤积4.7 cm. 由于河床淤积, 河道行洪断面缩水, 洪水漫溢不断增大, 导致上游段耗水量呈不断增加趋势, 2001年起上游段己成为干流最大的耗水区. 阿克苏河、和田河和叶尔羌河3条源流出山口多年平均年输沙量为6310×10~4t, 进入塔里木河干流龙头站--阿拉尔站多年平均年输沙量为2050×10~4t, 干流上游段多年平均年泥沙淤积量为1462×10~4t, 占塔里木河阿拉尔站多年平均年输沙量的71.3%, 是干流最大的泥沙淤积区, 也是现今最大的洪水漫溢区和耗水区. 塔里木河干流上、中、 下游各水文点年输沙量呈急剧減少趋势, 泥沙淤积河道主要是上游段的沙雅二牧场至英巴扎318 km河段. 塔里木河上游段河长495 km, 多年平均区间耗水量14.48×10~8m~3, 占阿拉尔站多年径流量的31.5%;中游河长398 km, 多年平均区间耗水量24.84×10~8m~3, 占阿拉尔站年径流量的54.0%;下游河长428 km, 多年平均区耗水量6.68×10~8m~3, 占阿拉尔站年径流量的 14.5%. 上、 中游段多年平均区间耗水量39.32×10~8m~3, 占阿拉尔站年径流量的85.5%. 上游耗水量从2001年起成为塔里木河干流最大的耗水区, 导致2002、 2005和2006年上、中游耗水量达到50.0×10~8m~3, 占阿拉尔站年径流量的88%, 成为历史最大值. 相似文献
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将可靠度理论应用于岩土工程稳定性分析过程中,即使是已证明安全的工程所得到的边坡或地基的失效概率通常较大,导致这一现象的原因是估算的方差偏大。计算土性指标的试验数据仅表征了该试验点的特征,而不是空间平均特征。在随机场理论应用于岩土工程可靠度分析的过程中,方差折减函数是将点特性过渡为空间平均特性的必要参数。首次对闫澍旺等提出的完全不相关距离理论中完全不相关距离的确定方法进行改进,不但理论上有所突破,而且计算方法更为简洁。对折减函数值的确定过程进行了分析,得到了用完全不相关距离方法确定折减函数的一般规律。 相似文献
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桩锚结构变形协调条件是桩锚结构设计中内力计算的关键点。现行桩锚结构变形协调条件是在锚索施加预应力后桩身向坡内变形十分微小而忽略不计的条件下推导得到的,只适用于锚索预应力微小或为0的情况。但在许多工程实例中,锚索的预应力较大,导致的桩身变形不能被忽略。因此,现行的变形协调条件假设与桩锚结构的实际工作状态不一致。利用结构力学理论,在研究桩锚结构体系的两阶段变形过程的基础上,对变形协调方程从2个方面改进,其一是改变原有方法中抗滑桩滑面处位移和转角的计算方法;其二是改变第j排锚索对桩身 点处位移贡献的计算形式。算例分析表明,改进桩锚结构变形协调条件,可以更好地为工程设计服务。 相似文献
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通过分析2003年广州市部分新建民用建筑工程室内氡浓度检测数据，评价了目前广州市新建民用建筑室内氡浓度的水平，并以此估算广州市居民的年平均有效剂量。结果表明，广州市民用建筑工程室内氡浓度算术平均值为60．5Bq／m^3。氡子体照射所致的人均年有效剂量，成人和儿童分别为1．67，2．34mSv，高于世界平均值(1．3mSv)。 相似文献
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济阳坳陷车镇凹陷古近系沙河街组发现的Macaronichnus segregatis(分离通心粉管迹)是一种直到微弯曲形状的层内进食潜穴,个体较小,不分枝,长一般7～8 mm,直径1～3 mm,与前人发现的化石在个体大小上存在着差异。它主要出现于四类环境：①三角洲平原河道间低地,②三角洲、扇三角洲前缘远端砂坝和浊积扇的中扇到外扇,③潮湿气候条件下的浅湖,④周期性干旱气候条件下的滨浅湖。不同沉积环境中产出的Msegregatis都分布于粉砂质泥岩中。通过分析各沉积环境的水动力条件和水体化学性质以及Msegregatis的形成过程,可得出以下结论：①Msegregatis出现的水动力条件中等,水体能量过高或过低,都不适宜其生成;②Msegregatis出现的水体化学性质介于贫氧与富氧之间;③Msegregatis是在沉积物沉积后还未固结时由食沉积物生物活动造成的,衬壁的出现反映了软基底性质。 相似文献
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吴崇筠教授1954-1975年执教于中国石油大学的前身北京石油学院和华东石油学院,主要承担沉积岩石学的教学工作,先后编写了3本沉积岩石学著作。第一本是《沉积岩石学参考材料》,北京石油学院于上世纪50年代后期出版。第二本是《沉积岩石学》,中国工业出版社1961年出版,这是我国第一本公开出版的沉积岩石学教材。第三本是《沉积岩》,石油化学工业出版社1977年出版,这是我国第一本沉积岩石学专著。吴崇筠教授是中国石油大学沉积岩石学教学和教材建设的开拓者和奠基者。我们深切怀念吴崇筠教授。 相似文献