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Pitambar Pati B. Parkash A.K. Awasthi Vivekanand Acharya Satvindar Singh 《Journal of Asian Earth Sciences》2011,40(1):315-325
As no evidence for thrusting has yet been reported from the Indo-Gangetic plain so, the Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT) has been considered to be the southern most limit of the Siwaliks to the Indo-Gangetic plain. The present study highlights the thrusting activities between the Gandak and Kosi megafan area in the Middle Gangetic plain. As these thrust sheets are concealed beneath thick sediment cover, direct surficial studies of the discontinuity planes are not possible. Further, the topographic breaks formed by the backward erosion of the uplifted thrust faces resemble normal faults with hanging walls to south. Due to gradual decreasing upliftment and/or erosion from north to south, the area shows a step like topographic appearance. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) studies reveal the concealed thrust planes beneath the sediments and the topographic breaks looking like normal faults are interpreted to be the relief created by backward erosion of the thrust sheets along with the overlying sediments. Out of four GPR profiles taken using 100 MHz antennae, three are across the topographic breaks along which most of the terminal fans are formed and one across the basement fault to study its subsurface nature. Initially GPR failed to strike any subsurface discontinuities at the topographic breaks. However, at certain distance to the south of the topographic breaks, GPR was able to strike the northerly dipping subsurface discontinuity planes. By combining the seismological signatures (distribution of earthquake epicenters) with geomorphology, these discontinuities are identified as thrusts. The GPR profiles show a gradual decrease of dip of the thrust planes from north to south across the area. Hence, by the geomorphology, seismological behavior, topography, orientation and continuity, other topographic breaks can be compared with the proven thrusts. GPR study on the basement fault revealed that the NE–SW trending basement faults are not active in the area. The compression between the South Muzaffarpur fault and the peninsular shield led to the generation of the N–S trending extensional Hathauri–Simariaghat fault with downthrown block towards east. Due to depth penetration limit, the GPR study was confined within 15 m depth. The presence of the discontinuity planes up to the base of the GPR profiles indicate their continuity at least up to the base of Holocene sediments. Although this study brought out the presence of concealed thrusts to the south of the HFT, more detailed work is needed further to study their depth extension, relation to the basement and their implication in Himalayan tectonics in a broad manner. At present, we consider these thrusts to be the splays of the HFT. For confirmation, we propose to carryout detail seismic surveys in future research work. 相似文献
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W.M. Schwerdtner 《Tectonophysics》1977,39(4):515-531
Tectonic hypotheses such as crustal shortening or large-scale diapirism in ancient orogens may be tested by reconstructing the original geometry of that deformed surface which coincides with the present topography. This task is readily accomplished if the rotational total strain is known at a sufficient number of closely spaced outcrops. Once the original geometry of a regional topographic surface has been determined, one may readily compare the length of horizontal lines through identical end points on the deformed and undeformed surfaces, and thus test the possibility of crustal shortening or large-scale diapirism. Unfortunately, natural indicators of rigid-body rotation are rarely found throughout metamorphic terrains. Given only the irrotational total strain at all points on a mega-surface through a heterogeneously deformed crustal segment, it is generally impossible to restore the predeformational configuration of that surface. This impossibility hampers the tectonic interpretation of structural data obtained throughout areas of low topographic relief, even including extensive regions in older mountain belts. The same difficulty is encountered in studies of major folds and other large structures situated in terrain with limited local relief.The problem may be solved qualitatively in orogenic regions that feature periodic structures whose paleokinematics is well understood. Here it may be possible to determine whether the present horizontal line across an orogen is a direction of overal shortening. A general understanding of periodic major structures may be gained by studying the superposition of deformation features, caused by successive incremental strains, at critical locations. Alternatively, the natural strain pattern of major structures may be understood with the aid of comparable deformation patterns on suitably oriented surfaces through tectonic models. Natural strain patterns of major structures with orthorhombic symmetry, like canoe-shaped folds, are more diagnostic than those of cylindrical structures. 相似文献
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应用GPR获取水文地质参数研究初探 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
探地雷达(GPR)能够在不同空间尺度上采集水文地质数据来对地下特征进行详细描述,近年来被广泛应用于探测地下结构和埋藏体。本文简要介绍了GPR的工作原理、探测方式及其应用条件;探讨了GPR获取多孔介质水力参数的物理机制;分别利用50MHz和25MHz天线对同一断面进行等采样距测量,经分层标定和时间拾取,获取了沿测线非饱和带含水率及饱和带的孔隙度和渗透系数,并将结果与钻孔取样的岩性进行了对比,结果合理。 相似文献
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冰川厚度和冰下地形是冰川学研究中相当宝贵的数据。2018年5月,利用探地雷达（GPR）对西藏阿里地区喀喇昆仑山脉南部的嘎尼冰川进行了冰川厚度测量。基于ArcGIS中的地统计分析模块,运用Kriging插值方法对冰川非测厚区进行插值计算,结合差分GPS数据、遥感影像数据和地形数据,分析了嘎尼冰川横、纵剖面厚度特征,绘制了冰川冰下地形图和冰川厚度分布图,并估算了该冰川冰储量。结果表明：嘎尼冰川冰下地形存在空间差异,东支冰下地形起伏较大,西支相对平缓,冰川作用以下蚀作用为主,冰川面积为4.31 km2,平均厚度51.2 m,最大厚度出现在东支海拔5 970 m处,约为136.6 m,冰储量为0.218 km3。 相似文献
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为了更好地分析探地雷达(GPR)叠前逆时偏移算法对实际地下随机分布介质的成像效果,采用随机过程的谱分解和混合型自相关函数理论构建了不同自相关长度的GPR随机介质模型。基于时域有限差分法(FDTD)构建了GPR叠前逆时偏移成像算法,其中FDTD用于计算正传和反传电磁波场,归一化互相关成像条件用于获取逆时偏移成像剖面。在此基础上,利用该算法对两个随机介质模型的多偏移距正演数据进行计算,并与相应背景介质为均匀介质的逆时偏移结果进行对比。结果表明:电磁波在随机介质中散射强烈,反射波扭曲变形、不连续,形成了明显的随机扰动,致使逆时偏移成像剖面的空间分辨率更低,低频噪声更强;自相关长度是影响随机介质中异常体成像效果的主要因素,自相关长度越小,异常体的成像越清晰,自相关长度越大,异常体的成像效果越差,且不易被识别。 相似文献
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Cape Henlopen, Delaware is a coastal spit complex located at the confluence of Delaware Bay and the Atlantic Ocean. This region was occupied by prehistoric peoples throughout the evolution of ancestral Cape Henlopen. A ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) survey was conducted at one of the prehistoric archaeological sites (7S‐D‐30B) located within the Cape Henlopen Archaeological District. The site was in a remote location in the center of a tide dominated back‐barrier marsh. Ground‐penetrating radar waves penetrated to depths of 7 m, and four major sets of reflections were observed. Three sets were interpreted to be GPR images of geomorphic units associated with the spit complex, and the fourth was identified as the GPR image of a shell midden deposit. The GPR survey was used to determine the approximate dimensions of the shell midden, including its depth below ground surface (up to 2.1 m) and horzontal extent (∼250 m2), and to establish the paleoenvironmental setting and antecedent topography of the site prior to occupation. The GPR data suggests that the shell midden was initially deposited upon an aeolian dune surface and the antecedent topography at the site included an up to 1 m deep trough located 5 m to the north of, and trending parallel to, the axis of a present‐day topographic high. This survey illustrates that GPR is a useful, noninvasive, tool that may be implemented at archaeological sites in coastal areas. It provides constraints on the environmental setting and topography of the terrain which prehistoric peoples inhabited, and it can be used in planning excavations at sites in coastal geomorphic settings. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
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YANG Lan-suo WANG Shi-yu LIU Cai FENG Xuan College of GeoExploration Science Technology Jilin University Changchun China 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2006,(Z2)
在地形起伏剧烈和表层速度横向变化较大的地区,做好野外静校正是取得高质量叠加剖面的重要一步,而确定表层低速带速度是做好静校正的关键。常规的方法在复杂近地表条件下很难求得正确的低速带速度和静校正量。国内外现在都利用层析成像技术由初至波的到达时反演表层低速带速度并求得静校正量。作者在查阅相关的资料后对层析静校正中确定表层低速带速度结构环节中的射线追踪分类作一总结。 相似文献
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Ó. Pueyo Anchuela A. M. Casas-Sainz M. A. Soriano A. Pocoví-Juan 《Environmental Geology》2009,58(2):391-399
Ground penetrating radar (GPR) has been applied, with relative success, to locate paleo-collapses and cavities and to detect
and characterise karst. One of its main advantages is that, while the penetration depth is limited to several tens of meters
or even just several meters, the obtained resolution can be in the scale of centimeters. In this paper, we illustrate the
applicability of GPR prospecting to the study of alluvial karst and the structures associated with subsidence areas. GPR radargrams
obtained with two central frequency antennas (50 and 100 MHz) are balanced against direct observation of geological features
of collapse structures in vertical exposures of gravel quarries. GPR-surveys offer the possibility of obtaining nearly continuous
vertical cross-sections of the subsoil, and integration of data within a 3D frame. However, the study of the internal structure
of the subsoil by means of the GPR-profiles has been usually neglected. In this work, we show that some hints about the evolution
of individual dolines can be established from the study of the geometry of the sedimentary filling by means of GPR. The obtained
results indicate that GPR allows to characterise the structures associated with karst features and can therefore be useful
evaluating hazard susceptibility in doline fields, because: (1) when no surface evidences exists, it permits the detection
of karst hazards in the subsoil, and (2) when surficial evidences of karst activity are present, it permits the characterisation
of processes associated with subsidence. 相似文献
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《Sedimentology》2018,65(3):877-896
A Froude‐scaled physical model of a proximal gravel‐bed braided river was used to connect the river morphological characteristics, and sedimentary processes and forms, to deposit geometry. High resolution continuous three‐dimensional topographic data were acquired from sequential photogrammetric digital elevation models paired with grain‐size surface maps derived from image analysis of textural properties of the surface. From these data, the full three‐dimensional development of the braided river deposit and grain‐size sorting patterns was compiled over an experimental time period of 41 h during which the model river reworked a large portion of the braided channel. The minimum surface of the deposit is developed progressively over time by erosion, migration and avulsion of channels, and by local scour at channel confluences. The maximum surface of the deposit is formed by amalgamation of braid bar surfaces and has less overall relief than the minimum surface. Confluence scour constitutes about 5% of the area of the minimum surface. Migration of individual confluences is limited to distances of the order of the width and length of the confluence, so that confluences do not form laterally extensive deposits and basal surfaces. Maximum and minimum surfaces have very similar grain‐size distributions, and there is no extensive basal coarse layer. Deposit maximum thickness is strongly associated with large channel confluences which occur as deeper areas along the main channel belt and make up a large proportion of the thickest portions of the deposit. 相似文献
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Shallow landslide hazard assessment using a physically based model and digital elevation data 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
A model for the analysis of topographic influence on shallow landslide initiation is applied to an experimental mountain
basin where high-resolution digital elevation data are available: the Cordon catchment (5 km2) located in northern Italy. The model delineates those areas most prone to shallow landsliding due to surface topographic
effects on hydrologic response. The model is composed of two parts: a steady-state model for shallow sub-surface runoff and
an infinite-slope Coulomb failure model which assumes that the soil is cohesionless at failure. An inventory of landslide
scars is used to document sites of instability and to provide a test of model performance by comparing observed landslide
locations with model predictions. The model reproduces the observed distribution of landslide locations in a consistent way,
although spatial variations in soil strength and transmissivity, which are not accounted for in the model, influence specific
distribution of landslide areas within regions of similar topographic control.
Received: 15 October 1996 · Accepted: 25 June 1997 相似文献
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有限差分法探地雷达波动方程偏移成像 总被引：9，自引：2，他引：9
在探地雷达（Ground-Penetrating Radar,简称GPR）剖面中，由于绕射波的存在，使得资料的处理解释十分困难，其结果的准确性与真实度也会降低。针对这一问题，作者提出了探地雷达有限差分波动方程偏移法，首先进行了理论模型的实验分析，在此基础上我们对实测GPR剖面资料进行分析处理，取得了较好的成果。 相似文献
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Hui-ping Zhang Pei-zhen Zhang Eric Kirby Jin-hui Yin Chun-ru Liu Gui-hua Yu 《Journal of Asian Earth Sciences》2011,40(4):855-864
Regional topographic and geomorphic analyses reveal first-order topographic variations from high-elevation and low-relief interior plateau to the relatively low elevation, high-relief marginal plateau in eastern Tibet. Field investigation and slip distribution modeling after 2008 Ms. 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake indicate significant along-strike variability during the rupture that appears to correspond to different segments of a single fault system. This observation motivates a more careful examination of topographic features along the Longmen Shan to explore the connection between the seismic cycle and mountain building. Analyses of topographic relief, hillslope gradient, and channel gradient indices reveal significant differences in the character of topography along the Longmen Shan mountain front. The central portion of the range exhibits the highest slope, relief and steepness of river longitudinal profiles. Whereas the southern Longmen Shan exhibits only subtle differences associated with slightly lower hillslope and channel gradients, the northern Longmen Shan is characterized by topography of significantly lower relief, lessened hillslope gradients, and low-gradient channels. We consider two explanations for these topographic differences; first, that the differences in topographic development along the Longmen Shan reflect different stages of an evolutionary history. Alternatively, these may reflect differences in the rate of differential rock uplift relative to the stable Sichuan Basin. 相似文献
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This work presents a geomorphometric approach for outlining anomalies of the topographic surface that may be related to geological structures or to geomorphological phenomena. It is based on 2D discrete wavelet transform of digital elevation models. This transform is used to extract singularities of a series of data. This is specifically applied to a digital elevation model, in order to get its detail coefficients and to have evidence about their variations and values. In particular, this approach can be helpful for the delineation and identification of landforms singularities, like landslides and geological structures. The potential and effectiveness of this approach is shown by an application to a case study about a large deep-seated landslide, located at the central-south front of the Apennine in South Italy. 相似文献