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1.
简要评述了构造地貌的研究.并以青藏高原西北缘克里雅河流域地貌演化说明了构造变形与青藏高原的形成历。以西域砾岩顶部的玄武岩作为区域构造地貌的标志,获得的高质量Ar-Ar年龄的加权平均值为1.09Ma±0.13Ma。该年龄不仅代表了西域砾岩沉积结束的时间,并制约了区域风沙堆积时代的下限,是一个重要的气候环境变化的转折点。更重要的是,该年龄标志了克里雅河演化的开始,即目前可观察的克里雅河的历史不过1.1Ma。另外获得的系统、丰富、翔实的沉积学、构造地质学、低温热年代数据和克里雅河流域地貌的测量结果还揭示了上新世晚期以来区域强烈的变形与构造地貌的演化。获得的重要结论还包括：能够分析恢复的前克里雅河的历史不超过西域砾岩沉积期,能够推测的青藏高原西北缘河流体系演化的最老历史不超过上新世阿图什组沉积期。在中新世乌恰组沉积时,基本观察不到青藏高原现今地貌体系产生的沉积作用的记录,而是更老的前青藏高原构造地貌格榘对沉积体系产生的影响。青藏高原的主体可能在中更新世早期前后才抬升进入冰冻圈。现今的克里雅河地貌主要是在区域构造抬升中由冰川融水侵蚀形成的。克里雅河源头可能残留了青藏高原演化的关键记录。 相似文献
2.
构造地貌－认识高原历史的钥匙 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
简要评述了构造地貌的研究,并以青藏高原西北缘克里雅河流域地貌演化说明了构造变形与青藏高原的形成历史。以西域砾岩顶部的玄武岩作为区域构造地貌的标志,获得的高质量Ar-Ar年龄的加权平均值为1.09 Ma ±0.13Ma。该年龄不仅代表了西域砾岩沉积结束的时间,并制约了区域风沙堆积时代的下限,是一个重要的气候环境变化的转折点。更重要的是,该年龄标志了克里雅河演化的开始,即目前可观察的克里雅河的历史不过1.1Ma。另外获得的系统、丰富、翔实的沉积学、构造地质学、低温热年代数据和克里雅河流域地貌的测量结果还揭示了上新世晚期以来区域强烈的变形与构造地貌的演化。获得的重要结论还包括：能够分析恢复的前克里雅河的历史不超过西域砾岩沉积期,能够推测的青藏高原西北缘河流体系演化的最老历史不超过上新世阿图什组沉积期。在中新世乌恰组沉积时,基本观察不到青藏高原现今地貌体系产生的沉积作用的记录,而是更老的前青藏高原构造地貌格架对沉积体系产生的影响。青藏高原的主体可能在中更新世早期前后才抬升进入冰冻圈。现今的克里雅河地貌主要是在区域构造抬升中由冰川融水侵蚀形成的。克里雅河源头可能残留了青藏高原演化的关键记录。 相似文献
3.
构造地貌－认识高原历史的钥匙 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
简要评述了构造地貌的研究,并以青藏高原西北缘克里雅河流域地貌演化说明了构造变形与青藏高原的形成历史.以西域砾岩顶部的玄武岩作为区域构造地貌的标志,获得的高质量Ar-Ar年龄的加权平均值为1.09Ma±O.13Ma.该年龄不仅代表了西域砾岩沉积结束的时间,并制约了区域风沙堆积时代的下限,是一个重要的气候环境变化的转折点.更重要的是.该年龄标志了克里雅河演化的开始,即目前可观察的克里雅河的历史不过1.1Ma.另外获得的系统、丰富、翔实的沉积学、构造地质学、低温热年代数据和克里雅河流域地貌的测量结果还揭示了上新世晚期以来区域强烈的变形与构造地貌的演化.获得的重要结论还包括:能够分析恢复的前克里雅河的历史不超过西域砾岩沉积期,能够推测的青藏高原西北缘河流体系演化的最老历史不超过上新世阿图什组沉积期.在中新世乌恰组沉积时,基本观察不到青藏高原现今地貌体系产生的沉积作用的记录,而是更老的前青藏高原构造地貌格架对沉积体系产生的影响.青藏高原的主体可能在中更新世早期前后才抬升进入冰冻圈.现今的克里雅河地貌主要是在区域构造抬升中由冰川融水侵蚀形成的.克里雅河源头可能残留了青藏高原演化的关键记录. 相似文献
4.
The exploration of "Deep Sea, Deep Earth and Deep Space" provides opportunities and challenges for the development of geoscience, and geographical science begins to meet the climax of deep space exploration represented by Mars. In China, Martian exploration will be launched in 2020, which will carry out global and comprehensive surrounding exploration of Mars, patrol detection in some local areas, researchers need to be well prepared for the study of planetary geosciences including aeolian geomorphology based on these coming data. Aeolian geomorphology is divided into three stages based on the development history and trend: classical research focusing on single dune observation, modern research with earth system ideology and future research mainly on extra-terrestrial planets. The characteristics of each developing stage were summarized, and we believe that the planetary aeolian research will come naturally. Then, the development and achievement of planetary aeolian research are summarized, the existing problems and future developing trend were also discussed here. Study shows that there are many types of aeolian landforms on Mars, Venus and Titan, and the aeolian process is the most active modern surface process. Aeolian geomorphology in different planets has good similarity, but the difference is also obvious, which means that they have similar formation mechanism, but different formation and evolution conditions, therefore, the theory of aeolian geomorphology will be improved and enriched gradually through the comparative study on different planets. There are obvious advantages in revealing the formation laws and mechanism of aeolian geomorphology in extraterrestrial planets because of the simple formation conditions, and the research of aeolian geomorphology in the era of deep space exploration is in the ascendant. 相似文献
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The Tseng-wen River is a small mountainous river in southern Taiwan that has distinct dry and flood seasons. Several lines of evidence have revealed that the depositional system at the mouth of the river has transformed from a deltaic system to an estuarine system. The evidence includes long to short-term shoreline changes, geomorphology of the river mouth, mixed sediment sources inside the river mouth, mixing and suspended sediment characteristics inside the river mouth, and the grain-size distribution patterns on the river bed. Unlike the long-term evolution of many other coastal systems, the transformation at the Tseng-wen River mouth is largely caused by the building of a reservoir in the middle reaches of the river. The present study provides an example that coastal environments can be influenced by human activities farther inland on a time scale much faster than what would occur naturally. 相似文献
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Barrier islands are exposed to the wind and wave action from storms, which often disturbs both the geomorphology and vegetation. Conservation and restoration efforts for these important habitats could be improved with knowledge of how native plants respond to storms. We analyzed 10 years of annual data of vegetation of St. George Island, Florida, in the Gulf of Mexico, to quantify how the plant community responds to major storms and to predict which dune species might be appropriate for restoration after storm damage across dune zones. This prediction was tested with six plant species that differed in their storm response—from highly negative (local extinction in response to storms) to highly positive (increased abundance in response to storms). We measured transplant survival and growth (plant height and number of shoots) over 2 years in a restoration experiment across three major dune zones. We found that different species can be useful for restoration purposes in different dune zones, depending on both short- and longer-term management strategies. Uniola paniculata is a particularly strong restoration candidate across all dune zones, whereas Muhlenbergia capillaris and Schizachyrium maritimum would be beneficial for restoration in the interdune area. Fimbristylis spp. and Sporobolus virginicus demonstrate the strongest potential for restoration in the interdune and backdune areas. Restoration of disturbed areas often involves the seeding or transplanting of species to stabilize the landscape and initiate the return of the original vegetation. We show that the performance of native species, in response to storms, especially in conjunction with information on plant life history, can be useful for identifying the best species to use for restoration. 相似文献
10.
不同古地貌背景下,盆地沉积充填特征不同。以准噶尔盆地莫西庄—永进地区白垩系清水河组为例,综合野外露头、岩心、测井、分析化验和三维地震资料,进行古地貌演化背景下白垩系清水河组层序地层、沉积物源和沉积体系研究。研究结果表明:莫西庄—永进地区白垩系清水河组发育一个完整的三级层序,清水河组一段发育低位体系域(LST)和湖侵体系域(TST),清水河组二段发育高位体系域(HST)。早白垩世,车排子—莫索湾古隆起(车—莫古隆起)整体埋藏,古隆起局部高部位仍出露地表,随着盆地全区接受稳定沉积,古隆起逐渐消亡。LST时期,盆地沉积中心位于研究区北部;TST至HST时期,在北部构造抬升掀斜作用下,盆地地形趋于平缓,沉积中心逐渐南迁。在此构造演化背景下,盆外北部物源体系由东北、西北方向向研究区供源,在盆地缓坡带浅水背景下发育远源辫状河三角洲—滨浅湖沉积体系。LST时期,受古隆起残余地貌、湖平面变化及水动力条件的共同影响,沉积碎屑多沉积于地貌低势区,发育局限展布的浅水辫状河三角洲,研究区以三角洲内前缘沉积为主,水下分流河道连片发育;LST时期发育的沉积体系平缓了原始地貌,在车—莫古隆起上继承性沉积TST时期的滨浅湖沉积体系和HST时期的浅水辫状河三角洲沉积体系,其中HST时期研究区以三角洲外前缘沉积为主,广泛发育席状砂,局部发育水下分流河道。继承性地貌控制盆地不同部位的沉积可容空间,决定沉积物搬运及分散路径,进而控制盆地的沉积充填类型和特征。 相似文献
11.
《Quaternary Science Reviews》2007,26(5-6):644-677
We mapped and dated the glacial geomorphology of north-east South Georgia, in the maritime sub-Antarctic. The aim was to examine the timing of deglaciation of the island in the context of inter-hemispheric phasing of climate change. Former glacier limits are restricted to the inner fjords, and our detailed mapping of them has demonstrated a consistent geomorphological pattern that is similar across several different glacier types and sizes. The pattern comprises three suites of moraines (categories “a–c”), not all of which are represented at every site because the outer suite is often overridden by younger suites. Category “a” is an outer wide, low amplitude moraine ridge, category “b” comprises 2–4 sharp-crested, bouldery moraines that are often located close to or even over-riding “a”, and category “c” is a series of lower amplitude moraines with overprinted streamlined landforms such as flutings. Analysis of in situ cosmogenic 10Be in boulders on these moraines has allowed us to determine a deglacial chronology for the older two moraine groups. The age of the inner (youngest) group has been estimated from soil development. The cosmogenic nuclide ages show that the outermost moraine was deposited ca 12.2±1.5 ka BP, but that a subsequent readvance in the mid-Holocene (ca 3.6±1.1 ka BP) reached and, in places, over-rode this earlier moraine. This latter advance coincides with the “Mid Holocene Hypsithermal”. A final Late Holocene advance reached closely similar limits to the previous two fluctuations and is estimated from soil data to have an age of ca 1.1 ka BP. We suggest that the close concordance of Late-Glacial and interglacial limits (in this case associated with warming) can be explained by a change in dominant forcing. During glacials, extensive sea-ice limits precipitation availability and so glaciers are restricted to the inner fjords. During interglacials precipitation is not limited in the same way by sea-ice cover and so during warming precipitation increases and tidewater glaciers on the island have responded by advancing. This study emphasises the importance of a clear understanding of geomorphology in order to interpret chronological information. 相似文献
12.
Comparison of catchment geomorphology and lithostratigraphical analysis of sediments in two small neighbouring alpine lakes show that the minerogenic influx into the lakes has varied significantly during the Holocene, despite similarities in environmental setting. One lake contains a homogeneous organic‐rich sediment sequence whereas the sediment of the other lake is laminated and has a higher minerogenic content. X‐ray radiographs are used to visualise lithostratigraphical structures and provide high‐resolution density data. We find that moderate differences in geomorphology and process activity in the lakeshore region around alpine lakes can significantly affect the lake sediment composition. Minerogenic sediment accumulation rates vary strongly over time, owing to different depositional processes, which complicate temporal reconstructions. We also find that non‐glacial processes deposit minerogenic sediment layers with similar characteristics (high density, low organic content) as layers interpreted as having a glaciofluvial origin. This has implications for palaeoclimate studies based on proglacial lacustrine sediment. Our results indicate that erosion of surface sediments in the catchments characterised the early Holocene. A low and constant minerogenic inflow indicates that stable environmental conditions (with little fluvial erosion) were established in the catchments during the middle Holocene. The variability in sediment composition increased again in the late Holocene, possibly as a result of short‐term climate fluctuations superimposed on a general climate deterioration trend. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
13.
Application of logistic regression for landslide susceptibility zoning of Cekmece Area, Istanbul, Turkey 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
T. Y. Duman T. Can C. Gokceoglu H. A. Nefeslioglu H. Sonmez 《Environmental Geology》2006,51(2):241-256
As a result of industrialization, throughout the world, cities have been growing rapidly for the last century. One typical example of these growing cities is Istanbul, the population of which is over 10 million. Due to rapid urbanization, new areas suitable for settlement and engineering structures are necessary. The Cekmece area located west of the Istanbul metropolitan area is studied, because the landslide activity is extensive in this area. The purpose of this study is to develop a model that can be used to characterize landslide susceptibility in map form using logistic regression analysis of an extensive landslide database. A database of landslide activity was constructed using both aerial-photography and field studies. About 19.2% of the selected study area is covered by deep-seated landslides. The landslides that occur in the area are primarily located in sandstones with interbedded permeable and impermeable layers such as claystone, siltstone and mudstone. About 31.95% of the total landslide area is located at this unit. To apply logistic regression analyses, a data matrix including 37 variables was constructed. The variables used in the forwards stepwise analyses are different measures of slope, aspect, elevation, stream power index (SPI), plan curvature, profile curvature, geology, geomorphology and relative permeability of lithological units. A total of 25 variables were identified as exerting strong influence on landslide occurrence, and included by the logistic regression equation. Wald statistics values indicate that lithology, SPI and slope are more important than the other parameters in the equation. Beta coefficients of the 25 variables included the logistic regression equation provide a model for landslide susceptibility in the Cekmece area. This model is used to generate a landslide susceptibility map that correctly classified 83.8% of the landslide-prone areas. 相似文献
14.
新疆西克尔地区下奥陶统鹰山组岩溶分带性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
塔里木盆地岩溶缝洞型储层作为重要的油气储层备受关注,而目前预测此类型储层的方法较有限。在新疆伽什县西克尔野外露头区地表岩溶现象丰富,志留系地层以填平补齐的方式充填在一系列的溶沟和溶槽中,部分洼地中还有志留系地层残留,表明该区发育加里东中期岩溶。在本区岩溶古地貌的基础上,基于排泄基准面的分析,划分出3级岩溶台面并对应发育3期岩溶。据现代地貌学和岩溶学理论,按照水动力条件的不同并结合本区岩溶发育特征,运用岩溶旋回的观点将第二期岩溶剖面分为表层岩溶带、垂直渗滤带和水平潜流带,认识到西克尔地区古岩溶地下水发育规律及洞穴发育程度。构造运动是垂向岩溶分带性的主控因素;因此,在大的构造背景的前提下,可以有效地预测巴楚地区的缝洞型储层。 相似文献
15.
It is important to take into account land use when considering water resource demands. The Hydrological unit is defined as the assimilation of land use and soil properties into a lumped element, spatially separate area which exhibits a typical hydrological reaction. Using physically based equations, water balance can be calculated and compared for different hydrological units and thus water resources can be assessed. The Huanghua City in Hebei province is taken as an example to analyze the hydrological elements of water resources supply and demand for different land use types. Huanghua City is located in the alluvial plains, which is flat, and geologically uniform. The altitude is generally in 2.5-5m above sea level. The geomorphology consists of an ancient river course, depressions, shallow depressions, ancient shell dikes and lagoons, typical characteristics of a coastal plain. 相似文献
16.
RaA氡气、甚低频测试在复核某电站库首变形体边界中的应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文以西南某水电站库首右岸拉裂变形体为研究对象,根据现场的地形地貌,先从地质定性分析出发,初步确定拉裂变形体的上下游边界及前后缘边界。介于地质体的不均匀性及不可预见性,再在初步圈定的拉裂变形体上布置低线公路、高线便道以及纵线三条测线,通过RaA氡气、甚低频测试手段加以测试。最后在室内进行数据整理之后,作出各测点氡气值柱状图和甚低频视电阻率图,结合地质情况加以量化评判,结果表明与地质定性分析得出的边界情况基本吻合。可见,这两种测试手段为拉裂变形体的边界确定作出了较为充分的论证。 相似文献
17.
金沙江雅砻江河口-金坪子河段贯通过程 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对金沙江雅砻江河口-金坪子段的地貌、沉积和年代学的研究, 结合区域地貌和新生代沉积, 初步认为该区域河流发育经历了4个阶段:高原面解体河流发育期(7～4.2Ma)、高原湖泊和盆地形成期(4.2～1.1 Ma)、古雅砻江和古金沙江期(1.1～0.73 Ma)和金沙江贯通东流期(0.73 Ma至今)。7～4.2Ma, 高原面解体发育河流, 攀枝花地区河流形成两级陡坎, 并形成昔格达组下伏的卵石层; 古鲹鱼河开始发育形成, 可能越过现代金沙江的位置进入古掌鸠河, 汇合到昆明盆地。4.2～1.1 Ma, 昔格达组、会理、会东盆地均发育; 古城河可能流入元谋盆地; 攀西地区的湖泊和元谋的湖泊可能不相连; 古鲹鱼河在1.1Ma前改道东流, 并未贯通为金沙江。1.1～0.73 Ma, 古鲹鱼河贯通为金沙江, 不断地向古城河方向溯源侵蚀; 古雅砻江和古城河入元谋盆地; 0.73 Ma, 金沙江袭夺古城河、古雅砻江而贯通, 元谋组堆积结束。0.73 Ma以来, 金沙江快速深切; 中晚更新世开始发育阶地。 相似文献
18.
Submersed aquatic vegetation (SAV) have been a prominent feature on the Susquehanna Flats, the shallow, subaqueous delta of the Susquehanna River, Maryland. SAV were absent from the Flats between 1972 and 2000, but have since recovered. While it is well established that SAV can improve water quality by promoting sediment and nutrient retention, it is not well understood how SAV on the Flats modulate sediment input from the Susquehanna River into the Upper Chesapeake Bay over different timescales. This study evaluates sedimentation on the Flats over seasonal to decadal timescales, using naturally occurring radioisotopes (7Be, 210Pb) within the context of SAV biomass and Flats geomorphology. Results indicate that sedimentation on the Flats is both spatially and temporally variable. Although this variability cannot be explained by relationships with grain size and SAV biomass, river discharge, sediment supply, and geometry over the SAV bed likely control sedimentation in this system. Decadal-scale sedimentation is influenced by both flood events and changes in SAV biomass abundance. Average annual sediment accumulation was higher when SAV were present than when SAV were absent. SAV bed area was strongly correlated with average annual accumulation rate. These results suggest that a positive feedback between SAV abundance and accumulation rate exists; however, sediment supply and transport pathways are also important factors. 相似文献
19.
海相三角洲沉积单元划分及其对勘探砂体对比的意义--基于现代珠江三角洲沉积水动力综合研究 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
从水文地质、地理、地貌学角度,融合河流、波浪、潮汐水动力,对现代珠江三角洲体系中河流、波浪和潮汐的成因单元共存现象进行综合解读,建议引入“沉积单元”的概念,搭积木似组合亚相和相,重建海相三角洲沉积体系。同时认为,对于前积特征明显的三角洲中进行砂体对比,层序地层学等时格架内的砂体多采用前积式(斜层)对比方案,但传统的岩性地层(平层)对比方案也有可取之处。尤其在开发阶段,进行沉积微相导向的砂体对比时,建议结合地震反射特征确定对比方案。在具体对比手段上,应结合沉积砂体展布、油气水关系、邻井对比、动态压降等实际资料,进而建立储层地质模型,使模型既能反映沉积环境,更能预测储层。 相似文献
20.
Tectonic Geomorphology is an important branch of Geomorphology. Now the scope of tectonic geomorphology study has covered the interactions between tectonics, climate, surface processes and the influence on geomorphic evolution. The study of tectonic geomorphology in China started at the beginning of the 20th century, developed gradually in the 1950s, and entered a rapid development stage in the new century. Based on the long-term development, the study of tectonic geomorphology in China has formed a relatively complete theoretical and methodological system, and now presents a trend of the continuous intersection and integration with other adjacent disciplines. Now, several books on tectonic geomorphology have been published. The representative book abroad is Tectonic Geomorphology which was edited by Burbank D. W. and Anderson R. S., and was first published in 2001 and reprinted in 2012. In China, the first book on tectonic geomorphology is Active Tectonic Geomorphology which was edited by Yang Jingchun and Li Youli and was first published in 2011.In recent years, the tectonic geomorphology study has been absorbing and integrating the new ideas and new methods of other disciplines, significantly promoting the development of tectonic geomorphology. At the 2019 China Geographic Congress & the 110th anniversary of the establishment of the Chinese Geographical Society, the authors organized the session "Theory, Method and Application of Tectonic Geomorphology", aiming to present the recent progresses of tectonic geomorphology study in China. Later, invited by the editorial office, the authors organized the special column with the same name in the journal Advances in Earth Science. The contents of this column mainly dealt with the classical theoretical problems of geomorphology (the evolution and the controlling mechanism of river terrace, planation surface, and alluvial fan), new methods (such as K-feldspar thermoluminescence thermochronology, detrital zircon U-Pb chronology), and models and numerical simulation of tectonic geomorphology evolution. Because of the limited number of the articles, it was impossible for this column to comprehensively present the recent progresses in the study of tectonic geomorphology in China. Therefore, this paper first briefly reviewed the history of the development of tectonic geomorphology in China and the basic trend of tectonic geomorphology. The authors started the study of neotectonics and tectonic geomorphology in the Tian Shan range and its foreland basins about 15 years ago (exactly in 2002). The main aim of this paper was to explore the contributions of the interdisciplinary and new methods to the development of tectonic geomorphology study, by reviewing the main achievements in the tectonic geomorphology study conducted in the Tian Shan and its foreland basins during the past 20 years. These achievements include the history of uplift and exhumation during the Cenozoic times, the chronology and genesis of the late Cenozoic terrigenous sedimentary sequences in the foreland basins, the characteristics of the late Quaternary active tectonic deformation in the foreland and intermontane basins, the late Quaternary river geomorphology (geomorphic framework, chronology, and cause of formation), and erosion rates of the catchment basins. At the end of this paper, it was pointed out that, two aspects may need more attention in the future tectonic geomorphology study, i.e. the comparative study at different time scales and the better constraint of the formation age of river terrace. 相似文献