共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Matthew W. Salzer Andrew G. Bunn Nicholas E. Graham Malcolm K. Hughes 《Climate Dynamics》2014,42(5-6):1517-1526
The instrumental temperature record is of insufficient length to fully express the natural variability of past temperature. High elevation tree-ring widths from Great Basin bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva) are a particularly useful proxy to infer temperatures prior to the instrumental record in that the tree-rings are annually dated and extend for millennia. From ring-width measurements integrated with past treeline elevation data we infer decadal- to millennial-scale temperature variability over the past 4,500 years for the Great Basin, USA. We find that twentieth century treeline advances are greater than in at least 4,000 years. There is also evidence for substantial volcanic forcing of climate in the preindustrial record and considerable covariation between high elevation tree-ring widths and temperature estimates from an atmosphere–ocean general circulation model over much of the last millennium. A long-term temperature decline of ~?1.1 °C since the mid-Holocene underlies substantial volcanic forcing of climate in the preindustrial record. 相似文献
2.
经圈环流对定常波传播的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在一般斜压大气中，基本气流中包含经圈环流时，定常波传播不仅能穿过东风带，而且明显增强。在基流含有经圈环流的情况下，北半球中纬度地形强迫可引起低纬大气的显著响应，这表明经圈环流在中低纬定常响应的相互联系中起着重要作用；北半球中纬度热力强迫可产生类似北半球夏季季风环流的波列分布，这说明经圈环流在夏季季风环流的形成中起着一定的作用；在赤道东太平洋加热强迫情况下，在冬半球可引起ＰＮＡ型的定常波传播波列，而在夏半球却没有明显的ＰＮＡ特征。这表明经圈环流对冬、夏半球的定常波传播路径有着显著的影响。 相似文献
3.
The extratropical response to tropical remote forcing has been examined with so-called tropical ocean-global atmosphere experiments, which use prescribed sea surface temperature (SST) in the tropical Pacific and a slab mixed-layer ocean model elsewhere. In this study we have revisited this experimental design and found that the extratropical response is quite sensitive to the meridional extent of tropical prescribed SST domain. Even in the case of a prescribed annual cycle only (i.e., no ENSO), the differences in the prescribed SST regions lead to different atmospheric motions in the adjacent extratropics. When the tropical forcing includes ENSO, the sensitivity to the meridional domain is more prominent, especially during La Niña events. In La Niña, the prescribed SST is warmer than the simulated SST in the northern subtropics, and the warmer SST differences continue to 30°N. This broad SST differences accompany enhanced atmospheric meridional circulation that directly connects the tropics and extratropics within the Pacific basin. Moreover, the Rossby wave excitation also increases, so the effect of prescribed region difference is felt beyond the Pacific basin. On the other hand, the effect of ENSO sea surface temperature anomalie (i.e., ENSO experiment composite minus control experiment annual cycle, both of which have the same prescribed SST domain) is stronger in the broad tropical forcing experiment. However, the ENSO anomaly composite from own annual cycle is similar regardless of the meridional extent of forcing region, and commonly mimics the Northern Hemisphere El Niño composite of nature in the boreal winter season. 相似文献
4.
Bryan C. Weare 《Climate Dynamics》2013,41(7-8):2165-2177
Teleconnections associated with warm El Niño/southern oscillation (ENSO) events in 20 climate model intercomparison project 5 (CMIP5) models have been compared with reanalysis observations. Focus has been placed on compact time and space indices, which can be assigned a specific statistical confidence. Nearly all of the models have surface temperature, precipitation and 250 hPa geopotential height departures in the Tropics that are in good agreement with the observations. Most of the models also have realistic anomalies of Northern Hemisphere near-surface temperature, precipitation and 500 hPa geopotential height. Model skill for these variables is significantly related to the ability of a model to accurately simulate Tropical 250 hPa height departures. Additionally, most models have realistic temperature and precipitation anomalies over North America, which are linked to a model’s ability to simulate Tropical 250 hPa and Northern Hemisphere 500 hPa height departures. The skills of temperature and precipitation departures over the Northern Hemisphere and North America are associated with the ability to realistically simulate realistic ENSO frequency and length. Neither horizontal nor vertical resolution differences for either the model atmosphere or ocean are significantly related at the 95 % level to variations in El Niño simulation quality. Overall, recent versions of earlier models have improved in their ability to simulate El Niño teleconnections. For instance, the average model skills of temperature and precipitation for the Tropics, Northern Hemisphere and North America for 11 CMIP5 models are all larger than those for prior versions. 相似文献
5.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2023,16(3):100320
The authors explore the response of the Northern African (NAF) monsoon to orbital forcing in the Last Interglacial (LIG) compared with its response to greenhouses gas (GHG) forcing under the SSP5-8.5 scenario simulated in CMIP6. When the summer surface air temperature increases by 1 °C over the Northern Hemisphere, the NAF monsoon precipitation and its variability during the LIG increase by approximately 51% and 22%, respectively, which is much greater than under SSP5-8.5 (2.8% and 4.3%, respectively). GHG forcing enhances the NAF monsoon mainly by increasing the atmospheric moisture, while the LIG's orbital forcing intensifies the NAF monsoon by changing the monsoon circulation. During the LIG, models and data reconstructions indicate a salient hemispheric thermal contrast between the North and South Atlantic, strengthening the mean-state NAF monsoon precipitation. The interhemispheric temperature contrast enhances atmosphere–ocean interaction and the covariability of the northward sea surface temperature gradient and Saharan low, strengthening the NAF monsoon variability.摘要与人为强迫引起的全球变暖相比, 末次间冰期是轨道强迫引起的过去80万年来最暖的一个间冰期, 但鲜有人研究末次间冰期中北非季风的响应. 因此, 本文基于CMIP6多模式模拟结果对比研究了末次间冰期和SSP5–8.5情景下北非季风的响应, 发现末次间冰期下北非季风平均降水及其降水变率均远大于SSP5–8.5情景下的结果. 轨道强迫导致的北大西洋暖于南大西洋增加了北非季风环流和平均降水, 同时, 南北大西洋海温梯度变化通过增强热带北大西洋的海气相互作用增大了海温梯度和撒哈拉低压的变率, 从而增强了北非季风降水变率. 相似文献
6.
When greenhouse gases are increased in coupled GCM experiments there is both a direct effect and an indirect effect due to changes in the surface conditions. In this study we carry out experiments with a perpetual winter atmosphere only model in order to investigate the influence of changes to the surface conditions (sea surface temperatures, sea-ice and snow amount) on the Northern Hemisphere winter mid-latitude mean sea level pressure response. The surface conditions for the perpetual winter model experiments are prescribed from time averages of the HadCM2 control and greenhouse gas experiments. Forcing the perpetual winter model with the HadCM2 greenhouse gas surface conditions produces a negative mean sea level pressure (MSLP) response across both Northern Hemisphere ocean basins, as was found in the coupled model HadCM2 experiment. Additional PW model experiments show that the sea surface temperature forcing from the HadCM2 greenhouse gas experiment dominates the snow and soil moisture content forcings. The sea-ice forcing from the HadCM2 greenhouse gas experiment reduces MSLP at high latitudes. In the north Pacific region MSLP decreases when the global mean warming is applied to the sea surface temperature forcing field at all open sea points. In the north Atlantic region the increased tropics to mid-latitude meridional sea surface temperature gradient is required for MSLP to decrease. These experiments show that the MSLP response in the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitude storm track regions is sensitive to the non-local sea surface temperature anomaly pattern. 相似文献
7.
使用一个改进的二维能量平衡模式模拟了过去0.8 Ma冰期-间冰期旋回期间北半球各纬度带的地表温度,并以65°N的地表温度为代表与南极冰芯记录进行了比较.通过敏感性试验,分析了日射量、温室气体、沙尘气溶胶强迫和水汽反馈的辐射-气候效应.结果显示,日射量变化不足以解释冰期-间冰期旋回期间北半球的地表温度变化,大气温室气体(... 相似文献
8.
In a general baroclinic atmosphere,when the basic state includes meridional circulation,the sta-tionary waves might not only pass through the equatorial easterlies,but also strengthen significantly.The orographic forcing in the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitude might cause marked responses in thelow latitude atmosphere.This suggests that the meridional circulation plays an important role in theconnection of stationary responses in mid and low latitudes,and so does the heating forcing in theNorthern Hemisphere mid-latitude.Forced by the heating forcing in the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitude,the features similar to the Northern Hemisphere summer monsoon circulation can be ob-tained.It appears that the meridional circulation plays certain role in the formation of summer mon-soon circulation.The heating anomaly forcing located at the eastern equatorial Pacific makes the sta-tionary waves present PNA(Pacific-North America)pattern in the winter hemisphere,but it doesnot in the summer hemisphere.It suggests that the meridional circulation has a marked influence onthe route of stationary wave propagation both in the winter and summer hemispheres. 相似文献
9.
Global monsoons in the mid-Holocene and oceanic feedback 总被引：10，自引：3，他引：10
The response of the six major summer monsoon systems (the North American monsoon, the northern Africa monsoon, the Asia monsoon, the northern Australasian monsoon, the South America monsoon and the southern Africa monsoon) to mid-Holocene orbital forcing has been investigated using a coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation model (FOAM), with the focus on the distinct roles of the direct insolation forcing and oceanic feedback. The simulation result is also found to compare well with the NCAR CSM. The direct effects of the change in insolation produce an enhancement of the Northern Hemisphere monsoons and a reduction of the Southern Hemisphere monsoons. Ocean feedbacks produce a further enhancement of the northern Africa monsoon and the North American monsoon. However, ocean feedbacks appear to weaken the Asia monsoon, although the overall effect (direct insolation forcing plus ocean feedback) remains a strengthened monsoon. The impact of ocean feedbacks on the South American and southern African monsoons is relatively small, and therefore these regions, especially the South America, experienced a reduced monsoon regime compared to present. However, there is a strong ocean feedback on the northern Australian monsoon that negates the direct effects of orbital changes and results in a strengthening of austral summer monsoon precipitation in this region. A new synthesis is made for mid-Holocene paleoenvironmental records and is compared with the model simulations. Overall, model simulations produce changes in regional climates that are generally consistent with paleoenvironmental observations. 相似文献
10.
韵律与长期天气预报 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
本文讨论了对长期天气预报比较重要的韵律问题,共有三部分内容:(1)分析广大台站在相关普查中发现的隔季相关现象,相关间隔自2个月到11个月不等,其中大约半年左右的比较常见,并且地理分布区域性强,大洋上最明显,指出这是韵律现象。 (2)月平均环流与海温的相似性分析表明,北半球环流与海温都存在着隔季相似性。例如,春或夏海温距平相似时,大约6个月之后又相似。而秋冬春三季大气环流的相似容易造成夏季大气环流的相似。指出这是大气环流与海洋的韵律活动的表现。 (3)讨论了两种可能的韵律形成过程,一种是北太平洋西风漂流区夏季海温通过韵律关系影响半年后的冬季海温,从而影响大气环流和天气。另一种是冬季低纬东太平洋海温与大气环流相互作用,通过韵律关系影响半年之后夏季低纬太平洋的环流,从而影响西太平洋副高及我国天气。 相似文献
11.
A reasonable past millennial climate simulation relies heavily on the specified external forcings, including both natural and anthropogenic forcing agents. In this paper, we examine the surface temperature responses to specified external forcing agents in a millennium-scale transient climate simulation with the fast version of LASG IAP Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System model (FGOALS-gl) developed in the State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics (LASG/IAP). The model presents a reasonable performance in comparison with reconstructions of surface temperature. Differentiated from significant changes in the 20th century at the global scale, changes during the natural-forcing-dominant period are mainly manifested in the Northern Hemisphere. Seasonally, modeled significant changes are more pronounced during the wintertime at higher latitudes. This may be a manifestation of polar amplification associated with sea-ice-temperature positive feedback. The climate responses to total external forcings can explain about half of the climate variance during the whole millennium period, especially at decadal timescales. Surface temperature in the Antarctic shows heterogeneous and insignificant changes during the preindustrial period and the climate response to external forcings is undetectable due to the strong internal variability. The model response to specified external forcings is modulated by cloud radiative forcing (CRF). The CRF acts against the fluctuations of external forcings. Effects of clouds are manifested in shortwave radiation by changes in cloud water during the natural-forcing-dominant period, but mainly in longwave radiation by a decrease in cloud amount in the anthropogenic-forcing-dominant period. 相似文献
12.
热带印度洋与全球大气相互作用的信息传输特征分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
基于气象场信息源汇概念和定义方法, 使用海表温度(SST)和位势高度场(GH)资料计算热带印度洋和全球大气相互作用过程中的信息传递, 给出了热带印度洋(20°S～20°N, 50°E～100°E)与热带地区、北半球和南半球大气之间的信息传递的区域分布特征, 并分析热带印度洋与大气相互作用中信息传递特征的季节差异和年代际变化。研究结果表明, 热带印度洋信息源主要分布在(10°S～10°N, 60°E～90°E)的区域内, 北半球和南半球大气信息汇均呈现显著的带状分布, 且主要分布在中纬度地区, 而热带地区的大气信息汇则主要分布于热带中东太平洋上空。热带印度洋对处在冬半年的半球的影响更强, 不同季节下热带印度洋与大气相互作用中的信息源汇证实了这一可能性。同时, 热带印度洋与大气之间的信息传递特征在20世纪70年代末期的年代际气候转型前后南北半球的变化不太一致:北半球大气对热带印度洋的响应存在不同程度的减弱, 南半球则存在不同程度的增强。 相似文献
13.
利用T42L9全球大气环流谱模式进行数值试验 ,以揭示南海夏季风强度异常的特征及其影响。控制试验结果表明 ,该模式不仅能够很好地模拟出气候平均的西风带槽脊和高低空气流分布以及它们的季节性变化 ,而且对于与亚洲季风有关的各个主要系统 ,如南亚高压、副高进退及越赤道气流等都有较强的模拟能力。在亚洲季风区及热带太平洋这一大范围区域的大气内部热源异常强迫下 ,模式显示出了南海夏季风持续异常的特征、北半球热带外环流的响应以及亚洲季风区降水异常分布。南海夏季风长时间强度异常所引起的大气内部热源异常 ,一方面通过三维垂直环流的异常联结着南海夏季风对北半球热带内外环流的影响 ,另一方面它又通过持续异常期的波列传播 ,即能量的传播 ,不仅影响我国长江流域降水 ,还会逐渐影响到北半球中高纬环流结构。这样西风带环流形势将会发生相应的变化和调整 ,南海夏季风持续异常影响到了北半球大气环流和天气气候的变化。 相似文献
14.
P. D. Williams E. Guilyardi R. T. Sutton J. M. Gregory G. Madec 《Climate Dynamics》2006,27(6):593-611
Under global warming, the predicted intensification of the global freshwater cycle will modify the net freshwater flux at the ocean surface. Since the freshwater flux maintains ocean salinity structures, changes to the density-driven ocean circulation are likely. A modified ocean circulation could further alter the climate, potentially allowing rapid changes, as seen in the past. The relevant feedback mechanisms and timescales are poorly understood in detail, however, especially at low latitudes where the effects of salinity are relatively subtle. In an attempt to resolve some of these outstanding issues, we present an investigation of the climate response of the low-latitude Pacific region to changes in freshwater forcing. Initiated from the present-day thermohaline structure, a control run of a coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation model is compared with a perturbation run in which the net freshwater flux is prescribed to be zero over the ocean. Such an extreme experiment helps to elucidate the general adjustment mechanisms and their timescales. The atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations are held constant, and we restrict our attention to the adjustment of the upper 1,000 m of the Pacific Ocean between 40°N and 40°S, over 100 years. In the perturbation run, changes to the surface buoyancy, near-surface vertical mixing and mixed-layer depth are established within 1 year. Subsequently, relative to the control run, the surface of the low-latitude Pacific Ocean in the perturbation run warms by an average of 0.6°C, and the interior cools by up to 1.1°C, after a few decades. This vertical re-arrangement of the ocean heat content is shown to be achieved by a gradual shutdown of the heat flux due to isopycnal (i.e. along surfaces of constant density) mixing, the vertical component of which is downwards at low latitudes. This heat transfer depends crucially upon the existence of density-compensating temperature and salinity gradients on isopycnal surfaces. The timescale of the thermal changes in the perturbation run is therefore set by the timescale for the decay of isopycnal salinity gradients in response to the eliminated freshwater forcing, which we demonstrate to be around 10–20 years. Such isopycnal heat flux changes may play a role in the response of the low-latitude climate to a future accelerated freshwater cycle. Specifically, the mechanism appears to represent a weak negative sea surface temperature feedback, which we speculate might partially shield from view the anthropogenically-forced global warming signal at low latitudes. Furthermore, since the surface freshwater flux is shown to play a role in determining the ocean’s thermal structure, it follows that evaporation and/or precipitation biases in general circulation models are likely to cause sea surface temperature biases. 相似文献
15.
用一个耦合的全球格点大气环流模式-植被模式模拟中全新世气候变化 总被引：19，自引：7，他引：19
Wang Huijun 《大气科学进展》2002,19(2):205-218
用一个耦合的全球格点大气环流模式－植被模式模拟中全新世的气候变化，模拟试验中考虑了地球轨道参数的变化，而其他强迫条件均取成现今值。结果表明，耦合的模式能够模拟出较今强的大尺度夏季风，特别是亚洲－非洲季风，而其他季节和区域的变化值一般都比较小。季风环流和季风降水都大幅度地增大了。结果还显示，耦合模式模拟的大尺度季风系统的变化同单纯大气环流模式模拟的结果非常相似，但是，在非洲北部季风区耦合模式模拟的降水和温度变化较单纯大气模式模拟的值要大，而且，耦合模式模拟的冬季降温值要比单纯大气模式模拟的结果小。 相似文献
16.
本文采用OSU-AGCM动力框架加入牛顿加热项构成的简化大气环流模式,研究澳洲大陆热力强迫与南北半球环流异常的相关关系。本文对不同平衡温度模拟结果的差异(偏差场)进行了分析,探讨某局地热力强迫对全球其它区域环流异常的影响效应.数值试验结果表明,南北半球海陆热力结构有利于两半球行星尺度经向环流的加强及其低纬跨赤道气流的形成:南半球澳洲大陆热力强迫可以通过东、西风带侧向藕合效应,显著地影响北半球中纬西风带急流状况;二维Rossby波能量频散径向传播可能足澳洲热力强迫与北半球常定环流系统的异常变化相关现象的重要成因,且澳洲大陆强迫产生的径向波列路经与PNA、EU型相似. 相似文献
17.
Carried out is the statistical analysis of contemporary observed variations of air temperature and wind speed in the troposphere of the Northern Hemisphere based on the data on global surface air temperature for 1850–2013 obtained from the University of East Anglia Climate Research Unit (HadCRUT4) and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis (1948–2013). Revealed are the long-term trends of air temperature and wind speed at different constant-pressure levels. Established is the anticipatory role of the zonal atmospheric circulation in the long-term variability of air temperature in the lower troposphere averaged for the zone of 30°–70° N. According to the results of correlation analysis, in some areas of the Northern Hemisphere the contribution of the wind speed to air temperature variability makes up not less than 60%. 相似文献
18.
D. Texier N. de Noblet S. P. Harrison A. Haxeltine D. Jolly S. Joussaume F. Laarif I. C. Prentice P. Tarasov 《Climate Dynamics》1997,13(12):865-881
The LMD AGCM was iteratively coupled to the global BIOME1 model in order to explore the role of vegetation-climate interactions
in response to mid-Holocene (6000 y BP) orbital forcing. The sea-surface temperature and sea-ice distribution used were present-day
and CO2 concentration was pre-industrial. The land surface was initially prescribed with present-day vegetation. Initial climate
“anomalies” (differences between AGCM results for 6000 y BP and control) were used to drive BIOME1; the simulated vegetation
was provided to a further AGCM run, and so on. Results after five iterations were compared to the initial results in order
to identify vegetation feedbacks. These were centred on regions showing strong initial responses. The orbitally induced high-latitude
summer warming, and the intensification and extension of Northern Hemisphere tropical monsoons, were both amplified by vegetation
feedbacks. Vegetation feedbacks were smaller than the initial orbital effects for most regions and seasons, but in West Africa
the summer precipitation increase more than doubled in response to changes in vegetation. In the last iteration, global tundra
area was reduced by 25% and the southern limit of the Sahara desert was shifted 2.5 °N north (to 18 °N) relative to today.
These results were compared with 6000 y BP observational data recording forest-tundra boundary changes in northern Eurasia
and savana-desert boundary changes in northern Africa. Although the inclusion of vegetation feedbacks improved the qualitative
agreement between the model results and the data, the simulated changes were still insufficient, perhaps due to the lack of
ocean-surface feedbacks.
Received: 5 December 1996 / Accepted: 16 June 1997 相似文献
19.
We consider how a highly idealized double-hemisphere basin responds to a zonally constant restoring surface temperature profile
that oscillates in time, with periods ranging from 0.5 to 32,000 years. In both hemispheres, the forcing is similar but can
be either in phase or out of phase. The set-up is such that the Northern Hemisphere always produces the densest waters. The
model’s meridional overturning circulation (MOC) exhibits a strong response in both hemispheres on decadal to multi-millennial
timescales. The amplitude of the oscillations reaches up to 140% of the steady-state maximum MOC and exhibits resonance-like
behaviour, with a maximum at centennial to millennial forcing periods. When the forcing is in phase between the Northern and
Southern Hemispheres, there is a marked decrease in the amplitude of the MOC response as the forcing period is increased beyond
the resonance period. In this case the resonance-like behaviour is identical to the one we found earlier in a single-hemisphere
model and occurs for the same reasons. When the forcing is out of phase between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the
amplitude of the MOC response is substantially greater for long forcing periods (millennial and longer), particularly in the
Southern Hemisphere. This increased MOC amplitude occurs because for an out of phase forcing, either the northern or the southern
deep water source is always active, leading to generally colder bottom waters and thus greater stratification in the opposite
hemisphere. This increased stratification in turn stabilises the water column and thus reduces the strength of the weaker
overturning cell. The interaction of the two hemispheres leads to response timescales of the deep ocean at half the forcing
period. Our results suggest a possible explanation for the half-precessional time scale observed in the deep Atlantic Ocean
palaeo-temperature record. 相似文献
20.
A regional atmospheric climate model, including an interactive module of the tropospheric sulfur cycle, has been used to conduct yearlong equilibrium simulations of the temperature response due to anthropogenic sulfate aerosol forcing on cloud albedo. A main purpose is to examine differences in the magnitudes as well as patterns of forcing and response between simulations conducted with high (0.4° × 0.4°, HR) and low (2.0° × 2.0°, LR) spatial resolutions. Averaged over the model domain, the annual mean indirect forcing differs by only 7% between HR and LR and there is no difference in the annual mean temperature response. The results thus indicate that it is not important to represent small-scale variability (=2.8°) when the average indirect climate effect over Europe is considered. However, a notable difference in the geographical distributions of forcing and response is obtained when different resolutions are employed. In addition, a clear correspondence between the patterns of radiative forcing and temperature response is obtained when HR is used. The correspondence is less obvious in the LR simulation. It is interesting to compare the present results with those of Roeckner et al. 1999, who found a poor correspondence between the patterns of forcing and response in their simulations using a coarse resolution GCM. 相似文献