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1.
Effects of biological soil crusts on water infiltration and evaporation Yanchi Ningxia,Maowusu Desert,China 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
《国际泥沙研究》2016,(4):311-323
Biological soil crusts serve as a vanguard for improving the ecological environment in arid, semi-arid desertification areas. It is a good indicator of the level of improvement which the local ecological environment is undertaking. In desert areas, water condition is a key factor of improving the ecological environment. As a first layer protection, biological crusts play an important role in local vegetation succession due to their abilities to conserve and maintain moisture. Using Maowusu desert in Yanchi of Ningxia province as an example, after three years of research, this paper chooses three kinds of biological crusts including lichen, moss and cyanobacterial which are under the cover of Artemisia ordosica as research objects. The results of this study indicate that, the closer biological crusts are to Artemisia ordosica vegetation, the thicker they become. In the same position of Artemisia ordosica vegetation, the thickness of moss crusts is the highest, followed by lichen crusts, and the thickness of cyanobacterial crusts is the lowest. Biological soil crusts coverage protects the natural water content of soil layers from 0 to 5 cm. Also, it effects falling water to infiltrate deeper, and cannot prevent the surface water content from evaporating effectively. The effect of biological crusts blocking water infiltration decreases with the increase of rainfall. At the same rainfall level, moss crusts provide the strongest water infiltration blockage, followed by lichen crusts and cyanobacterial crusts. With the increase of rainfall, the depth of water infiltration increases. At the same rainfall level, the relationship of water infiltration depth is as follows: cyanobacterial crusts 4 lichen crusts 4 moss crusts. With the increase of biological crusts thickness, they blocking water infiltration capacity is stronger, and the depth of water infiltration is smaller. Analysis on the characteristic of simulated rainfall process on biological crusts shows that sandy land can be fixed by applying appropriate artificial biological crusts to build a sustainable forest pro-tection system and to create a stable ecosystem in desertification area. 相似文献
2.
Temporal and spatial distribution of dam failure events in China 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Reservoirs play a vital role in economic development and flood control. Nevertheless, both human and natural factors may lead to dam failures with catastrophic consequences. Analyzing the data of dam failure events from 1954 to 2003 and using the method of energy spectrum analysis, this paper studies the periodicity of dam failures. The rate of failure of different dam ages is analyzed. The climate is the main factor affecting the rate of dam failure. Climate diagrams are used to analyze the spatial distribution of dam failure events in China. High rate of dam failure occurs with 25-year and 12.5-year periods. The distribution of the percentage of dam failure shows an L-shape as a function of service age. The first 5 years of operation is known as the ＂infant period＂, during which, the probability of dam failure is much higher than during any other periods. The failure rate in areas near or north to the 400 mm annual isopluvial line is notably higher than other areas. In areas with high temperature difference among seasons have a high annual average dam failure rate. 相似文献
3.
《国际泥沙研究》2016,(3):220-225
The cantilever failure is one of the typical bank failures, in which the lateral caving erosion at the bottom of the bank plays an important role. When the caving erosion width is larger than a certain value, the cantilever failures such as shear, toppling and stress failures may occur. In order to understand the condition of the cantilever failure, the collapse mechanisms of the cantilever failures are studied based on the bank stability theory and flume experiment. According to the bank stability equation with the lateral erosion, the critical caving erosion width (CCEW) formulas for the shear and toppling failures of simple slope bank were derived in this paper. The formulas show that the CCEW increases as the overhanging soil thickness and soil cohesion increase, and decreases as the crack depth on the bank surface and the slope angle of the bank increase. And these formulas were tested with experimental data, which shows the predicted values are good agreement with experimental data. The paper reveals a quantitative expression on the process of the river cantilever failure. 相似文献
4.
Possible mechanism of the effect of convection over Asian-Australian “land bridge” on the East Asian summer monsoon onset 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2006,(11)
The Asian-Australian “land bridge” is an area with the most vigorous convection in Asian monsoon region in boreal spring, where the onset and march of convection are well associated with the onset of East Asian summer monsoon. The convection occurs over Indo-China Peninsula as early as mid-April, which exerts critical impact on the evolution of monsoon circulation. Before mid-April there are primarily sensible heatings to the atmosphere over Indo-China Peninsula and Indian Peninsula, so the apparent heating ratios over them decrease with height. However, after mid-April it changes into latent heating over Indo-China Peninsula due to the onset of convection, and the apparent heating ratio increases with height in mid- and lower troposphere. The vertical distribution of heating ratio and its differences between Indo-China Peninsula and Indian Peninsula are the key factors leading to the splitting of boreal subtropical high belt over the Bay of Bengal. Such mechanism is strongly supported by the fact that the evolution of the vertical heating ratio gradient above Indo-China Peninsula leads that of 850 hPa vorticity over the Bay of Bengal. Convections over Indo-China Peninsula and its surrounding areas further increase after the splitting. Since then, there is a positive feedback lying among the convective heating, the eastward retreat of the subtropical high and the march of monsoon, which is a possible mechanism of the advance of summer monsoon and convection from Indo-China Peninsula to South China Sea. 相似文献
5.
Inversion of ocean-bottom seismometer (OBS) waveforms for oceanic crust structure: a synthetic study 
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下载免费PDF全文 The waveform inversion method is applied—using synthetic ocean-bottom seismometer(OBS) data—to study oceanic crust structure. A niching genetic algorithm(NGA) is used to implement the inversion for the thickness and P-wave velocity of each layer, and to update the model by minimizing the objective function, which consists of the misfit and cross-correlation of observed and synthetic waveforms. The influence of specific NGA method parameters is discussed, and suitable values are presented.The NGA method works well for various observation systems, such as those with irregular and sparse distribution of receivers as well as single receiver systems. A strategy is proposed to accelerate the convergence rate by a factor of five with no increase in computational complexity; this is achieved using a first inversion with several generations to impose a restriction on the preset range of each parameter and then conducting a second inversion with the new range. Despite the successes of this method,its usage is limited. A shallow water layer is not favored because the direct wave in water will suppress the useful reflection signals from the crust. A more precise calculation of the air-gun source signal should be considered in order to better simulate waveforms generated in realistic situations; further studies are required to investigate this issue. 相似文献
6.
In order to study the excitation of large-volume airgun source with different combinations in Hutubi, Xinjiang,China,we conducted a targeted experiment. The method of time-frequency analysis is used to study the signals recorded by a seismometer on the shore of the excited pool, and it is concluded that different gun combinations will lead to different frequency of bubble pulse signals. Besides, linear combination method is used to analyze the signal-to-noise ratios of signals excited by different gun combinations which was recorded by seismic stations around the airgun source. In order to improve the signal-to-noise ratios, it is more effective to increase the activation energy (the number of excited guns at the same time) than to stack the excited signals with smaller energy repeatedly. 相似文献
7.
A Bed-load function based on kinetic theory 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Bed-load transport plays a fundamental role in morphological processes of natural rivers and human-made channels.This paper presents bed-load function derived on the basis of kinetic theory. The bed-load function is obtained by integrating the pick-up rate of bed sediment with respect to its longitudinal travel distance,following the basic concept on bed-load put forward by Einstein.The pick-up rate is expressed as an upwards flux of bed sediment and determined by invoking the particle velocity distribution function derived by solving the Boltzmann equation of kinetic theory. Comparisons of the present formula with six other bed-load formulas and the experimental data are also made in this paper.The results show that the present bed-load formula agrees well with the experimental data.In addition,the influences due to collision between particles on bed-load is discussed which shows that an appreciable damping of the intensities of bed-load is observed only when the shear acting on particles is large enough to increase the concentration and intensity of random motion of bed load particles so that the collisions between sediment particles can occur. 相似文献
8.
In the study of the application of MODIS satellite remote sensing data to earthquake prediction, the paper puts forward for the first time a quantitative method to estimate the ratio for the pixels with abnormal brightness temperature (BT) increase and a preliminary scheme for cloud removal. The principle is that, firstly, the cloudless data observed by the same satellite at the same period of time but in different days (usually 1 day to 3 days) are mosaiced to get high ratio of clear sky, and then the BT variation curve and mean square difference (MSD) of each pixel are calculated with the data from the covered area to determine daily whether the BT data of the day is normal or not at a certain pixel by using double the MSD as the criterion. The ratio for the pixels with abnormal BT increase can be calculated by dividing the total number of abnormal pixels with the total pixels of the whole area. Analysis on a series of recent earthquakes in the Taiwan area shows that the ratio for pixels with abnormal BT increase, which normally undulates around zero, has a sudden enhancement 1 day to 20 days before medium-strong earthquakes. It is expected that a new method for identifying earthquake auspice could be found through special studies in regions with frequent seismic activity by analyzing the change of the ratio for the pixels with abnormal BT increase from MODIS satellite remote sensing infrared (IR) information from which the effect of clouds has been removed to a certain extent. 相似文献
9.
R.A.Khan T.K.Datta S.Ahmad 《地震工程与工程振动(英文版)》2005,4(1):83-94
A simplified fragility analysis of fan type cable stayed bridges using Probabilistic Risk Analysis (PRA) procedure is presented for determining their failure probability under random ground motion. Seismic input to the bridge support is considered to be a risk consistent response spectrum which is obtained from a separate analysis. For the response analysis, the bridge deck is modeled as a beam supported on springs at different points. The stiffnesses of the springs are determined by a separate 2D static analysis of cable-tower-deck system. The analysis provides a coupled stiffness matrix for the spring system. A continuum method of analysis using dynamic stiffness is used to determine the dynamic properties of the bridges .The response of the bridge deck is obtained by the response spectrum method of analysis as applied to multidegree of freedom system which duly takes into account the quasi - static component of bridge deck vibration. The fragility analysis includes uncertainties arising due to the variation in ground motion, material property, modeling, method of analysis, ductility factor and damage concentration effect. Probability of failure of the bridge deck is determined by the First Order Second Moment (FOSM) method of reliability. A three span double plane symmetrical fan type cable stayed bridge of total span 689 m, is used as an illustrative example. The fragility curves for the bridge deck failure are obtained under a number of parametric variations. Some of the important conclusions of the study indicate that (i) not only vertical component but also the horizontal component of ground motion has considerable effect on the probability of failure; (ii) ground motion with no time lag between support excitations provides a smaller probability of failure as compared to ground motion with very large time lag between support excitation; and (iii) probability of failure may considerably increase for soft soil condition. 相似文献
10.
From the magnetotelluric detection in the epicentral region and the adjacent areas of the 1605 M7.5 Qiongzhou earthquake, we have discovered there is a low resistive body in the deep crust of the epicentral region. The low resistive body extends straightly from the depth of about 13 km to the upper mantle, which is supposed as an up-rising mantle pole. We therefore consider it is just the existing mantle pole and its upwelling thermal material that result in the faulting and stick-slipping activities of the upper crust, which is an important factor for the M7.5 Qiongzhou great earthquake occurrence. The postseismic faulting activity is characterized by creep, which shows that the risk is greatly decreased for the occurrence of a great earthquake with similar intensity in the future. 相似文献
11.
磁共振功能成像在临床医学中的应用──脑血栓形成的fMRI研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
目的：评价磁共振功能成像（fMRI）在临床医学中的应用。材料与方法：应用GE公司SignaHorizon磁共振成像系统及血氧含水平（BOLD）法,对16例脑血栓形成患者进行检查。T1加权像应用自旋回波（SE,spinecho）序列,T2应用单次激发回波平面成像（EPI,echoplanaimaqing）序列。实验采取对照—任务—对照—任务或任务—对照—任务—对照范式,应用SunSpare工作站。有关数据处理软件以及t-检验与相关分析等统计学方法对数据进行处理。结果：对照组多数患者短期内病情稳定,停脱水降颅压药后,很快复发.只有一例四十岁男性例外。fMRI显示仅2例本组患者大脑皮质初级运动区有激活。实验组患者指疗期内病情稳定,一个疗程内功能明显恢复。fMRI显示实验组患者大脑皮质初级运动区明显激活。结论：磁共振功能成像在检测脑血栓形成患者功能恢复方面是一个客观而有效的手段,同时亦提示脑血栓形成急性期应用改善脑血管微循环药物疗效巩固,应用与不用相比有明显差别。 相似文献
12.
The Tibetan Plateau is characterized by lower atmospheric pressure, lower air temperature and high daily and seasonal variation due to high elevation. The photosynthesis of plants is significantly influenced by these alpine environmental factors. Apparent quantum yield (αA) is one of the basic parameters of photosynthesis and mass production. Its accuracy determination is of significance to model photosynthesis of C3 plants and global change on the plateau. In the Lhasa Plateau Ecological Station with 65.4 kPa of atmospheric pressure at an elevation of 3688 m, Li-Cor 6400 portable photosynthesis system was used to measure light response curves of winter wheat in different temperatures and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci).The slope of light response curve in weak light area of PFD from 0 to 150 μmol m-2 S-1 was used to evaluate the value of αA. The dependence of αA on temperature and intercellular concentration was analyzed. In 30℃, the average value of αAWaS 0.0476 ± 0.0038. It is not quite different from the values in low elevation areas. αA is influenced both by temperature and by the ratio of CO2and O2 partial pressure ([CO2]/[O2]). The measured values in the previous study were much lower.This might be due to systematic errors from instrument and data processing methods. The values of αA decreased linearly with temperature. It decreased 0.0007 in every 1℃ increase of temperature. The decrease slope is similar to those of C3 plants in the previous researches. While [O2] is constant, αA increases with Ciwith a hyperbolic relationship. In comparison with low elevation areas, the αA on the Tibetan Plateau is more sensitive to increase of CO2. 相似文献
13.
14.
Wharton RA Meyer MA McKay CP Mancinelli RL Simmons GM 《Limnology and oceanography》1994,39(4):839-853
Perennially ice-covered lakes are found in the McMurdo Dry Valleys of southern Victoria Land, Antarctica. In contrast to temperate lakes that have diurnal photic periods, antarctic (and arctic) lakes have a yearly photic period. An unusual feature of the antarctic lakes is the occurrence of O2 at supersaturated levels in certain portions of the water column. Here we report the first sediment O2 profiles obtained using a microelectrode from a perennially ice-covered antarctic lake. Sediment cores collected in January and October 1987 from Lake Hoare in Taylor Valley show oxygenation down to 15, and in some cases, 25 cm. The oxygenation of sediments several centimeters below the sediment-water interface is atypical for lake sediments and may be characteristic of perennially ice-covered lakes. There is a significant difference between the observed January and October sediment O2 profiles. Several explanations may account for the difference, including seasonality. A time-dependent model is presented which tests the feasibility of a seasonal cycle resulting from the long photoperiod and benthic primary production in sediments overlain by a highly oxygenated water column. 相似文献
15.
通过室外试验的方法绘制相对加速度的二维等值线图,并依据桩周土体的振动情况进行区域划分,进一步研究单桩几何尺寸变化时其周围土体振动区域的变化情况。结果表明:单桩桩前、桩两侧存在振动加强区,桩前的振动加强现象更强,以桩角处尤为明显;当桩长与波长的比值在0.109～0.840时,隔振区、反射区的面积增长幅度较大,而绕射区的面积则迅速减小,当比值在0.840～0.962时,隔振区、反射区以及绕射区的面积变化很小,数据趋于缓和;桩径与波长的比值对桩周振动区域的影响较大,随着比值在0.013～0.163之间增大,隔振区与反射区的面积分别增加了0.249 m~2、0.129 m~2,增长的速率均较快,而绕射区的面积以较快的速率降低了0.088 m~2;振源距与波长的比值对隔振区与反射区的面积影响较大,当比值在0.163～0.961时,隔振区与反射区的面积急速下降,当比值在0.961～1.068时,变化趋势趋于缓和,对于绕射区面积,随着比值的增加,绕射区的面积仅仅增加了0.037 m~2。 相似文献
16.
地震应急是减轻地震灾害的重要途径之一。地震应急工作具有时间紧迫、事关重大的特点。2017年8月8日四川九寨沟MS7.0级地震发生后,为快速、准确地提供地震引发的滑坡灾害分布,本研究基于震后第一天获取到的高分辨率遥感影像（高分二号卫星影像、北京二号卫星影像）,通过人工目视解译的方法初步建立了四川九寨沟地震滑坡编目。结果表明,该地震至少触发了622处同震滑坡,分布在沿使用影像边界框定的面积为3919km2的区域内。本研究还利用这个地震滑坡编目,统计了九寨沟地震滑坡数量和滑坡点密度（LND）与地形（坡度、坡向）、地震（地震烈度、震中距）等因素的关系。结果表明九寨沟地震滑坡多发生在坡度为20°—50°的区域内,滑坡的易发性随着坡度的增加而增加。受地震波传播方向的影响,E、SE向是地震滑坡较易发生的坡向。滑坡的易发程度和地震烈度呈正相关,即随着烈度的增大,滑坡易发性增大。滑坡易发性还随着震中距增加而降低,这是由于地震波能量随震中距的增加而衰减导致的。 相似文献
17.
S. Karato 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》1981,24(1):1-14
The rheology of the lower mantle of the Earth is examined from the viewpoint of solid state physics. Recent developments in high-pressure research suggest that the lower mantle contains a considerable amount of (Mg, Fe)O with Fe/Mg + Fe = 0.2–0.3. The pressure and temperature dependences of diffusion in (Mg, Fe)O are estimated by the theory of diffusion in ionic solids. Of the materials composing the lower mantle, (Mg, Fe)O may be the “softest”, and therefore the rheology of the lower mantle may be that of (Mg, Fe)O, unless the framework effect is important.Temperatures in the lower mantle are inferred from the depths of phase transitions and the melting temperatures of the core materials. A thermal boundary layer at the base of the mantle is suggested. The physical mechanisms of creep are examined based on a grain size-stress relation and non-Newtonian flow is shown to be the dominant flow mechanism in the Earth's mantle.The effective viscosity for the temperature models, with and without the thermal boundary layer, is calculated for constant stress and constant strain rate (with depth). For constant strain rate, which may be appropriate for discussing the mechanics of descending slabs, the increase in effective viscosity with depth is smaller than for the constant-stress case, which may be appropriate for discussing the flow induced by the surface motion of plates.The relatively small depth gradient of viscosity, for constant strain rate, suggests that the lower mantle could also participate in convection. The effective viscosity increases with depth, however, by at least 102 to 103 from the top to the bottom of the lower mantle, for a reasonable range of activation volumes and temperatures. There will be a low-viscosity layer at the base of the mantle, in contrast to the high-viscosity layer at the top of the mantle (plates), if a thermal boundary layer is present. The constant Newtonian viscosity inferred from rebound data may be an apparent feature resulting from the difference in deformation mechanisms between isostatic rebound and large-scale flow. 相似文献
18.
研究各种地层和井眼环境因素对碳氧比C/O测井长、短源距探测器的影响规律，可以为C/O测井仪器的刻度方法提供指导，为解释模型的建立和数据处理提供依据.本文用Monte Carlo方法，计算了C/O值随井眼直径、水泥环厚度、套管直径、孔隙度、含油饱和度、地层岩性和油密度的变化规律.从中看出，当井内流体为油时，井径或套管直径增大，C/O值增大，井眼影响增大；当井内流体为水时，井径或套管直径的增大，C/O值减小；水泥环厚度增加时C/O值减小；当井眼条件不变时，地层孔隙度越大，含油饱和度越大，C/O值越大，对测井越有利；反之，地层孔隙度越小，含油饱和度越小，C/O值越小，对测井不利；地层岩性对C/O值的影响显著，相同条件下，碳酸盐岩比砂岩的C/O值高；油密度越大，C/O值越大.文中还提出了一种消除这些因素影响的数据处理方法 相似文献
19.
目的评价螺旋CT三维重建在脑血管疾病诊断中的作用.方法对51例临床脑血管病患者行脑增强CT扫描后三维重建图像进行分析,所有检查采用GE Hispeed NX/I所排CT扫描机,将图像传输至工作站进行三维重建; 图像经2位以上放射科诊断医师阅片分析.结果51例临床脑血管病患者中:脑血管正常14例;单纯变异7例;其他脑血管均有不同程度变窄(30例),其中混合型变窄12例(两支以上含两支脑血管变窄),脑血管变异合并脑血管变窄5例,脑血管单支变窄13例.结论螺旋CT脑增强扫描三维重建是诊断脑血管病变的比较理想且有效的检查方法. 相似文献
20.
运用格点尝试法推断了沂沭断裂带现状构造应力场的分段受力环境,初步分析了沭断裂带及其两侧块体在中强地震前后构造应力环境的变化特点。其变化特点为：震前３个区主应力方位值有一个明显的增大趋势;３个区的增大变化为不同步;沂沭带主应力方位值增大出现时间较晚,增幅较大,为阶跃性增大;山东东部的主张应力方位值幅度增大,持续达４年以上,震后３个区主应力方位值出现明显的同步性回落,沂沭带的主应力降幅巨大。 相似文献