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1.
Three species of neogastropods, i.e., Thais clavigera, Thais luteostoma and Morula musiva, were collected from 12 sites in the coastal waters of Hong Kong, including clean and known metal-enriched ones. Accordingly, body trace metal concentrations varied greatly. Copper and zinc body concentrations compared poorly with those of accepted biomonitors and presumed metal contamination profiles. Much is known about the feeding ecology of neogastropods on local shores and where direct observational data were not available, their diets could, nevertheless, be estimated reliably. Accumulated metal concentrations can be interpreted with regard to dietary history. T. luteostoma, for example, had body copper concentrations of 51.8 microg g(-1) on an exposed shore and a diet of mainly barnacles. In contrast, on a sheltered shore (but only some 250 m distant) where the diet consisted mainly of oysters, body copper concentrations were approximately 15 times greater at 833 microg g(-1). Similar results were obtained for T. clavigera. The results of this analysis suggest that neogastropods can play a significant role in trace metal trophic transfer studies, especially as their representatives are intertidally and subtidally ubiquitous and can be spatially separated into tropical specialists and temperate generalists. 相似文献
2.
岩矿样中包含有大量高密度金属物质,致使其在工业CT图像上产生了金属伪影,严重影响岩矿样参数分析的准确性。为抑制岩矿样CT图像的金属伪影,本文提出一种基于双域自适应网络的岩矿样CT图像金属伪影校正算法（DDA-CNN-MAR）,将含有金属伪影的CT图像分别通过投影域网络和图像域网络进行金属伪影的抑制,自适应融合双域处理结果,实现由含伪影图像到无伪影图像的端到端映射。该算法以残差编解码网络模型（RED-CNN）为基础,易于提取特征并恢复图像细节;双域结构可自适应调整投影域（伪影抑制）和图像域（细节修复）的权重,借以获得最优的校正结果。研究结果表明,较之于RED-CNN-MAR,经过DDA-CNN-MAR方法校正的图像,MSE减小2.570,而PSNR和SSIM则分别提高1.218 dB和0.018,有效提升岩矿样CT成像的图像质量。 相似文献
3.
Olivine crystals in mare basalts 12004,8 and 12022,12 are normally zoned with Cr-poor rims. The Ni content of rare 2–10-μm metal inclusions in olivine decreases markedly as Fe/Mg in their immediate olivine hosts increases. Each metal grain appears to have been enclosed by late olivine almost immediately after it crystallized. The fractionation trend for the olivine and metal contrasts with the subsolidus equilibration trend for pallasites. For the basalts, not even local equilibration of Fe, Ni and Co at metal/olivine interfaces can be detected by microprobe. Ni and Co concentrations range from about 300 ppm in olivine cores to about 70 ppm in rims. The limits of detection, at 95% confidence, are 36 ppm (Ni) and 25 ppm (Co). The distribution of Ni and Co in olivine, like that of Mg and Cr, records the depletion of these elements in the melt.Fractional solidification models, using the Ni and Co concentrations of the whole rock, and Ni and Co concentrations of the earliest formed olivine, metal and “opaques” as initial compositions, allow metal and olivine compositions to be predicted if the order of crystallization is known. Conversely the order of crystallization can be established if known olivine and metal compositions are reproduced. Calculated Ni and Co contents for metal and olivine in these basalts correspond to observed concentrations only where metal precipitation is delayed until the liquid has crystallized 4–5 wt.% olivine. 相似文献
4.
Rhizofiltration is a subset technique of phytoremediation which refers to the approach of using plant biomass for removing contaminants, primarily toxic metals, from polluted water. The effective implementation of this in situ remediation technology requires experimental as well as conceptual insight of plant–water interactions that control the extraction of targeted metal from polluted water resources. Therefore, pot and simulation experiments are used in this study to investigate the rhizofiltration of a lead containing wastewater using plants of Carex pendula, a common wetland plant found in Europe. The metal contaminant extraction along with plant growth and water uptake rates from a wastewater having varying Pb concentration is studied experimentally for 2 wk. The temporal distribution of the metal concentration in the wastewater and the accumulated metal in different compartments of C. pendula at the end are analyzed using atomic absorption spectrometry. Parameters of the metal uptake kinetics are deduced experimentally for predicting the metal removal by root biomass. Further, mass balance equations coupled with the characterized metal uptake kinetics are used for simulating the metal partitioning from the wastewater to its accumulation in the plant biomass. The simulated metal content in wastewater and plant biomass is compared with the observed data showing a good agreement with the later. Results show that C. pendula accumulates considerable amounts of lead, particularly in root biomass, and can be considered for the cleanup of lead contaminated wastewaters in combination with proper biomass disposal alternatives. Also, the findings can be used for performing further non‐hydroponics experiment to mimic the real wetland conditions more closely. 相似文献
5.
The present investigation is designed to work out the isolated and in-combination effects of Zn2+, Cr6+ and Ni2+ to a fish Mystus vittatus. From all the 12 combinations, 6 are antagonistic and 6 are synergistic. The combination Cr/Ni is highly synergistic while combination (Cr + Ni)/Zn is highly antagonistic in nature. The possible mechanisms responsible for antagonistic and synergistic combinations have been discussed and indicated as the occupation of critical receptor sites by less toxic metal (antagonism) or intrinsic affinity of the individual metal for the critical site or relative concentration and distribution of the metals within the target organ site (synergism). The results drawn can be indicated in terms of the effective concentration required to reach a particular level for a particular biological end point and can be expressed as follows. 相似文献
6.
X线CT系统球管发射宽能谱X光子,使得重建图像中出现射束硬化伪影,如杯形和条纹伪影;成像对象体内还可能存在金属植入物,使得重建图像中出现金属伪影。多种图像伪影的同时出现,势必严重退化临床诊断精度,有必要深入研究加以抑制。本文利用数据一致性条件构造目标函数;利用非线性最小二乘和交替迭代优化算法求解最优尺度因子;最终得到可同时校正杯形、条纹和金属伪影的最优骨校正方法。计算机仿真实验结果表明,该方法的确能够自适应确定出最优尺度因子,从而同时校正多种图像伪影。 相似文献
7.
Dr. P. Baccini Dr. J. Ruchti Dr. O. Wanner E. Grieder 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1979,41(2):202-227
In three limno-corrals of the MELIMEX project the transport paths of the trace metals Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg and Pb and the reaction
of the systems on increased metal loads were investigated. The metal balances lead to the conclusion that the biomass is the
main factor responsible for the regulation of trace metal concentration. The observed sequence of relative residence times
of the trace metals can be described with a steady-state model. Additional metal load decreases the ability of the limnic
system to lower the metal concentration. The production of phytoplankton and its assimilation capacity for metals are reduced
leading to relatively higher metal concentrations in the lake. 相似文献
8.
Gonzalez-Rey M Lau TC Gomes T Maria VL Bebianno MJ Wu R 《Marine pollution bulletin》2011,63(5-12):149-153
The passive sampler called 'Artificial Mussel' (AM) developed by Wu et al. (2007) can provide a time-integrated estimate of metal concentrations in the marine environment, and offers a potential device to assess and compare metal concentration in different marine environments worldwide. The aim of this study was to compare metal accumulation on AM and natural mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis at three sites with different metal loads along the Portuguese coast for four months. M. galloprovincialis were placed in cages alongside AMs at each site. Samples were collected monthly and Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations in whole soft tissues and AMs compared. For both Cu and Cd, the results were similar between AMs and natural mussels. Higher concentrations of Zn were observed in natural mussels, whereas the inverse was shown for Pb (about 10-fold higher). Our results showed that AMs are promising tools for assessing metal concentrations in marine environments. 相似文献
9.
10.
The value of studying artificially-produced radionuclides in the marine environment is discussed in the wider context of monitoring sediments for other metal pollutants. Differences in the dispersion of selected radionuclides discharged from the same known source are used to illustrate the sort of changes in phase or speciation which must occur with other metal pollutants, but which cannot be demonstrated directly because of the multiplicity of sources. Various chemical and physical procedures are discussed which can be applied to a study of heavy metal associations with marine sediments, as are questions such as the existence, or otherwise, of mechanisms for the slow release of adsorbed material from the buried sediment back into the water column. Suggestions are made as to how radionuclide studies may be helpful in answering questions such as these, which are considered to be vital for the meaningful interpretation of sediment analyses. 相似文献
11.
Sediments are very important as trace metal ‘sinks’ in coastal areas. In this paper we present data on the concentrations and calculated fluxes of the trace metals, Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd and Ag at nearshore sites in Long Island Sound. In both areas a percentage of the metal accumulation can be ascribed to local human activities with the highest anthropogenic metal fluxes occurring closest to their source. 相似文献
12.
The present study elucidates the remediation of mine waters by means of geochemical barriers („active barriers“). Active barrier systems (ABS) are developed, which can prevent heavy metal dispersion by introducing the barrier into the mine. Therefore, low‐cost materials are investigated which can remove contaminants by chemical, and/or physical mechanisms from water. The materials investigated are industrial by‐products (e.g. fly ash, red mud, scale arrears), natural wastes (e.g. tree bark), and relatively cheap natural products (bentonite, zeolites). Red mud and fly ash show the best results for the removal of Zn, Cd, Ni, and Mn from model water. Cd seems to have the strongest binding of the investigated metals on the sorption sites. The main mechanisms of metal removal from solution in this case are sorption and precipitation. Both materials have very good sorption and acid neutralization capacities (ANC), but ANC seems to be the determining factor. 相似文献
13.
藻类对重金属的耐性与解毒机理 总被引：23，自引：1，他引：22
重金属是一类具有潜在危害的重要污染物,越来越多的重金属被排入水体,对水生生态环境构成严重威胁.藻类在长期响应重金属胁迫过程中,建立起一系列的适应机制.藻类通过控制重金属的吸收、富集、转运与解毒,使不同细胞组分中的重金属维持在正常浓度范围内.这些保护机制主要包括藻细胞的某些胞外组分与重金属结合,从而减少重金属进入胞内;在重金属诱导下藻细胞可合成金属结合蛋白或多肽;重金属诱导藻细胞合成一些代谢物使其免受伤害或修复由重金属胁迫造成的损伤;藻细胞通过液泡区室化作用使重金属远离代谢;藻细胞对重金属具有排斥与排出作用. 相似文献
14.
《Marine pollution bulletin》1994,28(5):277-290
A comprehensive assessment of the chemical and physical factors affecting metal accumulation and cycling within salt marshes is presented. The effects that changes in physico-chemical properties (redox potential, salinity, pH, etc.) have upon metal mobility, speciation and consequent biological availability are described together with the implications for salt marsh habitat loss. Salt marshes act as very efficient sinks for metal contaminants although metal concentrations in halophytes do not generally reflect environmental contamination levels. Marine angiosperms, particularly Zostera marina, do however, reflect external metal concentrations and can therefore be used as biomonitors. Evidence suggests that the concentration of heavy metals in the sediments of most estuaries is not sufficiently high to cause ill effects to salt marsh plants although further investigations are necessary to assess potential threats of pollutants upon the health of these intertidal ecosystems. 相似文献
15.
The contents of the moderately volatile elements Ga, Ge, Cu and Sb in ordinary chondrites give us some clues with regard to the metal-silicate fractionation process. Their concentration in coexisting magnetic and non-magnetic portions of members of each ordinary chondrite group will be discussed. Germanium and Sb are mostly siderophilic, but Ga is strongly lithophilic in unequilibrated chondrites; its partition coefficient between magnetic and non-magnetic portions is positively correlated with petrologic type in L and LL chondrites, but not in H4–6 chondrites. From 25 to 50% of the total Cu is found in the non-magnetic fraction of chondrites, but there is no correlation between Cu content and petrologic type. The abundances of Ga, Cu and Sb (relative to Si) are constant in ordinary chondrites, independent of the amount of metal present, indicating that these elements were not in solid solution in the metal phase of chondrites when the metal-silicate fractionation process occurred. Germanium, which is the most volatile among the four elements analyzed, is more abundant in H than in L and LL chondrites, indicating that it was fractionated by this process. Nebular oxidation processes can be responsible for the behavior of Ga if this element was in oxidized form when loss of metal occurred, but cannot explain the results for Cu and Sb which are predicted to condense as metals and accrete mostly in metallic form. It is possible that Cu and Sb, upon condensation, did not form solid solutions with metallic Ni-Fe until after the separation of metal from silicates took place. 相似文献
16.
沉积物金属元素变化的粒度效应--以太湖沉积岩芯为例 总被引：12，自引：3，他引：9
水体沉积物中金属元素含量变化除了与人为污染有关之外,在很大程度上受沉积物粒度、矿物组成等沉积物性质的影响．在进行沉积物金属元素研究中,要充分考虑沉积物金属元素含量变化的粒度效应．本文通过对太湖MS岩芯中17种金属元素、沉积物粒度、矿物组成等指标的分析,研究了金属元素变化特征以及与沉积物粒度组成的关系．MS岩芯金属元素变化可分为两类,第一类主要为Al、Fe、K等,该类元素在沉积岩芯中下部含量较高,岩芯上部含量较低;第二类为Na元素,在沉积岩芯中下部含量较低,岩芯上部含量升高．MS岩芯中金属元素与粘土含量之间具有显著相关关系,经沉积物粒度(粘土含量)校正后,沉积岩芯中金属元素含量趋于稳定．因此,沉积物粒度组成(粘土含量)是影响金属元素含量的主要因素,在研究太湖沉积物金属元素变化规律及进行金属污染评价时,应对金属元素含量进行粒度校正． 相似文献
17.
The ability of seven hyperaccumulator macrophytes which grow naturally in the heavy metal contaminated channels of three different industries (Hindustan Aeronautical Ltd., Eveready Ltd., and Scooter India Ltd.) to accumulate heavy metals was recorded. All these industries use electroplating processes in their manufacturing and are located in the inner area of Lucknow City, U.P., India. Of the three industries monitored, effluent released from Eveready Ltd. contained the highest concentration of heavy metals. In general, accumulations of heavy metals depend upon the plant species and the metal concentration in the media. All plant samples showed heterogeneous metal accumulations, except for Fe or Cd. It was observed that some plant species accumulated high level of metals, e. g., Eichhornnia crassipes for Fe (4052.44 μg/g), Mn (788.42 μg/g), and Cu (315.50 μg/g), and Spirodela polyrhiza for Cd (12.75 μg/g), Pb (20.25 μg/g), and Cr (128.27 μg/g), even when the metal concentrations were not high in the effluent. In summary, these two plants were found to be the best accumulators at each contaminated site. The results will be helpful in the selection of plant species which can be used as bioaccumulators or bioindicators. 相似文献
18.
Analytical-modeling analysis of how pore-water gradients of toxic metals confer community resistance
《Advances in water resources》2007,30(6-7):1562-1570
We develop a mechanistic explanation of how microbial communities are able to protect themselves from toxicity from inflowing metal concentrations much higher than the metal-toxicity thresholds of individual microorganisms. We propose a general bio-protection mechanism, of widespread applicability to microbial communities, by which some bacteria induce pore-water metal gradients by producing ligands that bind the metal toxicant, reducing the toxicant’s concentration to non-inhibitory levels for much of the community. Sulfate-reducing communities are a good example of community-based bio-protection. In particular, we develop analytical solutions to derive metal-resistance criteria for two distinctly different systems displaying gradient-based resistance: permeable reactive barriers (PRBs), which are advection dominated, and sediments, which are diffusion dominated. In advection-dominated systems, the most significant variables influencing the development of static gradients are groundwater velocity and the rate of ligand production. By transporting the toxicant into the PRB and by preventing ligand from moving upgradient, a fast groundwater velocity can overwhelm the chemical gradient bio-protection mechanism. Likewise, the stability of a chemical gradient bio-protection scheme increases in proportion to the rate of ligand generation. In diffusion-dominated systems, resistance depends on the rate of ligand generation and the diffusion length for movement of metal into the sediment. For both cases, we derive quantitative stability criteria that include the phenomena described here. These criteria demonstrate that diffusion-dominated systems offer greater potential for gradient-based metal resistance than do advection-dominated systems. When diffusion controls transport, metal movement into the reactive zone can be slowed down, and a greater fraction of the ligand is available for reaction with the metal, since it is not swept away by advection. 相似文献
19.
Ricardo Henrique Moreton Godoi Patricia Y. Hirata Andre V. L. Bitterncourt Ana F. L. Godoi Miguel Jafelicci Jr Francisco J. dos Santos Rafael Bini Liuz F. Zara Cynara L. N. Cunha Ana P. K Soares Eduardo F. Gobbi Sanja Potgieter‐Vermaak José E. F. C. Gardolinski José M. Reis Neto Giuliana Gatto Rotondo Rene van Grieken 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2012,40(4):364-372
Suspended particles and dissolved substances in water provide reactive surfaces, influence metabolic activity and contribute to the net sediment deposition. It therefore plays an important part in the ecology and quality of the water mass. The water quality in reservoirs is crucial and it is naturally maintained by flushing and sedimentation, which continuously remove phosphorus from the water. In some reservoirs, however, these removal processes are countered by recycling of ions which could play a key role to start and/or maintain the eutrophic state. The combination of macro‐, trace‐ and microanalysis techniques can be useful to trace pollution sources through a chemical fingerprint, whether be during an acute environmental disaster or a long‐term release of pollutants. The water quality and total metal content of reservoir sediments were assessed in a reservoir, situated in the capital of the Paraná State, in the South‐Eastern part of Brazil. The goal of this paper was to determine the metal presence in the sediment and metal and ionic speciation in the Green River reservoir water. Water and bed sediment samples, collected from various sites during 2008 and 2009, were investigated using XRF, ICP‐OES, ICP‐MS, XRD and zeta potential measurements. Based on the results, the heavy metal concentration and chemical composition of the suspended matter in the water samples, as well as the sediment's chemical composition will be discussed. 相似文献
20.
多孔金属材料是一种新型功能和结构材料,具有良好的吸能、减震和阻尼特性。根据多孔金属材料的吸能特性,研究了多孔金属材料耗散能量准则,分析了多孔金属材料应用于冲击地压巷道支护的可行性。基于多孔金属材料的耗散能量准则,首次建立了刚柔吸能支护结构模型,将多孔金属材料应用于冲击地压巷道支护结构中,并利用FLAC 3D计算软件,对刚柔吸能支护巷道冲击破坏进行数值模拟。研究结果表明,刚柔吸能支护可高效吸收冲击能量、缓冲作用荷载及大幅度提高巷道围岩的可靠程度,是防治冲击地压发生和降低动力灾害的一种有效方法。 相似文献