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1.
《国际泥沙研究》2016,(4):386-394
Identification of areas contributing disproportionately high amount of pollutants (i.e., critical source areas (CSAs)) to streams is important to efficiently and effectively target best management practices (BMPs). Process-based models are commonly used to identify CSAs and evaluate the impact of alternative management practices on pollutant load reductions. The objective of this study was to use the Soil and Watershed Assessment Tool (SWAT) to identify CSAs at the subwatershed level and evaluate the impact of alternative BMPs on sediment and total phosphorus (TP) load reductions in the Pleasant Valley watershed (50 km2) in South Central Wisconsin (USA). The Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency, percent bias, and coefficient of determination ranged from 0.58 to 0.71, ? 12.87 to 38.33, and 0.67 to 0.79, respectively, indicating that SWAT was able to predict stream flow, sediment and TP loadings at a monthly time-step with sufficient accuracy. Based on the SWAT simulation results, annual average (2006–2012) sub-watershed yield for sediment and TP ranged from 0.06 to 3.14 tons ha?1 yr?1 and 0.04 to 1.9 kg ha ? 1 yr ? 1, respectively. The croplands were the major source of sediment and TP in this watershed ( Z 84%). Reduction in sediment and TP loading ranged from 66%to 99%at the subwatershed level after conversion of croplands to Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) grasslands in subwatersheds identified as CSAs. On the other hand, reduction in sediment and TP loading with implementation of no-till practices ranged from only 14%to 25%. At the watershed outlet, sediment and TP loading reduction was r 15% after conversion of croplands to CRP grasslands and implementation of no-till practices because only about 8%of the watershed area was targeted for BMPs and/or resuspension of sediment deposited on the stream bed masked the downstream improvements in water quality.  相似文献   

2.
岩溶流域含水系统的主要特征之一是连通地表的落水洞等垂直管道将近水平的地下暗河联系起来,降水及其形成的地表径流可以通过这些管道迅速地灌入地下河系,从而改变了水及其所携带的非点源污染物质在垂直与水平方向的传输速度与数量,使岩溶流域内地表-地下之间的物质交换与传输过程变得比较复杂;应用广泛的SWAT模型在模拟岩溶地区的水文、水质时会存在一些不足与局限.为此,本文针对岩溶水系统特征,引入落水洞、伏流、暗河的水文过程以及主要营养盐的输移过程,修正SWAT模型原有的水文循环过程及相关算法,改变其只适用于松散均匀介质流域非点源污染模拟的单一特征,并研究建立适合于岩溶流域的非点源污染模型和相应的模拟方法.选取横港河流域岩溶地区作为非点源污染的对象,应用修正后的模型通过控制性的模拟方法和敏感性性分析,定量评估落水洞、伏流、暗河等岩溶特征对氮、磷等主要非点源污染物质输移的影响及其带来的时空效应,并进一步探讨落水洞、伏流、暗河等对地表-地下水文与营养盐的交互作用及转换机理.结果表明,岩溶特征对流域的氮、磷负荷有增加作用,其中总磷的增加明显大于总氮的增加,总磷和总氮的增量分别为0.86%和2.12%;植被岩溶指数的增加会导致流域可溶性磷、有机磷的产出量增加,有机氮、地表产流中硝酸氮和沉积磷的产出量则居其次,落水洞改变了降雨的产流方式,增加了落水洞所在流域的有机磷和有机氮的产出,其增量变化在0~0.7和0~0.3 kg/hm2之间.  相似文献   

3.
A phosphorus (P) budget was estimated for the watershed of Lake Mendota, Wisconsin, to assess the effects of nutrient management on P accumulation in the watershed soils. We estimated how nutrient management programs and legislation have affected the budget by comparing the budget for 2007 to a budget calculated for 1995, prior to implementation of the programs. Since 1995, inputs decreased from 1,310,000 to 853,000 kg P/yr (35% reduction) and accumulation decreased from 575,000 to 279,000 kg P/yr (51% reduction). Changes in P input and accumulation were attributed primarily to enhanced agricultural nutrient management, reduction in dairy cattle feed supplements and an urban P fertilizer ban. Four scenarios were investigated to determine potential impacts of additional nutrient management tactics on the watershed P budget and P loading to Lake Mendota. Elimination of chemical P fertilizer input has the greatest potential to reduce watershed P accumulation and establishment of riparian buffers has the greatest potential to prevent P loading to Lake Mendota.  相似文献   

4.
Influent river carrying nutrient pollutants from watershed loads makes a great contribution to the eutrophication in river-fed lake. It is scientific standard to make policies on river pollution control based on loading capacity of the river of interest. To control eutrophication in Taihu Lake has been the focal point of “The Twelfth Five-Year Guideline” proposed by Chinese government. The Taigeyunhe, Caoqiaohe and Yincungang Rivers which were the most polluted influent rivers in Taihu Lake Basin were scheduled for nutrient total maximum daily load (TMDL). A variety of mechanistic and empirical models are applied worldwide for TMDL development. However, model selection depends on management objectives, site-specific characteristics and availability of data resource. In this study, based on watershed characteristics and limited data, a nutrient TMDL is developed using flow and temporally variable daily load expressions. The simple and effective approaches specify allowable daily maximum loads for controlling on instantaneous high load and allowable daily median loads for achieving long-term TMDL allocation. For the entire river system, loading capacities are much lower during low flows. The maximum percent load reductions for biochemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen in spring and total phosphorus in winter can be obtained when pollution source inputs seasonally vary. This study provides local authority with two different alternatives in decision-making for pollution control on influent rivers and then to reduce external loads to the lake.  相似文献   

5.
The nutrient load on the Gulf of Finland, the Baltic Sea, is estimated taking into account the export of nutrients from Lake Ladoga with Neva runoff, from the Chudsko-Pskovskoe Lake with Narva runoff, from a partial watershed of the Gulf of Finland, and wastewater discharges from St. Petersburg. The data used include the materials of state monitoring of water bodies and state statistical reports on northwestern Russia, materials of GUP Vodokanal Sankt Peterburga, the results of earlier researches of water quality formation in Lake Ladoga, the Gulf of Finland, and on their catchment, and the results of calculation of nutrient load on the gulf with the use of a model developed in the Institute of Limnology, RAS. Currently, the annual nutrient load on the Gulf of Finland is ∼5200 t Ptot and 70800 t Ntot. The phosphorus load exceeds the admissible levels recommended by the Helsinki Commission, thus suggesting the need to search for real ways to reduce the load in the future.  相似文献   

6.
Streambank erosion is a pathway for sediment and nutrient loading to streams, but insufficient data exist on the magnitude of this source. Riparian protection can significantly decrease streambank erosion in some locations, but estimates of actual sediment load reductions are limited. The objective of this research was to quantify watershed‐scale streambank erosion and estimate the benefits of riparian protection. The research focused on Spavinaw Creek within the Eucha‐Spavinaw watershed in eastern Oklahoma, where composite streambanks consist of a small cohesive topsoil layer underlain by non‐cohesive gravel. Fine sediment erosion from 2003 to 2013 was derived using aerial photography and processed in ArcMap to quantify eroded area. ArcMap was also utilized in determining the bank retreat rate at various locations in relation to the riparian vegetation buffer width. Box and whisker plots clearly showed that sites with riparian vegetation had on average three times less bank retreat than unprotected banks, statistically significant based on non‐parametric t‐tests. The total soil mass eroded from 2003 to 2013 was estimated at 7.27 × 107 kg yr.?1, and the average bank retreat was 2.5 m yr.?1. Many current erosion models assume that fluvial erosion is the dominant stream erosion process. Bank retreat was positively correlated with stream discharge and/or stream power, but with considerable variability, suggesting that mass wasting plays an important role in streambank erosion within this watershed. Finally, watershed monitoring programs commonly characterize erosion at only a few sites and may scale results to the entire watershed. Selection of random sites and scaling to the watershed scale greatly underestimated the actual erosion and loading rates. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

7.
太湖地区西苕溪流域营养盐污染负荷结构分析   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  
污染负荷研究是实施污染物总量控制、保护水质的基础,由于非点源污染一直是水环境研究的一个难题,致使河流污染负荷估算缺乏合理的估算方法.本项研究针对太湖的富营养化问题,选取太湖上游西苕溪流域,采用GIS的流域分析方法,选取单一土地利用类型的小流域,分析流域土地类型与径流量及流域出口浓度的统计关系,获取不同土地利用类型营养盐污染的产出率,合理估算了西苕溪流域的非点源营养盐污染负荷,并根据西苕溪流域社会经济统计数据及已有的污染产出率研究成果,估算了西苕溪的点源营养盐污染负荷,在此基础上估算了西苕溪流域的营养盐污染总负荷量,分析了不同污染源在总负荷量的比例.最后通过比较估算的总负荷量与实测负荷量,计算了西苕溪流域河网体系对营养盐的降解能力.研究得出, 林地产出径流浓度总氮0.715mg/L、总磷0.039mg/L,耕地产出径流浓度总氮为2.092mg/L, 总磷0.166mg/L,西苕溪流域总氮负荷量为3143.43t/a,非点源污染负荷量为1589.52t/a;总磷负荷量为226.32t/a,非点源为108.36t/a,西苕溪流域河网体系对总氮、总磷的年降解率分别为 35.39%、21.48%.  相似文献   

8.
为阐明典型沙源区水库大气磷干、湿沉降的污染特征及其对水域磷素污染的贡献,为水库富营养化治理提供科学依据,以京蒙沙源区大河口水库库区为研究区,于2014年沿水库岸边布设12个大气沉降监测站点,采集干、湿沉降样品,测定干、湿沉降中总磷(TP)浓度,计算全年各月大气TP干、湿沉降通量和年入库TP污染负荷量.结果表明:研究区大气干、湿沉降季节差异显著,全年各月TP干沉降通量变化范围为4.89~35.76 kg/(km~2·月),主要集中在春季4月和秋季10月.最大TP干沉降通量出现在春季风沙最为严重的4月;湿沉降主要集中在夏季(6—8月),最大TP湿沉降通量出现在降雨量最大的8月,为28.88 kg/(km~2·月),且TP湿沉降通量与降雨量呈显著正相关.2014年大气TP沉降入库污染负荷量为0.719 t,占同期滦河和吐力根河两条河流入库TP污染负荷比率为51.17%,成为影响和限制大河口水库磷营养盐水平的重要源项之一.  相似文献   

9.
Artificial subsurface (tile) drainage is used to increase trafficability and crop yield in much of the Midwest due to soils with naturally poor drainage. Tile drainage has been researched extensively at the field scale, but knowledge gaps remain on how tile drainage influences the streamflow response at the watershed scale. The purpose of this study is to analyse the effect of tile drainage on the streamflow response for 59 Ohio watersheds with varying percentages of tile drainage and explore patterns between the Western Lake Erie Bloom Severity Index to streamflow response in heavily tile-drained watersheds. Daily streamflow was downloaded from 2010 to 2019 and used to calculated mean annual peak daily runoff, mean annual runoff ratio, the percent of observations in which daily runoff exceeded mean annual runoff (TQmean), baseflow versus stormflow percentages, and the streamflow recession constant. Heavily-drained watersheds (>40% of watershed area) consistently reported flashier streamflow behaviour compared to watersheds with low percentages of tile drainage (<15% of watershed area) as indicated by significantly lower baseflow percentages, TQmean, and streamflow recession constants. The mean baseflow percent for watersheds with high percentages of tile drainage was 20.9% compared to 40.3% for watersheds with low percentages of tile drainage. These results are in contrast to similar research regionally indicating greater baseflow proportions and less flashy hydrographs (higher TQmean) for heavily-drained watersheds. Stormflow runoff metrics in heavily-drained watersheds were significantly positively correlated to western Lake Erie algal bloom severity. Given the recent trend in more frequent large rain events and warmer temperatures in the Midwest, increased harmful algal bloom severity will continue to be an ecological and economic problem for the region if management efforts are not addressed at the source. Management practices that reduce the streamflow response time to storm events, such as buffer strips, wetland restoration, or drainage water management, are likely to improve the aquatic health conditions of downstream communities by limiting the transport of nutrients following storm events.  相似文献   

10.
Efficiency of non‐point source pollution control methods may be altered in future climate. This study investigated climate change impacts on sediment and nutrient transport, and efficiency of best management practices (BMPs), in the Upper Pearl River Watershed (UPRW) in Mississippi. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool was applied to the UPRW using observed flow, sediment and nutrient data. Water quality samples were collected at three US geological survey gauging stations. The model was successfully calibrated and validated for daily time steps (Nash Sutcliffe efficiency and coefficient of determination – R2 up to 0.7) using manual and automatic (sequential uncertainty fitting version 2) methods from February 2010 to May 2011. Future weather scenarios were simulated using the LARS‐WG model, a stochastic weather generator, with Community Climate System Model, global climate model, which was developed by the National Center for Atmospheric Research in the USA. On the basis of the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios A1B, A2 and B1 of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, climate change scenarios were simulated for the mid (2046–2065) and late (2080–2099) century. Effectiveness of four BMPs (Riparian buffer, stream fencing, sub‐surface manure applications and vegetative filter strips) on reducing sediment and nutrient were evaluated in current and future climate conditions. Results show that sediment, nitrogen and phosphorus loadings will be increased up to a maximum of 26.3%, 7.3% and 14.3%, respectively, in future climate conditions. Furthermore, the effectiveness of BMPs on sediment removal will be reduced in future climate conditions, and the efficiency of nitrogen removal will be increased, whereas phosphorus removal efficiency will remain unchanged. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

11.
Abstract

Human activities have created high nutrient surpluses in agricultural lands due to the increasing rate of chemical fertilizer application and the increase in livestock production. To analyse the nutrient characteristics and estimate the nutrient load in streams, we conducted extensive field survey and water quality experiments from 2007 to 2008 in Koise River, a major river of the Lake Kasumigaura watershed, Japan. Water quality indicators of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and total organic carbon (TOC) were investigated. The nutrient loads of TN, TP and TOC, as well as dissolved total nitrogen, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, dissolved organic nitrogen, particle organic nitrogen, dissolved total phosphorus, dissolved organic carbon and particle organic carbon were also estimated for the Koise River. Seasonal variation of the nutrient concentration from 2007 to 2008 was analysed considering the river discharge variation and agricultural activities. The results showed that the irrigation water from Lake Kasumigaura has the potential ability to decrease the TN concentration and increase the TOC concentration in the Koise River. Significant correlation coefficients between nutrient load and river discharge were found. The monthly pollution loads from different sources were then evaluated based on land cover classification generated from high-resolution Quick Bird remote sensing imagery. This study presents a useful interpretation of water quality data sets with a view to obtaining better information about water quality for more effective management of water resources in river basins.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz

Citation He, B., Oki, K., Wang, Y., Oki, T., Yamashiki, Y., Takara, K., Miura, S., Imai, A., Komatsu, K. and Kawasaki, N., 2012. Analysis of stream water quality and estimation of nutrient load with the aid of Quick Bird remote sensing imagery. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57 (5), 850–860.  相似文献   

12.
Lotic ecosystems in urban areas are severely impacted by anthropogenic environmental stressors, such as deforestation and nutrient pollution, due to socioeconomic activities in the catchment. To work out measures for identification and mitigation of concurrent multiple stressors to a stream system, it is necessary to assess the relative importance of impacts by the individual stressors. Here we aimed to discriminate the covarying effects of nutrient pollution and deforestation on benthic macroinvertebrate communities in an urbanised tropical stream system. In the Silang-Santa Rosa Subwatershed (SSRS) of Laguna de Bay, benthic macroinvertebrates and physicochemical environments were investigated at 13 sites varying in human population density, riparian canopy, and land-use pattern as indicated by geographic information systems in the catchment. Regression and multivariate analyses were performed to identify the drivers of the biodiversity loss and understand its underlying mechanisms. In the SSRS, where rapid economic growth took place without updating poorly installed wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), domestic activity indicated by human population density in the catchment was the primary factor in generating heavy phosphorous loadings (mean total phosphorus = 0.91; range = 0–1.50 mg/l) that caused hypoxia (mean dissolved oxygen = 2.98; range = 0.13–6.27 mg/l) in stream waters and subsequently reduced macroinvertebrate diversity (mean H’ = 0.91; SD ± 0.61). Nutrient and organic pollution and riparian deforestation explained 53.5% and 9.7% of the variation of benthic macroinvertebrate communities in SSRS, respectively. Given such scenario, additional WWTPs servicing urban developments and improved riparian canopy cover in the SSRS can be both strategic and cost-effective in the initial steps of environmental mitigation in urbanised streams, especially in rapidly developing countries.  相似文献   

13.
Riparian buffer zones in agriculture dominated watersheds play important roles in reducing nonpoint source pollution into aquatic ecosystems and are widely used as a Best Management Practice. Assessment of the effectiveness of riparian buffer zones by modeling method is widely used for watershed management as field measurement‐based assessment is difficult and expensive. The integration of Riparian Ecosystem Management Model (REMM) and Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) has been developed to simulate the effect of nonpoint source pollution reduction by riparian buffer zones at subbasin scale. However, there are problems in using the integrated model at subbasin scale, as the size of subbasin partition could affect the pollutant reduction rate by riparian buffers. In this study, we partitioned a large watershed with size of 1331 ha into sub‐watersheds with sizes of 666, 333, 166, 83, 51, and 29 ha, and then compared the different simulation results. We found that the modeling could yield more convergent results when the sub‐watersheds were partitioned into suitable size. In the studied area, the suitable sub‐watershed size was less than about 166 ha for runoff and nitrogen and 83 ha for sediment and phosphorus. Among the eight sub‐watersheds (partitioned based on the size of 166 ha), results showed that the effects of riparian buffers on runoff and nutrient loading varied drastically. The reduction rate varied from 0.26% to 30.13% for runoff, 29.4% to 74.07% for sediment, 9.61% to 57.85% for nitrogen, and 18.61% to 68.12% for phosphorus, respectively.  相似文献   

14.
亚热带地区典型水库流域氮、磷湿沉降及入湖贡献率估算   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
为了探究汤浦水库流域氮、磷湿沉降对水库水体营养的贡献率,本研究对2014 2015年的汤浦水库流域4个采样点的雨水及3条溪流进行样品收集,测定其中磷和不同形态氮的质量浓度,分析汤浦水库流域大气湿沉降中氮、磷营养盐的分布特征,并估算氮、磷营养盐湿沉降对汤浦水库入库负荷的贡献率.结果表明:湿沉降中总氮(TN)平均浓度为1.02±0.58 mg/L,氨氮、硝态氮和有机氮浓度占TN浓度的比例分别为60.65%、34.07%和5.28%;总磷(TP)平均浓度为0.033±0.028 mg/L.4个采样点湿沉降中氮、磷浓度均表现为冬春季(少雨季)高、夏秋季(多雨季)低.空间上,王化点位的各形态氮和总磷浓度显著高于其他3个采样点.TN和TP年均湿沉降通量约为18.15和0.62 kg/(hm~2·a),年均沉降总量为834.94和28.39 t;库区TN和TP水面湿沉降量为24.14和0.82 t,直接贡献率占河流输入的1.77%和3.07%.湿沉降来源的氮、磷营养盐随河流输入的间接贡献率为8.3%和4.6%.综上所述,氮、磷湿沉降是水库外源营养的重要输入部分,深入掌握其时空分布特征及入库贡献率是进一步加强流域管理和减轻水库外源营养输入的重要前提.  相似文献   

15.
太湖流域南区湿地磷状况及其滞留能力   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
选取太湖流域南区29个典型湿地采样点进行土-水磷素状况调查,并采集杭州西湖茅家埠、湖州德清下渚湖、湖州长兴包漾河等泥样进行静态柱和稳流水槽模拟实验,研究区域湿地底泥含TP 0.169-1.200g/kg,Olsen-P 7.08-67.08mg/kg,最大吸附量为269.5-824.5mg/kg,NaOH+EDTA-P占底泥TP的52.O%±11.6%,且伴随其积累会提高Olsen-P含量,相应上覆水含TP 0.036-0.944mg/L,总颗粒态磷占TP含量的70.9%±13.2%,DRP相对较低,静态柱实验中的DRP初始阶段缓慢下降,之后快速下降并维持在稳定水平,稳流水槽实验的DRP动态表现出准U型曲线特征,经验证,底泥的磷素吸附能力在Langmuir吸附实验及室内模拟实验中表现一致.  相似文献   

16.
1 INTRODUCTION Sediment and nutrients from a watershed may adversely affect a downstream reservoir by reducing its capacity or degrading water quality. Among the output nutrients, phosphorus is often a growth-limiting element for aquatic organisms and pla…  相似文献   

17.
How much stream temperatures increase within riparian canopy openings and whether stream temperatures cool downstream of these openings both have important policy implications. Past studies of stream cooling downstream of riparian openings have found mixed results including rapid, slow, and no cooling. We collected longitudinal profiles of stream temperatures above, within, and below riparian forest openings along stream segments within otherwise forested riparian conditions to evaluate how sensitivity of stream temperatures to riparian conditions varied across landscape factors. We conducted these temperature surveys across openings in 12 wadeable streams within and near the Upper Little Tennessee River Basin in western North Carolina and northeastern Georgia. Basin areas ranged from 74 to 6,913 ha, and bankfull channel widths varied from 3.4 to 16.4 m. Stream temperatures were collected every 15 min using HOBO® data loggers for 2 weeks in each stream, repeated later in summer in some streams. Reference temperatures were highest in stream reaches at low elevations and with large drainage areas. Stream temperature increases in the middle of riparian gaps were highest when streams drained small high-elevation watersheds, and increases at the end of openings were highest when the opening length was large relative to watershed size. Downstream from openings, cooling rates were greatest in small, high-elevation headwater streams and also increased with larger increases in canopy cover. Stream segments that warmed the most within openings also featured higher cooling rates downstream. The data show that stream temperature sensitivity to canopy change is highly dependent on network position and watershed size. A better understanding of stream temperature responses to riparian vegetation may be useful to land managers and landowners prioritizing riparian forest restoration.  相似文献   

18.
滇池新运粮河水质季节变化及河岸带生态修复的影响   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  
新运粮河作为一条重要的滇池入湖河流,其水质直接影响滇池的生态健康与环境安全.运用单因子水质标识指数法探讨新运粮河下游水质季节变化规律及影响因子,并分析河岸带修复方式(护岸改造)对河流水质的影响.结果表明:铵氮,总氮,总磷,化学需氧量随时间变化明显.在5-10月的雨季,各指标浓度呈下降趋势,11月至次年4月的旱季,降水量少,各指标浓度呈上升趋势,且显著高于雨季时浓度,监测河段全年水质为劣Ⅴ类.木桩护岸河段营养盐去除率明显高于直立混凝土堤岸河段的去除率,同一护岸类型河段夏季去除率显著高于冬季.  相似文献   

19.
为揭示大型浅水湖泊水体磷浓度对湖泊外源负荷削减和生态系统变化的响应规律,指导富营养化湖泊水生态修复和管理实践,利用太湖湖泊生态系统研究站20052018年连续14年的太湖水体各形态磷浓度的月、季度调查数据,估算了太湖湖体各形态磷赋存量的季度变化,分析了太湖水体磷浓度受湖泊水位、水量、蓝藻水华态势(蓝藻总生物量及水华出现面积)等环境条件变化的影响特征.结果表明,在连续10年的全流域高投入污染治理背景下,太湖水体总磷浓度仍未发生显著下降,水体各形态磷浓度在年际、月际及空间上的变幅大,不同季节和不同湖区总磷浓度的时空差异性大于14年来总磷浓度年均值的差异性;全湖32个监测点上、中、下3层混合样水体总磷平均值为0.113 mg/L(n=1788),其中颗粒态磷浓度平均值为0.077 mg/L,是水体总磷的主要赋存形式,溶解性总磷浓度平均值为0.036 mg/L,其中反应性活性磷浓度平均值为0.015 mg/L,占总磷浓度的13%;太湖水体总磷的赋存量介于410~1098 t之间,56个季度的平均值为688 t,其中冬季(122月)、春季(35月)、夏季(68月)、秋季(911月)平均值分别为683、604、792和673 t,夏季湖体磷赋存量明显高于其他季节.统计分析表明,蓝藻水华态势和水情要素(水位)对水相总磷、颗粒态磷等主要形态磷的赋存量影响显著,蓝藻水华态势的影响可能大于水量变化的影响.本研究表明,在水体营养盐浓度仍然充分满足蓝藻水华发生的背景下,气象水文波动所造成的湖泊水华面积及生物量的变化及大型水生植被消长带来的内源交换变化能引起水体总磷浓度剧烈变化,太湖水体磷浓度的稳定控制也依赖于蓝藻水华态势的稳定控制,由于太湖当前的蓝藻水华态势受气象水文条件变化影响甚大,短期内太湖水相总磷浓度稳定控制到0.05 mg/L的水质治理目标较难实现.治理策略上,若要实现太湖水体磷浓度的进一步明显下降,一方面需要大幅度削减外源磷负荷,另一方面需要大面积恢复沉水植被等.管理策略上,由于湖体磷浓度变化包括了较大的非人为因素影响,应将太湖总磷治理目标考核重点放在流域磷减排强度、入湖负荷等方面,科学看待气候波动等非人为因素影响下的水相磷浓度波动.  相似文献   

20.
Summer stream water quality was monitored before and following the logging of 50% of the boreal forest within three small watersheds (<50 ha) nested in the ‘Ruisseau des Eaux‐Volées’ Experimental Watershed, Montmorency Forest (Québec, Canada). Logging was conducted in winter, on snow cover according to recommended best management practices (BMPs) to minimize soil disturbance and protect advance growth. A 20‐m forest buffer was maintained along perennial streams. In watershed 7·2, cut‐blocks were located near the stream network and logging was partially allowed within the riparian buffer zone. In watersheds 7·5 and 7·7, logging occurred farther away from the stream network. Observations were also made for watershed 7·3 that collected the runoff from watersheds 7·2 and 7·5, and watershed 7·6, the uproad portion of watershed 7·7. The control watershed 0·2 was contiguous to the impacted watersheds and remained undisturbed. Following clearcutting, changes in summer daily maximum and minimum stream temperatures remained within ± 1 °C while changes in diurnal variation did not decrease by more than 0·5 °C. Concentrations of NO3? greatly increased by up to 6000% and concentrations of K+ increased by up to 300% during the second summer after logging. Smaller increases were observed for Fetotal (up to 71%), specific conductance (up to 26%), and Mg2+ (up to 19%). Post‐logging pH decreased slightly by no more than 7% while PO43? concentration remained relatively constant. Suspended sediment concentrations appeared to increase during post‐logging, but there was not enough pre‐logging data to statistically confirm this result. Logging of moderate intensity and respecting established BMPs may account for the limited changes of water quality parameters and the low exceedances of the criteria for the protection of aquatic life. The proximity of the cutover to the stream network and logging within the riparian zone did not appear to affect water quality. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

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