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1.
To assess the impact of ultraviolet B (UV-B) radiation under laboratory conditions on lichens from different biomonitoring sites, thalli of the lichen Ramalina lacera were transplanted from a clean air site to nine different polluted sites in Israel. Our objective was to determine the probability of synergistic/antagonistic effects on physiological parameters by considering two stressors: chemical contamination and UV-B. Exposure to both airborne pollutants in the field and subsequent UV-B radiation in the laboratory which led to a severe disintegration of cell membranes, followed by electrolyte leakage, indicate the probability of a synergistic effect. The impairment of the potential quantum yield of electron transfer through photosystem II (PSII) of photosynthesis indicated by a significant decrease of the ratio Fv/Fm, further demonstrated the synergistic effect of both chemical contamination and UV-B radiation. Besides enlarged amounts of stress-ethylene in lichens at contaminated sites, the reduced levels of ethylene production upon UV-B radiation in the present study suggest the likelihood of an antagonistic effect of xenobiotic elements and UV-B radiation as a result of an impaired ethylene-producing system.  相似文献   

2.
The pK 1 * and pK 2 * of H2SO3 have been determined in NaCl solutions as a function of ionic strength (0.1 to 6 m) and temperature (5 and 25 °C). The extrapolated values in water were found to be in good agreement with literature data. The experimental results have been used to determine the Pitzer interaction parameters for SO2, HSO 3 - and SO 3 - in NaCl solutions. The resultant parameters for NaHSO3 and Na2SO3 were found to be in reasonable agreement with the values for NaHSO4 and Na2SO4. It, thus, seems reasonable to assume that the interactions of Mg2+ and Ca2+ with HSO 3 - and SO 3 - can be estimated from the values with HSO 4 - and SO 4 - until experimental values are available. Measurements of pK 1 * and pK 2 * in artificial seawater were found to be in good agreement with the calculated values using the derived Pitzer parameters. It is, thus, possible to make reasonable estimates of the activity coefficients of HSO 3 - and SO 3 - ions and pK 1 * and pK 2 * for the ionization of H2SO3 in marine aerosols.  相似文献   

3.
The present work evaluates the stress effects in two epiphytic lichen species with different thallus morphology, the foliose Parmelia caperata and the fruticose Evernia prunastri, as resulting from transplanting from an unpolluted to an air-polluted area. Lichen samples were collected in Portugal in a clean area, during the spring 2003, and transplanted (1) to the same zone nearby and (2) to a polluted area as affected by an industrial complex. Transplant samples were taken periodically during four months in both places. At the same time lichen samples from the clean-air site native (in-situ) populations were also collected. For each sample were measured the chlorophyll content, the chlorophyll degradation and the cell membrane damage, the latter represented by leacheate conductivity. During the experiment the meteorological conditions were registered. The results indicate the absence of stress effects of transplanting as such, and suggest that leachate conductivity may be the more sensitive indicator of general lichen vitality.  相似文献   

4.
The photodissociation coefficient of NO2, J NO 2, has been measured from a balloon platform in the stratosphere. Results from two balloon flights are reported. High Sun values of J NO 2 measured were 10.5±0.3 and 10.3±0.3×10-3 s-1 at 24 and 32 km respectively. The decrease in J NO 2 at sunset was monitored in both flights. The measurements are found to be in good agreement with calculations of J NO 2 using a simplified isotropic multiple scattering computer routine.  相似文献   

5.
Generally, it is assumed that UV-light, high temperature or reactive molecules like O3 and OH are needed to activate gas reactions in air. In consequence, the catalytic activity on natural materials such as sand and soil on the earth's surface is assumed to be insignificant. We have measured O2-dissociation rates on natural quartz sand at 40˚C and compared these with O2-dissociation rates near 500˚C on materials with well-known catalytic activity. In terms of probabilities for dissociation of impinging O2-molecules the measured rates are in the 10−12–10−4 range. We have also measured dissociation rates of H2 and N2, water-formation from H2 and O2 mixtures, exchange of N between N2, NO x and a breakdown of HNO3, NO2 and CH4 on natural quartz sand at 40˚C. The measured rates together with an effective global land area have been used to estimate the impact of thermodynamically driven reactions on the earth's surface on the global atmospheric budgets of H2, NO2 and CH4. The experimental data on natural quartz sand together with data from equilibrium calculations of air suggest that an expected increase in anthropogenic supply of air pollutants, such as NO x or other “reactive” nitrogen compounds, hydrogen and methane, will be counter-acted by catalysis on the earth's surface. On the other hand, at Polar Regions and boreal forests where the “reactive” nitrogen concentration is below equilibrium, the same catalytic effect activates formation of bio-available nitrogen compounds from N2, O2 and H2O.  相似文献   

6.
The impact of natural and anthropogenicnon-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) on troposphericchemistry is investigated with the global,three-dimensional chemistry-transport model MOGUNTIA.This meteorologically simplified model allows theinclusion of a rather detailed scheme to describeNMHC oxidation chemistry. Comparing model resultscalculated with and without NMHC oxidation chemistryindicates that NMHC oxidation adds 40–60% to surfacecarbon monoxide (CO) levels over the continents andslightly less over the oceans. Free tropospheric COlevels increase by 30–60%. The overall yield of COfrom the NMHC mixture considered is calculated to beabout 0.4 CO per C atom. Organic nitrate formationduring NMHC oxidation, and their transport anddecomposition affect the global distribution of NO x and thereby O3 production. The impact of theshort-lived NMHC extends over the entire tropospheredue to the formation of longer-lived intermediateslike CO, and various carbonyl and carboxyl compounds.NMHC oxidation almost doubles the net photochemicalproduction of O3 in the troposphere and leads to20–80% higher O3 concentration inNO x -rich boundarylayers, with highest increases over and downwind ofthe industrial and biomass burning regions. Anincrease by 20–30% is calculated for the remotemarine atmosphere. At higher altitudes, smaller, butstill significant increases, in O3 concentrationsbetween 10 and 60% are calculated, maximizing in thetropics. NO from lightning also enhances the netchemical production of O3 by about 30%, leading to asimilar increase in the global mean OH radicalconcentration. NMHC oxidation decreases the OH radicalconcentrations in the continental boundary layer withlarge NMHC emissions by up to 20–60%. In the marineboundary layer (MBL) OH levels can increase in someregions by 10–20% depending on season and NO x levels.However, in most of the MBL OH will decrease by10–20% due to the increase in CO levels by NMHCoxidation chemistry. The large decreases especiallyover the continents strongly reduce the markedcontrasts in OHconcentrations between land and oceanwhich are calculated when only the backgroundchemistry is considered. In the middle troposphere, OHconcentrations are reduced by about 15%, although dueto the growth in CO. The overall effect of thesechanges on the tropospheric lifetime of CH4 is a 15%increase from 6.5 to 7.4 years. Biogenic hydrocarbonsdominate the impact of NMHC on global troposphericchemistry. Convection of hydrocarbon oxidationproducts: hydrogen peroxides and carbonyl compounds,especially acetone, is the main source of HO x in theupper troposphere. Convective transport and additionof NO from lightning are important for the O3 budgetin the free troposphere.  相似文献   

7.
我国东西部地区地气温差的年代际变化特征   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
利用1960~2006年我国地温、气温逐日4个时次[02:00(北京时间,下同)、08:00、14:00和20:00]的台站观测资料,计算并分析了我国东南、西北地区各季地气温差的年代际变化特征。分析结果表明:我国东南部地区各季地气温差在20世纪70年代末以前,大部分年份偏高,高于平均值,而在20世纪70年代末以后,我国东南部地区各季地气温差偏低,在夏季和冬季表现尤为明显。我国西北地区春季和夏季地气温差在20世纪70年代末以前大部分年份偏低,低于平均值;而在20世纪70年代末以后,地气温差则大部分年份明显偏高。我国西北地区秋季地气温差的年代际变化特征不明显,而冬季地气温差的年代际变化趋势与春夏季相反,在20世纪70年代末以前大部分年份偏高,高于平均值,而在20世纪70年代末以后偏低。另外,发现地温和气温对我国东南、西北地区各季地气温差的年代际变化在各季所起的贡献作用不同。  相似文献   

8.
郭凤霞  陈聪 《大气科学》2012,36(4):713-721
为了解闪电对对流层上部NOx的贡献,本文利用美国全球水资源和气候中心（GHRC）提供的1995年4月~2005年12月的闪电卫星格点资料及高层大气研究卫星 (UARS) 上的卤素掩星试验装置 (HALOE) 1991年10 月~2005 年11月的观测资料,分析了中国地区闪电与对流层上部NOx体积混合比的时空分布特征及两者的相关性.结果表明:中国地区闪电和对流层上部的NOx在季节分布、年际分布和空间分布上保持很好的一致性,闪电是对流层上部NOx的重要来源;NO极值高度在350 hPa左右,云闪直接产生的NO是极值产生的主要原因,NO2的极值高度在250 hPa左右,因为闪电产生的NO在传输过程中会被氧化成NO2并通过雷暴的垂直输送作用抬升到更高高度;强对流活动有利于NOx的传输,而人类活动产生的NOx一般较难输送到对流层上部,因此闪电多发区的NOx极值较大,所在的高度也较高.  相似文献   

9.
Measurements of stratospheric NO2 by ground-based visible spectrometers rely on laboratory measurements of absorption cross-sections. We review low-temperature laboratory measurements, which disagree by amounts claimed to be significant. Our recalculation of their errors shows that in general disagreements are not significant and that errors in the ratios of cross-sections at low to room temperature are between ±3% and ±8.8%. Of these errors, up to ±3.5% was contributed by errors in the equilibrium constant,K p, in those measurements where the pressure was above 0.1 mbar.We review measurements and calculations ofK p, which were accurate to ±5% from 300 to 233 K. Each method was potentially flawed. For example, infrared measurements of the partial pressure of NO2 ignored the dependence of absorption on total pressure. From thermodynamic theory, formulae forK pcan be derived from expressions for the variation of heat capacity with temperature. Contrary to common belief, coefficients in the formulae used by spectroscopists were not derived from the thermodynamic quantities. Rather, they were fitted to measurements or to calculations. Hence, they are empirical and it is dangerous to extrapolate below 233 K, the lowest temperature of the measurements.There are no measurements of NO2 cross-sections below 230 K. Extrapolation of these cross-sections to analysis of measurements of NO2 at the low temperatures of the Arctic and Antarctic stratosphere is also dangerous. For satisfactory analysis of polar spectra, the NO2 cross-sections should be measured at temperatures down to 190 K with a relative accuracy of ±1%. This difficult experiment would need a cell of minimum length 32 m whose length can be adjusted. Because their effects are circular, many errors cannot be removed simply. Although circular errors also arise in the measurements ofK pand of the infrared spectrum, their weights differ from those in the visible spectrum. The optimum experiment might therefore simultaneously measure the visible and infrared spectra andK p.  相似文献   

10.
为了进一步认识闪电活动与对流层氮氧化物的关系及更准确地估算中国地区闪电产生的氮氧化物(LNOx)总量,选取人口稀疏,工业生产水平较低的青藏高原地区作为研究区域,基于LIS(Lightning Imaging Sensor)和GOME-2(The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2)卫星探测仪资料,分析了青藏高原中部区域2009年1月至2012年2月闪电与对流层NO2垂直浓度(VCD)月均值资料的时空分布特性和相关性。在此基础上,结合Beirle et al.(2004)的LNOx估算方法,估算了中国内陆地区的LNOx产量。结果表明:青藏高原地区对流层NO2与闪电与在年际趋势、空间分布及季节变化上保持很好的一致性,闪电密度与NO2VCD的线性拟合相关系数为0.84,这表明青藏高原地区NOx受人为源影响小,是研究LNOx的理想区域。基于拟合结果,估算得到中国内陆地区LNOx的年均产量为0.15(0.03~0.38)Tg(N)a-1。这一结论进一步缩小了以往研究中中国地区LNOx产量估算的不确定范围,有助于更清楚地认识闪电在中国气候变化中的重要作用。  相似文献   

11.
The lichen Evernia prunastri has been employed for biomonitoring the atmospheric deposition of heavy metals at urban, rural and industrial sites in Central Italy. Lichen samples have been collected in a control site 1500 m a. s. l. (Parco Nazionale dAbruzzo, Central Italy) and subsequently transplanted at urban site (Cassino city center), at rural location 7 km away from Cassino (S. Elia Fiumerapido) and at industrial location (Piedimonte S. Germano) surrounding an automobile factory. Once defined the surface of impact relevant to this work, the lichen samples were transplanted at the four cardinal points of each site. Studies of bioaccumulation of Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu and Zn in lichen samples were performed five times at regular intervals between November 2000–December 2001. Microwave digestion of the samples and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry were employed for the heavy metal determinations. Suitable certified reference materials (CRM) were used for validation of the analytical methodology. Results showed the ability of Evernia prunastri to accumulate the heavy metals under study. As expected, the area chosen as control site showed significantly (Friedman test, cluster analysis) lower impact in comparison to the other sites and the rural site showed smaller impact than the urban and the industrial sites.  相似文献   

12.
顶点覆盖问题是经典的NP完全问题,在排序、计算机网络等现实生活中有许多的应用.近几年来,许多研究者开始探究它的推广形式——顶点Pk覆盖（VCPk）问题,即寻找一个顶点子集,从拓扑结构图中删除后使得剩下的顶点导出的子图不包含Pk路,其中Pk是指包含k个顶点的路.本文简单介绍了VCPk问题的应用背景,归纳了它在近似算法、精确算法、参数化算法3个方面的主要研究进展,并分析了一些主要的方法和技巧.在此基础上,对VCPk问题及其相关问题的研究前景进行了展望.  相似文献   

13.
Four case studies are described, from a three-site field experiment in October/November 1991 using the Great Dun Fell flow-through reactor hill cap cloud in rural Northern England. Measurements of total odd-nitrogen nitrogen oxides (NO y ) made on either side of the hill, before and after the air flowed through the cloud, showed that 10 to 50% of the NO y , called NO z , was neither NO nor NO2. This NO z failed to exhibit a diurnal variation and was often higher after passage through cloud than before. No evidence of conversion of NO z to NO3 - in cloud was found. A simple box model of gas-phase chemistry in air before it reached the cloud, including scavenging of NO3 and N2O5 by aerosol of surface area proportional to the NO2 mixing ratio, shows that NO3 and N2O5 may build up in the boundary layer by night only if stable stratification insulates the air from emissions of NO. This may explain the lack of evidence for N2O5 forming NO3 - in cloud under well-mixed conditions in 1991, in contrast with observations under stably stratified conditions during previous experiments when evidence of N2O5 was found. Inside the cloud, some variations in the calculated total atmospheric loading of HNO2 and the cloud liquid water content were related to each other. Also, indications of conversion of NO x to NO z were found. To explain these observations, scavenging of NO x and HNO2 by cloud droplets and/or aqueous-phase oxidation of NO2 - by nitrate radicals are considered. When cloud acidity was being produced by aqueous-phase oxidation of NO x or SO2, NO3 - which had entered the cloud as aerosol particles was liberated as HNO3 vapour. When no aqueous-phase production of acidity was occurring, the reverse, conversion of scavenged HNO3 to particulate NO3 -, was observed.  相似文献   

14.
对临安大气本底站2003-2004年冬、夏季二氧化氮(NO2)、二氧化硫(SO2)、臭氧(O3)进行了分析.结果表明:冬季NO2和SO2平均体积分数分别为19.48×10-9和35.74 x10-9,而夏季的平均体积分数分别为4.81×10-9和8.12×10-9,冬季高于夏季;O3在夏季的平均体积分数为33.55×10-9,略高于冬季的25.44×10-9;夜间NO2和SO2体积分数比白天高,并且NO2呈明显的单峰单谷型分布,O3也呈单峰型但峰值出现在白天.NO2、SO2体积分数存在着明显的“假日效应”,假日比非假日低,周五高于假日和非假日;但O3体积分数没有明显的假日效应.降水对SO2有明显的清除作用,但对NO2的清除作用不明显.与风向对比发现,夏季高体积分数的NO2、SO2都受到NW、WNW风的影响,冬季则分别受NE和SW、SSW风的影响;而O3受风向的影响较复杂,与局地光化学反应有关.  相似文献   

15.
为了进一步了解青藏高原闪电的产生氮氧化物（LNOx）经由光化学反应对O3浓度变化及夏季O3低谷形成的可能影响,本文利用2005~2013年由OMI卫星得到的对流层NO2垂直浓度柱（NO2 VCD）、O3总浓度柱（TOC）和O3廓线以及星载光学瞬变探测器OTD和闪电成像仪LIS获取的总闪电数资料,对青藏高原和同纬度长江中下游地区的TOC和NO2 VCD月均值时空分布特征、闪电与NO2 VCD的相关性和O3的垂直分布特征及其与LNOx的关系进行了对比分析。结果表明,青藏高原的O3低谷主要出现在夏季和秋季,其TOC值比同纬度长江中下游地区低约10~15 DU（Dobson unit）。青藏高原NO2VCD总体较小,表现为夏高冬低的分布特征。青藏高原夏季O3浓度受南亚高压的影响总体呈减小趋势,但因强雷暴天气导致对流层中上部LNOx浓度升高,并随强上升气流向对流层顶输送,同时通过光化学反应使O3浓度增加,缩小了青藏高原和同纬度地区的O3浓度差,减缓了O3总浓度的下降,抑制了夏季O3低谷的进一步深化。  相似文献   

16.
Recent observations suggest that the abundance of ozone between 2 and 8 km in the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes has increased by about 12% during the period from 1970 to 1981. Earlier estimates were somewhat more conservative suggesting increases at the rate of 7% per decade since the start of regular observations in 1967. Previous photochemical model studies have indicated that tropospheric ozone concentrations would increase with increases in emissions of CO, CH4 and NO x . This paper presents an analysis of tropospheric ozone which suggests that a significant portion of its increase may be attributed to the increase in global anthropogenic NO x emissions during this period while the contribution of CH4 to the increase is quite small. Two statistical models are presented for estimating annual global anthropogenic emissions of NO x and are used to derive the trend in the emissions for the years 1966–1980. These show steady increase in the emissions during this interval except for brief periods of leveling off after 1973 and 1978. The impact of this increase in emissions on ozone is estimated by calculations with a onedimensional (latitudinal) model which includes coupled tropospheric photochemistry and diffusive meridional transport. Steady-state photochemical calculations with prescribed NO x emissions appropriate for 1966 and 1980 indicate an ozone increase of 8–11% in the Northern Hemisphere, a result which is compatible with the rise in ozone suggested by the observations.  相似文献   

17.
In the present study, thalli of the lichen species Pseudevernia furfuracea Zopf. and Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach. transplanted around an oil-fired power station. Following an exposure of 4 months, trace element concentrations (Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, V and Zn) and polyamine (PA) content [putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm)] of thalli were measured to study the polyamines production in lichens under metal pollution stress. The polyamine production was not significantly different for the two species but two types of statistically significant relationships were revealed between polyamines production and metals concentration in lichen thalli: a positive linear relationship for the pairs total PAs–Cd (P. furfuracea), total PAs–Cu (E. prunastri), Put–Pb (E. prunastri), Spm–Pb (E. prunastri) and a second-order polynomial relationship for the pairs Put–Cd (P. furfuracea), Spm–Cr (E. prunastri) and total PAs–V (E. prunastri). A possible involvement of polyamines in metal pollution stress response of lichens is discussed.  相似文献   

18.
We present an approach for assessing the impact of systematic biases in measured energy fluxes on CO2 flux estimates obtained from open-path eddy-covariance systems. In our analysis, we present equations to analyse the propagation of errors through the Webb, Pearman, and Leuning (WPL) algorithm [Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 106, 85–100, 1980] that is widely used to account for density fluctuations on CO2 flux measurements. Our results suggest that incomplete energy balance closure does not necessarily lead to an underestimation of CO2 fluxes despite the existence of surface energy imbalance; either an overestimation or underestimation of CO2 fluxes is possible depending on local atmospheric conditions and measurement errors in the sensible heat, latent heat, and CO2 fluxes. We use open-path eddy-covariance fluxes measured over a black spruce forest in interior Alaska to explore several energy imbalance scenarios and their consequences for CO2 fluxes.  相似文献   

19.
利用江苏省大气环境监测站点的大气污染物监测数据,分析了2020年初新冠肺炎疫情管控期间(2—3月)主要大气污染物浓度的变化特征。结果显示,相比于2019、2020年疫情管控期间PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、NO_(2)、SO_(2)、CO浓度的全省平均降幅分别为37.5%、36.9%、31.9%、28.2%和21.2%。严格管控期的2月和生产恢复期的3月,江苏省十三市PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)浓度同比降幅大致相当,呈现出较好的时间连续性和空间均匀性。但各市臭氧浓度同比变化呈现出较大的时空差异。空间上,沿江以南城市南京、无锡、常州、苏州和镇江五市臭氧浓度明显上升,而其他城市臭氧浓度以下降为主;时间上,2月南京等九市臭氧浓度上升,3月徐州等八市臭氧浓度持平或者下降。假设未发生新冠肺炎疫情以及未采取为阻断疫情蔓延而实施的种种举措,在仅考虑近年来大气污染防治政策持续实施的情况下,与预期降幅相比,疫情管控对NO_(2)实况浓度降幅的影响最大,其次是PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)。  相似文献   

20.
为了解有机磷农药乙酰甲胺磷污染对本土水生敏感性物种斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)的毒性效应,在实验室条件下采用静态毒性试验,研究了乙酰甲胺磷对斜生栅藻96 h急性毒性效应,并在急性试验基础上进行慢性试验,分析了斜生栅藻连续染毒14 d的叶绿素质量浓度、可溶性蛋白质量分数以及丙二醛(MDA)质量摩尔浓度的变化.结果表明:乙酰甲胺磷的96 h EC50为482.9 mg/L,属低毒农药,但在1 mg/L低质量浓度下可促进藻细胞生长;乙酰甲胺磷对栅藻光合作用无明显影响,但可通过干扰藻细胞代谢活动和引起膜脂过氧化反应,对斜生栅藻产生毒性作用;可溶蛋白和MDA可作为有效的生物标志物对农药引起的毒性做出评价.研究结果可为本土水生敏感性物种的保护和农药安全使用标准的制定提供理论依据.  相似文献   

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