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1.
For a long time, granites have been considered as passive bodies ascending under intrinsic negative density and viscosity contrasts with their host rocks. Chemical variations within a granitic body resulted from in situ differentiation and crystal fractionation. Since the mid 1980s, this global view has been significantly modified by (i) shifting melting from water-saturated conditions to fluid-absent reactions, (ii) increasing the role played by the mantle during granite generation, (iii) reassessing the rheology of partially molten rocks, (iv) demonstrating stepwise segregation and ascent of magmas by analogue and numerical models, (v) combining structural, geophysical and geochemical studies to reveal the internal structures in granitic plutons. It results that a granitic body is built up by a discontinuous accumulation of successive magma intrusions. The discontinuous nature of magma emplacement has also significant consequences for its ability to generate ore. The processes that lead to ore deposits are examined, with a brief review of the magmatic and fluid phases that concentrate ore forming elements. Examples are taken from crustal-derived granites and porphyry-type deposits. Those are considered as the two end-members of magmatic and hydrothermal ore deposits. The source characteristics of the magma, the emplacement mechanisms and magma mixing processes are the frame that controls the potential to carry base metals with the magma. The distribution of elements is controlled by diffusion, partition between minerals and melt, solubility and redox conditions. Variations of those parameters are examined by considering their activation energy which controls the exponential dependence with temperature. A characteristic length depending on the activation energy, temperature variation and time is estimated for a characteristic time lag of 30 ka. The intrusion of a magma into a magma chamber of similar composition, hence temperature, has few effects on diffusion, partition coefficient and redox conditions, because of a too low temperature contrast. The intrusion of a mafic magma into a felsic one induces a variation of 300 °C in both magmas. The characteristic length of diffusion may vary by up to two orders of magnitude, whereas the variation of partition coefficients is only one order of magnitude. The redox conditions are about 2.5 log unit in the mafic magma, but they can vary by 7 log units in the felsic magma. Hence, a strong decrease in δD values is observed in porphyry-type deposits. The effect is a removal of the elements with higher activation energy (W, Sn, Zr) from the mafic to the felsic magma. Deformation during the late stages of emplacement also controls ore formation. 相似文献
2.
金川铜镍矿床是世界第三大镍、铜硫化物岩浆矿床,长期以来备受国内外矿床地质学家的关注.金川铜镍矿床Ⅳ矿区是金川矿床的有机组成部分,由于品位低(Ni 0.71％、Cu 0.48％)并且隐伏于地下140 m以下,生产与研究工作相对滞后.由于F23断裂构造的影响,金川矿床勘查以来,研究者均将其作为Ⅱ矿区2#岩体的东延部分.最近的详查钻探工程获得了较系统的样品测试,结果显示Ⅳ矿区含矿岩体是一个具有单独演化过程的独立含矿岩体,其Ni/Cu比值远高于其他矿区各个岩体,PGE强烈亏损,并且“R”因子数值低(30),微量、稀土元素配分也显示出独立的、复杂的演化过程,岩石结构与岩相变化显著,具有典型的岩浆通道前锋岩浆的特点.文章通过对比金川矿床几个主要含矿岩体的成矿元素与PGE特征,初步确定了金川铜镍硫化物成矿岩浆通道的空间位置,指出了金川深部资源勘查的关键问题与勘查方向. 相似文献
3.
Prof. Dr. P. J. Wyllie 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1981,70(1):128-153
The framework of plate tectonics, with active boundaries and stable plates, is the best yet devised for explaining the different types and styles of magmatic activity. The dynamic mechanisms of plate tectonics transport rock masses across fusion boundaries in three distinct types of environment and source material, associated with plate boundaries. These are divergent boundaries where mantle peridotite is transported upwards, melting to yield basalt, convergent boundaries where oceanic crust is transported downwards, melting to yield magma of intermediate SiO2 content, and ocean-continent convergent boundaries where the lower part of continental margins are melted to yield rhyolite magma. Hot spots beneath plates, possibly generated by mantle plumes, yield basaltic magma from mantle and rhyolite magma from overlying continental crust. Subducted H2O is involved in the generation of andesites and batholiths, and CO2 from uncertain sources is an influential component for the generation of kimberlite and other low SiO2, high alkali magmas below continental plates. The chemical differentiation of the earth is accomplished through magmatic processes which are a direct manifestation of convection within the mantle. Igneous petrology is now a study of processes and products firmly rooted in geophysics, and calibrated by laboratory experiments at high pressures and temperatures.
Zusammenfassung Das Konzept der Plattentektonik, das auf der Annahme stabiler Platten und aktiver Plattengrenzen beruht, stellt das bislang beste Modell zum Verständnis der magmatischen Aktivität dar. Durch die von der Plattentektonik postulierten Mechanismen werden Gesteinsmassen im Bereich möglicher Schmelzbildung transportiert. Drei solche, bezüglich Tektonik und Ausgangsmaterial der Magmen verschiedene Bereiche lassen sich unterscheiden: Divergente Plattenränder, an denen Mantelperidotit nach oben transportiert wird und basaltische Magmen liefert; konvergente Plattengrenzen, wo ozeanische Kruste subduziert wird und partiell aufschmilzt, wodurch Schmelzen mit intermediären SiO2-Gehalten gebildet werden; aktive Kontinentalränder, wo durch partielle Anatexis in der Unterkruste rhyolitische Schmelzen entstehen. Hot spots, die möglicherweise durch Manteldiapire entstehen, liefern basaltische Magmen aus dem Mantel und rhyolitische Magmen aus der darüberliegenden kontinentalen Kruste. Bei der Bildung von Andesiten und Batholithen spielt subduziertes H2O eine wesentliche Rolle. CO2 ungewisser Herkunft beeinflußt die Entstehung von Kimberliten und anderen untersättigten, alkalireichen Magmen unter kontinentalen Platten. Die chemische Differentiation der Erde geschieht durch magmatische Prozesse, die unmittelbarer Ausdruck von Konvektionsprozessen im Mantel sind. Die moderne magmatische Petrologie untersucht Prozesse und Produkte in enger Bindung an die von der Geophysik erarbeiteten Vorstellungen; die notwendige Kalibrierung geschieht durch Laborexperimente bei hohen Drucken und Temperaturen.
Résumé Le concept de tectonique de plaques, qui repose sur l'acceptation de plaques stables à bordures actives, est le meilleur modèle proposé pour expliquer les différents types et styles d'activité magmatique. Les mécanismes dynamiques des tectoniques de plaques véhiculent des masses rocheuses au travers de limites de fusion dans trois types d'environnement distincts et de sources de matériau, associés à des limites de plaques. Celles-ci sont des bordures divergentes où la péridotite du manteau est transportée vers le haut, entrant en fusion pour donner du basalte, des bordures convergentes où la croûte océanique se déplace vers le bas, fondant pour donner des magmas à teneur intermédiaire en SiO2, et des bordures convergentes océan-continent où la partie inférieure des bordures continentales entre en fusion pour produire un magma rhyolitique. Des points chauds en-dessous des plaques, engendrés peut-être par des diapirs du manteau, produisent du magma basaltique à partir du manteau et du magma rhyolitique provenant de la croûte continentale surincombante. Le H2O provenant de la subduction est consommé dans la genèse d'andésites et de batholites, et le CO2, de sources incertaines, est un composant influent dans la génération de kimberlites et d'autres magmas à faible teneur en SiO2 et forte teneur en alcalins, sous les plaques continentales. La différenciation chimique de la terre est accomplie par des processus magmatiques qui sont une manifestation directe de la convection dans le manteau. La pétrologie ignée est maintenant l'étude des processus et des produits en liaison étroite avec la géophysique, et précisés par des expériences en laboratoire à des pressions et températures élevées.
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4.
Primary basalts and magma genesis 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
R. N. Thompson 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1974,45(4):317-341
Three Eocene lavas from Skye, NW Scotland, have been subjected to anhydrous experimental studies within their melting ranges at pressures up to 30 kb. Two of these, an olivine-phyric magnesian alkali basalt and a near-aphyric Mg-poor transitional basalt, appear to show four-phase points on their liquidi at high pressures which are thought to have genetic significance. From experimental and mineralogical evidence, the magnesian basalt is postulated to be a primary magma, erupted without significant compositional change from its genesis by slight partial melting of a relatively Fe-rich spinel lherzolite upper mantle at about 60 km depth. The liquid seems to have had a reaction relationship with Ca-poor pyroxene (pigeonite) in the residual lherzolite. Partial crystallization of batches of this magma, delayed during its ascent at depths of about 40 km, is thought to have given rise to the Mg-poor basaltic liquids. The third lava studied experimentally, a sparsely olivine-phyric hawaiite, does not have olivine on the liquidus in any part of its anhydrous P-T diagram and therefore cannot have been derived under anhydrous conditions from olivine-saturated sources. The mineralogy and chemistry of the lavas are used to support an hypothesis that the hawaiites are products of partial crystallization of pockets of basalt magma at depths approximating to the crust/ mantle boundary beneath Skye, with
rising to sufficient values to make the residual liquids comparatively rich in normative feldspar. Finally, the genesis of all other Skye Eocene lavas is reviewed in the light of the new experimental data. 相似文献
5.
R. N. Thompson 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1977,60(1):91-108
A representative Quaternary clinopyroxene leucitite lava from the Alban Hills, Roman comagmatic province, central Italy, has been subjected to anhydrous thermal experiments within its melting range at pressures up to 45 kb. The lava contains 2.2% of leucite and 1.4% of diopside phenocrysts in a fine-grained groundmass, suggesting that these phases were crystallizing on the liquidus of the magma immediately prior to its eruption. This situation is reproduced experimentally at 14 kb and 1260 °C. As there is no evidence that the H2O content of this lava was appreciable, it is concluded that the anhydrous experimental results give a valid indication that this leucitite equilibrated with its phenocrysts at approximately 50 km depth, about 25 km into the upper mantle, before final rapid uprise. Comparison of the bulk compositions of Alban Hills mafic leucitites with that of the eutectic in the synthetic system Diopside-Leucite as a function of pressure confirms the conclusion of the high-pressure experiments. In contrast, the dilc ratios of other Roman province mafic leucitites indicate that they equilibrated within the upper crust prior to eruption. Published Sr and O-isotope studies show unequivocally that, when the Alban Hills mafic leucitites and their phenocrysts equilibrated, the magmas contained a substantial fraction of melt from crustal rocks. These data are reconciled with the experimental demonstration that the magmas evolved entirely within the upper mantle by postulating that their crustal components were derived from partial fusion of Tyrrhenian ocean-floor sediments, subducted beneath Italy during the anticlockwise rotation of the Corsica-Sardinia lithospheric microplate. The Roman province volcanics show considerable chemical similarities with lavas from converging plate margins elsewhere, together with substantial differences from other occurrences of strongly-potassic rocks. It is concluded that this magma type may be polygenetic. 相似文献
6.
Prof. Dr. Paul Michot Sr. 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1965,54(2):956-976
Résumé L'auteur, évoquant les caractères chimico-minéralogiques des magmas basiques, fait la distinction entre la branche ferromagnésienne, dont le type le plus représentatif est le magma tholéiitique, et la branche plagioclasique dont l'existence est à démontrer. Il qualifie de plagioclasique le magma dont la composition chimique entraîne la cristallisation première d'un plagioclase. L'existence d'un tel magma est démontrée par le massif éruptif du Rogaland méridional (SW de la Norvège) et avant tout par une de ses intrusions majeures, le massif de Bjerkrem-Sogndal. Celui-ci montre de façon évidente une lignée de différenciats par gravité, comprenant à la base une anorthosite, ensuite des leuconorites, des norites et des monzonorites passant finalement à des termes plus acides, des mangérites et mangérites quartziques. — Cette succession permet d'établir le caractère plagioclasique du magma qui a fourni les intrusions constituant le massif éruptif du Rogaland, en particulier la plus ancienne, le massif anorthositique d'Egersund-Ogna, qui est une accumulite plagioclasique. — Le magma plagioclasique serait le résultat d'une fusion syntectique entre un magma basaltique normal et des matériaux de composition pélitique ou pélitoarkosique; cette assimilation serait réalisée dans la catazone profonde à l'intervention d'un orogène catazonal. Les produits formés par différenciation gravitative donnent entr'autres de grands massifs anorthositiques homogènes, ou tréfonds anorthositiques, ancrés dans la partie inférieure de l'orogène. Le géosynclinal d'où celuici provient serait établi directement sur la croûte basaltique océanique. Le segment orogénique qui en dérive marquerait donc l'accroissement latéral du domaine continental aux dépens du domaine océanique et serait donc un orogène fondamental.
Herrn Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c.Erich Bederke zum 70. Geburtstag gewidmet. 相似文献
Starting from the physico-chemical character of the basic magmas the author distinguishes between a ferromagnesian branch, the most representative type of which is the tholeiitic magma, and the plagioclasic branch whose existence he will now establish. — He defines as plagioclasic a magma whose chemical composition has as a direct consequence the first crystallisation of a plagioclase. The existence of that magmatic type is displayed by the eruptive massive of South Rogaland (SW Norway), and above all by one of its major intrusions, the Bjerkrem-Sokndal massive. The latter shows evidence of a differentiated rock succession resulting from a gravitative action: the lowest layer is an anorthosite overlaid successively by leuconorites, norites, monzonorites and finally by more alcalic and acidic types, mangerites and quartzmangerites. This succession establishes the plagioclasic character of the whole magma which produced the different major intrusions of the eruptive massive of South Rogaland, and in particular the oldest one, i. e. the Egersund-Ogna anorthosite massive interpreted as a plagioclasic accumulite. The plagioclasic magma would be the result of a syntectic fusion between a normal basaltic magma and pelitic and/or arkosic sediments. Such an important assimilation would then appear to have taken place in the deep catazone during the constitution of a catazonal orogenetic segment. The great anorthosite massive, whose main characteristic is its great homogeneity, is an essential and early differentiated product, which has intruted into the lowest part of the tectonic system, which is the reason why we call it anorthositic undermost basement body (tréfonds anorthositique). — The site of the geosyncline from which such an orogenetic segment issued would then have been directly superposed on the basaltic oceanic crust. This type of orogenetic segment would therefore indicate a lateral growth of the continent at the cost of the oceanic area: it is a foundation orogen (orogène fondamental).
Zusammenfassung Die chemisch-mineralogischen Eigenschaften der basischen Magmen werden erläutert. Es wird zwischen einer femischen Sippe, deren typischer Vertreter das tholeiitische Magma ist, und dem Plagioklasmagma unterschieden, wobei die Existenz des letzteren in dieser Arbeit bewiesen werden soll. Als plagioklasisch wird vom Verfasser ein Magma bezeichnet, dessen chemische Zusammensetzung die Erstkristallisation von Plagioklas hervorruft. Die Existenz eines solchen Magmas wird durch die Verhältnisse im Eruptivgebiet des südlichen Rogaland (Südwestnorwegen) und vor allem durch eine seiner Intrusionen erster Ordnung, das Bjerkrem-Sokndal-Massiv, bewiesen. Dieses letztere zeigt einwandfrei eine Reihe von durch die Schwere erzeugter Differentiate, die von unten nach oben aus einem Anorthosit, darüber aus Leukonoriten, Noriten und Monzonoriten besteht und zu saureren Gesteinen wie Mangeriten und Quarzmangeriten übergeht. Diese geometrische Reihe erlaubt es, den plagioklasischen Charakter des Magmas festzustellen, das die Intrusionen des Rogalandschen Eruptivmassives abgegeben hat. Das betrifft vor allem auch seine älteste Einheit, das anorthositische Massiv von Egersund-Ogna, das ein plagioklasisches Akkumulat darstellt.Vom Verfasser wird das Plagioklasmagma als eine syntektische Verschmelzung eines normalen basaltischen Magmas mit pelitischen bis pelitoarkosischen Gesteinen betrachtet. Diese Assimilation soll in der tiefen Katazone in Zusammenhang mit der Bildung eines katazonalen Orogens erfolgt sein. Die durch gravitative Differentiation erzeugten Produkte bilden die großen einheitlichen anorthositischen Massive, die sogenannten tréfonds anorthositiques. Diese dringen in den untersten Teil des Orogens ein. Die ursprüngliche Geosynklinale muß sich unmittelbar auf der basaltischen Kruste aufbauen. Das daraus entstandene orogenetische Segment stellt damit das laterale Zuwachsen des Kontinents auf Kosten der ozeanischen Gebiete dar und muß daher als ein Grundorogen (orogène fondamental) bezeichnet werden.
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Herrn Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c.Erich Bederke zum 70. Geburtstag gewidmet. 相似文献
7.
R. N. Thompson 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1975,52(3):213-232
The Pliocene-Holocene lavas of the Snake River Plain, Idaho, U.S.A., have a bimodal composition range, consisting predominantly of basalts (olivine-tholeiites), with subordinate intercalated tholeiitic andesites but with very few analyses falling between these groups. The more-magnesian of the tholeiitic andesites contain more total Fe, alkalis, TiO2 and P2O5 but less SiO2 than the less-magnesian basalts. Derivation of the tholeiitic andesites from the basalts by low-pressure fractional crystallization or by major-element crustal contamination does not seem possible, although some minor-element exchange with ancient crust apparently has occurred. Two lavas, representative of the least-magnesian basalts and the most-magnesian tholeiitic andesites, respectively, have been subjected to anhydrous experimental studies within their melting ranges at pressures up to 35kb. Both appear to show four-phase points on their liquidi at about 8kb and these are thought to have genetic significance. Microprobe analyses of the interstitial glasses in partially-crystalline runs on the basalt between 8 and 12kb show that these reproduce all the characteristic features of the Snake River Plain most-magnesian tholeiitic andesites, notably their reduced Si-saturation. The compositions of the most Mg-rich Snake River Plain basalts are such that they may perhaps be primary magmas, produced by partial fusion of a relatively Fe-rich spinel-lherzolite upper mantle at 50 to 60km depth; a proposal which accords well with the geophysics of this currently-active region. Partial crystallization of batches of this magma, delayed during ascent within the crust at depths of about 30 km, is thought to have given rise to the tholeiitic andesites. 相似文献
8.
In the Karakoram Shear Zone, Ladakh, NW India, Miocene leucogranitic dykes form an extensive, varied and complex network, linking an anatectic terrane exposed in the Pangong Range, with leucogranites of the Karakoram Batholith. Mineral paragenesis of the heterogeneous anatectic source rocks suggests melting has resulted from water influx into rocks at upper amphibolite facies conditions, and microstructures suggest anatexis was contemporaneous with shearing. The network is characterized by continuous and interconnected dykes, with only rare cross‐cutting relationships, forming swarms and chaotic injection complexes where magmatic rocks cover up to 50% of the outcrop area. Despite this volume of magma, the system did not lose continuity, suggesting that it did not flow en masse and that the magma network was not all liquid simultaneously. Leucogranites in this network, including leucosomes in migmatites, carry an isotopic signature intermediate between the two main anatectic rocks in the source, suggesting efficient homogenization of the magmatic products. Here, we describe a number of microscopic features of these magmatic rocks which suggests that several pulses of magma used the same pathways giving rise to textural and chemical disequilibrium features. These include: (i) narrow, tortuous corridors of fine‐grained minerals cutting across or lining the boundaries of larger grains, interpreted to be remnants of magma‐filled cracks cutting across a pre‐existing magmatic rock; (ii) corrosion of early formed grains at the contact with fine‐grained material; (iii) compositional zoning of early formed plagioclase and K‐feldspar grains and quartz overgrowths documented by cathodoluminescence imaging; (iv) incipient development of rapakivi and anti‐rapakivi textures, and (iv) different crystallographic preferred orientation of early formed quartz and fine‐grained quartz. Mapping of the fine‐grained corridors interpreted to represent late melt channels reveal an interlinked network broadly following the S‐C fabric defined by pre‐existing magmatic grains. We conclude that early formed dykes provided a pathway exploited intermittently or continuously by new magma batches. New influxes of magma opened narrow channels and migrated through a microscopic network following predominantly grain boundaries along an S‐C fabric related to syn‐magmatic shearing. A mixed isotopic signature resulted not from the mixing of magmas, but from the micro‐scale interaction between new magma batches and previously crystallized magmatic rocks, through local equilibration. 相似文献
9.
Clinopyroxene phenocrysts in fergusite from a diatreme in the Dunkel’dyk potassic alkaline complex in the southeastern Pamirs, Tajikistan, and from carbonate veinlets cutting across this rock contain syngenetic carbonate, silicate, and complex melt inclusions. The homogenization of the silicate and carbonate material of the inclusions with the complete dissolution of daughter crystalline phases and fluid in each of them occur simultaneously at 1150?1180°C. The pressures estimated using fluid inclusions and mineral geobarometers were 0.5–0.7 GPa. The behavior of the inclusions during their heating and their geochemistry are in good agreement with the origin of carbonate melts via liquid immiscibility. Carbonatite magma was segregated at the preservation of volatile components (H2O, CO2, F, Cl, and S) in the melt, and this resulted in the crystallization of H2O-rich minerals and carbonates and testifies that the magma was not intensely degassed during its ascent to the surface. The silicate melts are rich in alkalis (up to 4 wt % Na2O and 12 wt % K2O), H2O, F, Cl, and REE (up to 1000 ppm), LREE, Ba, Th, U, Li, B, and Be. The diagrams of the concentrations of incompatible elements of these rocks typically show deep Nb, Ta, and Ti minima, a fact making them similar to the unusual type of ultrapotassic magmas: lamproites of the Mediterranean type. These magmas are thought to be generated in relation to subduction processes, first of all, the fluid transport of various components from a down-going continental crustal slab into overlying levels of the mantle wedge, from which ultrapotassic magmas are presumably derived. 相似文献
10.
11.
Rates of magma ascent and depths of magma reservoirs beneath La Palma (Canary Islands) 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Peridotitic mantle xenoliths from historic and prehistoric eruptions on La Palma show many similarities. Prolonged reactions of the xenoliths with their host magmas have been used to place constraints on the magma transport system beneath the island. All xenoliths show crystalline selvages and 0.9–2.6 mm wide diffusion zones in olivine along most of their surface. Diffusion kinetics in olivine, combined with fluid inclusion barometry, document that selvages and diffusion zones formed at crustal levels within 8 to about 100 years. Some xenolith fractures lack selvages and were in contact with the host magma for less than 4 days. A multistage magma ascent is proposed: (i) peridotite wall rock was fragmented and became incorporated into the ascending magma years to decades prior to the eruption; (ii) the xenoliths were rapidly transported to, and deposited in, crustal magma reservoirs, forming selvages and diffusion zones at the xenolith rims; (iii) renewed fragmentation of the xenoliths occurred days to hours prior to eruption, possibly by decompressive strain fracturing during rapid ascent. 相似文献
12.
H.C. Hardee 《Tectonophysics》1982,84(2-4)
Thermal convection above large shallow magma bodies in the crust is treated as a one-dimensional bottom-heated convection process in permeable media. Solutions for single-phase convection are briefly reviewed and a solution is developed for two-phase permeable convection in bottom-heated media. Heat flow measurement techniques are discussed for permeable geologic zones above magma bodies and these techniques give consistent results for solidifying lava lakes in Hawaii (Kilauea Iki, q=257 W/m2) and Iceland (Heimaey, q = 465 W/m2).The heat loss from a magma body is a strong function of the permeability when a two-phase convection zone occurs above the magma body, and the heat loss is independent of the thickness of the two-phase convection zone. In steady-state two-phase convection zones, where permeability does not vary appreciably with depth, convective heat flow restrictions tend to limit the maximum saturation temperatures at depth to around 250°C—an effect observed in many geothermal steam fields. A conduction-dominated transition zone tends to occur between the two-phase zone and the magma body and the thickness of this transition zone may easily range from a few meters to several kilometers, depending on the permeability. 相似文献
13.
Pressure variations in a magma reservoir may cause deformation at the surface and a redistribution of the stress in the surrounding rock. In this study, we use two‐dimensional numerical models and elaborate how magma chamber inflation and deflation affect the stress field around and surface displacement. We test how a pre‐existing normal fault near the magma reservoir may influence the pattern of stress. We demonstrate the possibility of initiating both normal and reverse slip on faults during the inflation of the magma reservoir. The Coulomb failure stress changes are calculated during the periods of pressure variation. An increase of Coulomb failure stress can be predicted above and below the magma chamber during increasing magma chamber pressure that may encourage earthquakes. This process can produce cracks and fault growth encouraging magma propagation along the cracked zone. A different distribution of the stress change is expected in the case of subsequent deflation of the overpressured magma reservoir. In this case, seismicity is expected on a plane at equal depth than the magma chamber, laterally offset from the extent of the magma chamber. Magma could propagate laterally from the magma reservoir into zones where cracks have been generated, but only if the resolved shear stress on the fault is small compared with the excess magma pressure. 相似文献
14.
Compositional and thermal convection in magma chambers 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7
Daniel Martin Ross W. Griffiths Ian H. Campbell 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1987,96(4):465-475
Magma chambers cool and crystallize at a rate determined by the heat flux from the chamber. The heat is lost predominantly through the roof, whereas crystallization takes place mainly at the floor. Both processes provide destabilizing buoyancy fluxes which drive highly unsteady, chaotic convection in the magma. Even at the lowest cooling rates the thermal Rayleigh number Ra is found to be extremely large for both mafic and granitic magmas. Since the compositional and thermal buoyancy fluxes are directly related it can be shown that the compositional Rayleigh number Rs (and therefore a total Rayleigh number) is very much greater than Ra. In the case of basaltic melt crystallizing olivine Rs is up to 106 times greater than Ra. However compositional and thermal buoyancy fluxes are roughly equal. Therefore thermal and compositional density gradients contribute equally to convection velocities in the interior of the magma. Effects of thermal buoyancy generated by latent heat release at the floor are included.The latent heat boundary layer at the floor of a basaltic chamber is shown to be of the order of 1 m thick with very low thermal gradients whereas the compositional boundary layer is about 1 cm thick with large compositional gradients. As a consequence, the variation in the degree of supercooling in front of the crystal-liquid interface is dominated by compositional effects. The habit and composition of the growing crystals is also controlled by the nature of the compositional boundary layer. Elongate crystals are predicted to form when the thickness of the compositional boundary layer is small compared with the crystal size (as in laboratory experiments with aqueous solutions). In contrast, equant crystals form when the boundary layer is thicker than the crystals (as in most magma chambers). Instability of the boundary layer in the latter case gives rise to zoning within crystals. Diffusion of compatible trace elements through the boundary layer can also explain an inverse correlation, observed in layered intrusions, between Ni concentration in olivine and the proportion of Ni-bearing phases in the crystallizing assemblage. 相似文献
15.
Granite magma migration and emplacement along thrusts 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Eric C. Ferré Olivier Galland Domenico Montanari Thomas J. Kalakay 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2012,101(7):1673-1688
This paper investigates the influence exerted by brittle tectonic structures in the emplacement of granite plutons in contractional settings. We address both cases where contractional tectonics and magma intrusion are (1) coeval, to study how active contractional tectonics controls the transport of magma, and (2) diachronous, to study the role of pre-existing structures on the transport of magma. In light of new experimental models, we show that magma can rise along thrusts ramps and flats. This phenomenon occurs for both low-viscosity magma (basalts to andesite) and high-viscosity magma (dry granite). The experimental results also allow the evaluation of the role played by magma viscosity in determining pluton geometries. In addition, a review of literature demonstrates a spatial and causal relationship between granites and thrusts and highlights the geometric control of magma pathways in the pluton final shape. The abundance of subhorizontal and tabular granitic intrusions indicates that the location of inflating granitic sills along thrust flats can be common. We argue that active and pre-existing flats-and-ramps thrusts provide a preferential continuous planar anisotropy susceptible to become a granitic magma migration pathway. 相似文献
16.
M. H. Ort Beatriz L. Coira Mario M. Mazzoni 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1996,123(3):308-322
Cerro Panizos, a large caldera in the central Andes Mountains, produced two large dacitic ignimbrites at 7.9 Ma and 6.7 Ma
and many andesitic and dacitic lava flows and domes. The older rhyodacitic Cienago Ignimbrite represents the most silicic
magma erupted by the system. The younger, much larger volume dacitic Cerro Panizos Ignimbrite is very crystal-rich, containing
up to 50% biotite, plagioclase, and quartz crystals in the pumice. It is weakly zoned, with most of the zoning apparent between
two main cooling units. Major and most trace elements show little variation through the Cerro Panizos Ignimbrite, but the
small range of composition is consistent with typical fractionation trends. Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic ratios are very “crustal”,
with initial 87Sr/86Sr values of 0.711 to 0.715, ɛNd values of –7.5 to –10.2, and nearly invariant Pb isotopic ratios (206Pb/204Pb=18.85, 207Pb/204Pb=15.67, and 208Pb/204Pb=38.80). The limited zonation observed in the Cerro Panizos Ignimbrite is explained by impeded crystal settling due to high
crystal content. The magma body was a crystal-liquid mush before ascent to the pre-eruption crustal levels. Crystals formed,
but did not separate easily from the magma. Limited fractionation of plagioclase and biotite may have occurred, but the composition
was largely controlled by lower crustal MASH processes. AFC modeling shows that the Cerro Panizos magmas resulted from a mixture
of roughly equal proportions of late Miocene mantle-derived basalts and melts from ∼1.0 Ga (Grenville age) lower crust. This
occurred in a MASH zone in the lower crust, and set the crustal isotopic ratios observed in the Cerro Panizos magmas. The
great thickening of the crust beneath the central Andes Mountains sent upper and middle crustal rock types to lower crustal
(and deeper) depths, and this explains the “upper crustal” isotopic signatures of the Cerro Panizos rocks. Minor upper crustal
assimilation of early Miocene volcanic or subvolcanic rocks produced much of the isotopic variation seen in the system. The
nearly invariant high Pb isotopic values and high Pb concentrations indicate that Pb came almost entirely from the crustal
source, and was little altered by any subsequent upper crustal assimilation. This Pb signature is isotopically similar to
that of the southern Bolivian Tin Belt, suggesting a widely distributed Pb source. The great difference between compositions
of Miocene and Quaternary central Andean volcanic rocks is explained by crustal thickening in early Miocene time leading to
abundant lower crustal water and associated fluxed melting during the time of the earlier eruptions. The lower crust dried
out considerably by Quaternary time, so less crustal component is present.
Received: 22 December 1994 / Accepted: 13 September 1995 相似文献
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碳酸岩是地表出露较少的地幔来源的岩石,其地幔交代作用已被广泛研究,而碳酸岩岩浆与地壳的反应过程却研究较少,目前已在中国草滩和丰镇地区、德国Kaiserstuhl地区、俄罗斯Petyayan-Vara地区和澳大利亚Nolans Bore矿床等各地被报道。碳酸岩岩浆与地壳反应的特征是可能形成大量富铁云母、辉石、榍石、钡冰长石等硅酸盐矿物并造成C-O和Sr-Nd同位素体系的扰动。实验岩石学研究发现碳酸岩岩浆在地幔与橄榄岩反应形成异剥橄榄岩,对应的在中下地壳反应形成反夕卡岩。碳酸岩岩浆与围岩的反应会造成局部Si的富集促使REE在早期岩浆阶段进入磷灰石,从而抑制稀土成矿。深部地壳的碳酸岩-硅酸岩反应在相同构造背景下通常不像浅部热液系统容易出露地表,并且其反应产物容易被误认为是夕卡岩矿物组合。因此,更多的高温高压实验研究以及对硅酸盐流体来源不是很清楚的高温夕卡岩矿物组合进行重新评估,将是揭示地壳深部反夕卡岩过程,特别是相关成矿作用的关键。 相似文献
19.
花岗岩混合问题:与玄武岩对比的启示——关于花岗岩研究的思考之一 总被引：18，自引：16，他引：18
最近,花岗岩混合成了花岗岩研究的热点,国内外许多学者探讨了花岗岩混合问题,并尝试用不同端元组分不同比例的混合来解释花岗岩的地球化学变化。本文从花岗岩与玄武岩的对比出发,探讨了花岗岩混合的可能性和局限性。作者认为,花岗岩混合的现象是普遍存在的,但是次要的和局部的。岩浆混合的能力或能干性(competence of mixing)主要取决于岩浆的黏性和温度,而黏性又与硅氧四面体有关。相对于玄武岩,花岗岩的SiO_2含量高,温度低,因此,花岗质岩浆的混合能干性很低。玄武质岩浆的混合是mixing(以化学混合为主),而花岗质岩浆的混合通常只是mingling(以机械混合为主),只有在少数情况下才能达到mixing的程度,例如,埃达克岩与地幔混合形成的高镁安山岩或高镁埃达克岩。许多人认为,花岗岩中的暗色微粒包体是花岗质岩浆混合作用最显著、最直接证据。研究表明,花岗岩中的暗色微粒包体大多是闪长质成分的,其初始成分大多是玄武质的。因此,暗色微粒包体不是花岗质岩浆混合作用最显著、最直接证据,而是玄武质岩浆混合能力强过花岗质岩浆的证据。与玄武质岩浆的起源比较,花岗质岩浆从一开始熔融就是不均一的,这源于源区的不均一及熔融过程的复杂性。花岗质岩浆原始均一性的假定是不可能的。花岗岩成分的变化以及在哈克图解中成分点的"连续谱系",主要是由源区不均一性引起的,混合和分异可能有一定的作用,但毕竟是次要的。花岗质岩浆从源区生成、迁移、直至在地表喷出或在浅部定位的全过程,是一个不断均一化和不均一化的过程。但是,由于花岗质岩浆的黏性大,上述过程及岩浆演化的程度和规模都受到限制,也限制了岩浆混合的程度和规模。许多人仅从花岗岩地球化学成分的变化来研究花岗岩的成因,而很少考虑花岗岩物理性质对岩浆演化的制约。对比玄武岩与花岗岩,我们认为,地球化学方法在花岗岩中应用的范围和程度可能远远不及玄武岩,我们应当重新考虑花岗岩的地球化学应用问题。 相似文献