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1.
Response simulation and theoretical calibration of a dual-induction resistivity LWD tool 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
In this paper, responses of a new dual-induction resistivity logging-while-drilling （LWD） tool in 3D inhomogeneous formation models are simulated by the vectorfinite element method （VFEM）, the influences of the borehole, invaded zone, surroundingstrata, and tool eccentricity are analyzed, and calibration loop parameters and calibrationcoefficients of the LWD tool are discussed. The results show that the tool has a greater depthof investigation than that of the existing electromagnetic propagation LWD tools and is moresensitive to azimuthal conductivity. Both deep and medium induction responses have linearrelationships with the formation conductivity, considering optimal calibration loop parametersand calibration coefficients. Due to the different depths of investigation and resolution, deepinduction and medium induction are affected differently by the formation model parameters,thereby having different correction factors. The simulation results can provide theoreticalreferences for the research and interpretation of the dual-induction resistivity LWD tools. 相似文献
2.
采用偏心状态下柱状成层各向异性(横向各向同性)介质中并矢Green函数的解析表达式高效模拟多分量感应测井仪器在井眼中偏心时的响应.为提高精度,在模拟时考虑到了金属心轴、绝缘保护层的存在以及各分量线圈系的具体形状.数值模拟结果表明,当井眼内钻井液电导率相对较高、地层电导率相对较低时,偏心对仪器响应的影响较大,尤其是对短线圈距线圈系的影响更为明显,必须进行偏心效应校正.当钻井液电导率相对较低时,偏心对线圈系响应的影响可忽略不计.对位于相对低电导率井眼中的线圈系而言仪器方位角的影响可忽略不计,而当线圈系位于相对高电导率井眼中时仪器方位角的影响极为明显.当仪器偏心率较小时线圈系的响应随仪器方位角的变化较小,仪器偏心率越大线圈系的响应随仪器方位角的变化越明显. 相似文献
3.
采用三维有限差分方法模拟了正交偶极子声源在含偏心钻铤的充液井孔中激发的声场,研究了钻铤偏心对模式波的种类、激发幅度、以及频散特征的影响.研究结果表明,钻铤偏心导致偶极子声源激发的声场的模式不唯一,观察到了除偶极模式外的单极模式波和四极模式波;钻铤偏心导致偶极模式波出现分裂现象,尤其是快速地层F2模式和慢速地层弯曲波的稍高频率的部分,且快、慢波所对应的两个方位为偏心的方位和与偏心方位垂直的方向;井孔折射横波以及快速地层F2模式的低频部分的慢度基本未受到钻铤偏心的影响,仍然能够正确反映地层的横波慢度及各向异性;对于本文研究的慢速地层井孔模型,当偏心距离l小于等于0.01 m时,弯曲波的慢度和激发幅度受钻铤偏心的影响很小,从快、慢弯曲波中提取的快、慢横波慢度基本能够反映地层的各向异性特征. 相似文献
4.
本文将应用2.5维数值模式匹配算法研究建立柱状横向同性地层中偏心条件下磁流源并矢Green函数的高效算法,并利用该算法高效计算多分量阵列感应井眼校正库.首先,通过Fourier展开技术将偏心条件下磁流源并矢Green函数的数值模拟转化为一系列的轴对称问题;然后利用模式匹配算法求解轴对称问题,得到柱状介质中偏心条件下磁流源并矢Green函数的半解析解;最后,结合中国石油集团测井有限公司开发的三维感应测井仪器(TDIT)的结构参数,推导出复合线圈系视电导率张量的计算公式.在此基础上,根据井场实际地层资料归纳出理论地层模型相应参数的变化范围,高效高精度建立一套直接应用于工业生产的多分量阵列感应井眼校正库,并利用井眼校正库详细地分析考察各模型参数对TDIT响应的影响. 相似文献
5.
采用柱状成层介质的并矢Green函数高效计算井眼中偏心发射源产生的电磁波,并利用该算法模拟了阵列感应测井仪器在井眼中偏心时的响应.在模拟时既考虑到了金属心轴的存在也考虑到了线圈系所处绝缘层的存在,并重点分析了绝缘层的影响.数值模拟结果表明,对相对低泥浆电导率情况而言,无论线圈距长短,线圈系所处绝缘层对仪器响应的影响均较小,可忽略不计.而对于相对高泥浆电导率情况,线圈系所处绝缘层对仪器响应的影响明显,不可忽略,且线圈距越短影响越大,仪器偏心距越大影响越大.另由数值模拟结果可以看出,在相同泥浆电导率情况下,仪器线圈距越短偏心对线圈系响应的影响越大. 相似文献
6.
Information about electrical anisotropy in and around the deep borehole of the German Continental Deep Drilling Program (KTB) has been acquired using three different methods: (1) Under surface temperature and pressure conditions, the azimuthal dependence of resistivity has been measured in horizontal planes perpendicular to the axes of drill cores. (2) Simulated in-situ conditions (high temperature and pressure) have been applied to mini cores drilled at different orientations to structural features such as foliation. The resistivity was then measured in the direction of the mini cores' long axes. (3) Under quasi-in-situ (downhole) conditions, the azimuthal dependence of resistivity has been measured in horizontal planes using the Azimuthal Resistivity Imager (ARI), a down hole logging tool.These investigations have shown that electrical anisotropy is strongly related to structural features. The anisotropy of gneisses is the highest due to the strong foliation (averaged anisotropy factor 2.8). Lamprophyres are most isotropic (factor 1.2). Most rocks from KTB are amphibolites with intermediate anisotropies (factor 1.3). The anisotropies measured under surface temperature and pressure conditions and quasi-in-situ conditions on amphibolites are approximately the same, whereas anisotropies under simulated in-situ conditions are partially higher.Furthermore, the anisotropies measured on the cm to m scale using the various methods outlined above shall be compared with large scale anisotropies of the km scale measured around KTB using Magneto Tellurics. 相似文献
7.
阵列感应测井资料经常出现与井眼环境有关的质量问题.采用三维矢量有限元法分别在椭圆形井眼、仪器偏心及斜井条件下的阵列感应测井原始响应进行了模拟,并对环境校正和合成聚焦后的数据进行了分析.结果表明,线圈距较短的原始测量信号更易受井眼椭圆度、仪器偏心、泥浆电阻率及与地层电阻率反差的影响;而合成聚焦后的浅探测曲线虽然经过了环境校正和合成聚焦等数据处理,但仍然受这些因素的影响,这反映出阵列感应测井的数据处理是不完善的或采用的校正模型是理想化的;在井斜影响方面,浅探测曲线受井斜角大小影响相对较小,深探测曲线在井斜角为60°以上时受其影响较大而必须进行进一步处理. 相似文献
8.
在现有侧向测井仪器基础上,提出了一种新型贴井壁式阵列方位侧向测井电极系,该仪器能提供径向和周向方位电阻率测量.该电极系采用贴井壁测量方式,提供5种径向探测深度.利用三维有限元方法模拟了阵列方位侧向测井电极系的井眼影响特性、径向探测特性、纵向分层能力、方位分辨能力,并模拟其对井周地层、水平井非对称泥浆侵入和倾斜地层的响应.在导电泥浆中最大探测深度为1.23m,纵向分辨率为0.3m,可以识别出0.1m薄层,方位分辨率为20°.贴井壁测量时,纵向分辨率不受泥浆和围岩电阻率的影响,能够准确测量井周方位电阻率,较不贴井壁测量具有很大优势,同时利用12条方位电阻率曲线能够反映出水平井泥浆非对称侵入特性,倾斜地层倾角和倾斜方向. 相似文献
9.
为研究井周裂缝发育特征,本文提出一种新型方位侧向测井方法,利用三维有限元法,模拟裂缝的方位侧向测井响应.结果显示,深浅侧向电阻率幅度差异受裂缝倾角的控制,低角度缝为负差异,高角度缝为正差异;倾斜裂缝张开度的增大使测井响应值减小,方位电阻率差异增大;井周方位电阻率可反映裂缝方位产状,单一缝或裂缝密度较小时,沿裂缝走向的方位电阻率小,沿裂缝倾向的方位电阻率大;裂缝发育地层的测井响应显示宏观各向异性特征,但方位电阻率的差异显示发生反转现象,即沿裂缝走向/层理方向的方位电阻率大,沿裂缝倾向/垂直层理方向的方位电阻率小;对方位电阻率测井响应进行井周成像,直观显示了裂缝的产状和发育特征. 相似文献
10.
用有限差分法计算各向异性介质中多分量感应测井的响应 总被引：16，自引：5，他引：11
感应测井电阻率是砂泥岩储层中定量评价含油气性的主要参数之一,然而由于储层电各向异性的存在,传统的感应测井仪得到的电阻率主要响应地层的水平电阻率,比地层的垂直电阻率小,由此计算的含水饱和度偏高．多分量感应测井则可以通过不同方向的发射和接收,测量多个分量,弥补上述缺陷,为储层的含油气性评价提供准确信息．本文用交错网格有限差分法导出了主轴各向异性介质中Maxwell方程的离散化关系式,计算了三维各向异性介质中多分量感应测井的电磁响应．利用三层模型的数值模拟,分析了不同磁场分量对各向异性介质的响应特性,用多层模型和倾斜各向异性地层的响应计算检验了所编制的交错网格有限差分法程序． 相似文献
11.
针对环井周的非均质地层模型,利用三维有限元方法模拟了方位梯度电极系的测井响应．结果表明,在非均质程度比较小的情况下,各个方位上的响应之间差别不大,与真实的电阻率分布差别也不大;反之,则差别很大．其特点是所测得的响应远远低于较高的真电阻率值,而接近较低的真电阻率值．因此,有必要对测井响应进行校正．考虑到传统的校正方法的弊端,本文利用非线性反演方法求取真实的电阻率分布,数值模拟的结果表明了此方法的可行性． 相似文献
12.
本文针对中国石油集团测井有限公司(CPL)三维阵列感应测井仪器(Three Dimensional Induction Tool,TDIT)的真实结构与参数,利用2.5维数值模式匹配技术研究建立水平层状非均质TI地层中仪器偏心情况下三维感应测井响应的高效数值模拟算法.首先,利用2.5维数值模式匹配技术给出水平层状非均质TI模型中偏心磁流源并矢Green函数的半解析解.在此基础上,结合三维阵列感应测井仪器参数以及测量过程中出现的仪器偏心与旋转等实际情况,通过叠加原理推导出该仪器响应的有效计算公式.最后,通过数值模拟结果分析考察仪器偏心、仪器自旋角等参数对测井响应的影响以及变化特征,为多分量感应资料处理与解释提供理论基础. 相似文献
13.
在横向各向同性（TI）介质中,张量感应测井响应与地层的水平和垂直电导率σh和σv、井眼斜角α、仪器方位角φ同时有关,其资料处理和解释相当复杂,一般采用先定出φ,然后在井眼坐标系中同时反演σh、σv和α的资料处理方式.我们发现将测井响应变换到井眼坐标系时实际上无法确定其交叉分量的符号而只能确定其绝对值,这个问题尚未引起重视.本文给出了无需确定φ就可由测井响应直接计算井眼坐标系磁感应张量的公式,此方法简单,所得结果不受φ提取精度的影响.在此基础上本文给出了利用井眼坐标系的磁感应张量的交叉分量曲线提取地层纵向边界和判别相邻地层电导率高低的一种特征识别方法.本文还给出了大斜度井中TI介质的电导率视值的一种简化近似公式. 相似文献
14.
对一种新型随钻电阻率测井仪器在均质地层中的电磁场分布和接收线圈的响应特性进行分析，并对仪器在真空中的刻度方法进行研究.推导出了圆柱坐标系下径向成层介质中磁流源并矢Green函数的矢量本征函数展开式，从而得到研究该仪器电磁场分布、接收线圈响应、刻度方法所必需的解析计算式.计算发现，钻铤的存在大大提高了仪器的定向探测性能.计算还发现，不同的钻铤尺寸、线圈系到钻铤不同的距离对线圈系在真空中的响应值具有较大影响.钻铤在地层中产生的实部信号可近似认为恒定，而当地层电导率大于001 S/m时，钻铤在地层中产生的虚部信号亦可近似认为恒定.数值计算表明，仪器偏心程度越大，钻铤半径越大，仪器中刻度环电阻所对应的视电导率值越小. 相似文献
15.
G. M. HABBERJAM 《Geophysical Prospecting》1972,20(2):249-266
An account is given of the use of the square array technique in investigating the surface effects of rotational anisotropy when the axes of anisotropy are inclined to the surface. It is shown that, as with other arrays, two anisotropy parameters and n can be derived by varying the array orientation. On the basis of these considerations, the effects of such anisotropy on the values of the mean apparent resistivity and azimuthal inhomogeneity ratio normally obtained in square array measurements is reviewed. Particular attention is paid to the variation of resistivity with orientation and it is noted that, in areas of moderate anisotropy, this variation is lower for the square than for the Schlumberger array. In addition to this advantage, the azimuthal inhomogeneity ratio obtained from square array measurements may be used to indicate the severity of anisotropy in an area and two field examples of this use are given. Where anisotropy is severe, gross variations of apparent resistivity with orientation are obtained with either square or collinear arrays. In these circumstances, the use of crossed measurements is considered and the particular stability of the crossed square array demonstrated. 相似文献
16.
Estimating azimuthal stress‐induced P‐wave anisotropy from S‐wave anisotropy using sonic log or vertical seismic profile data 
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下载免费PDF全文 Most sedimentary rocks are anisotropic, yet it is often difficult to accurately incorporate anisotropy into seismic workflows because analysis of anisotropy requires knowledge of a number of parameters that are difficult to estimate from standard seismic data. In this study, we provide a methodology to infer azimuthal P‐wave anisotropy from S‐wave anisotropy calculated from log or vertical seismic profile data. This methodology involves a number of steps. First, we compute the azimuthal P‐wave anisotropy in the dry medium as a function of the azimuthal S‐wave anisotropy using a rock physics model, which accounts for the stress dependency of seismic wave velocities in dry isotropic elastic media subjected to triaxial compression. Once the P‐wave anisotropy in the dry medium is known, we use the anisotropic Gassmann equations to estimate the anisotropy of the saturated medium. We test this workflow on the log data acquired in the North West Shelf of Australia, where azimuthal anisotropy is likely caused by large differences between minimum and maximum horizontal stresses. The obtained results are compared to azimuthal P‐wave anisotropy obtained via orthorhombic tomography in the same area. In the clean sandstone layers, anisotropy parameters obtained by both methods are fairly consistent. In the shale and shaly sandstone layers, however, there is a significant discrepancy between results since the stress‐induced anisotropy model we use is not applicable to rocks exhibiting intrinsic anisotropy. This methodology could be useful for building the initial anisotropic velocity model for imaging, which is to be refined through migration velocity analysis. 相似文献
17.
A combination of magnetotelluric (MT) measurements on the surface and in boreholes (without metal casing) can be expected to enhance resolution and reduce the ambiguity in models of electrical resistivity derived from MT surface measurements alone. In order to quantify potential improvement in inversion models and to aid design of electromagnetic (EM) borehole sensors, we considered two synthetic 2D models containing ore bodies down to 3000 m depth (the first with two dipping conductors in resistive crystalline host rock and the second with three mineralisation zones in a sedimentary succession exhibiting only moderate resistivity contrasts). We computed 2D inversion models from the forward responses based on combinations of surface impedance measurements and borehole measurements such as (1) skin-effect transfer functions relating horizontal magnetic fields at depth to those on the surface, (2) vertical magnetic transfer functions relating vertical magnetic fields at depth to horizontal magnetic fields on the surface and (3) vertical electric transfer functions relating vertical electric fields at depth to horizontal magnetic fields on the surface. Whereas skin-effect transfer functions are sensitive to the resistivity of the background medium and 2D anomalies, the vertical magnetic and electric field transfer functions have the disadvantage that they are comparatively insensitive to the resistivity of the layered background medium. This insensitivity introduces convergence problems in the inversion of data from structures with strong 2D resistivity contrasts. Hence, we adjusted the inversion approach to a three-step procedure, where (1) an initial inversion model is computed from surface impedance measurements, (2) this inversion model from surface impedances is used as the initial model for a joint inversion of surface impedances and skin-effect transfer functions and (3) the joint inversion model derived from the surface impedances and skin-effect transfer functions is used as the initial model for the inversion of the surface impedances, skin-effect transfer functions and vertical magnetic and electric transfer functions. For both synthetic examples, the inversion models resulting from surface and borehole measurements have higher similarity to the true models than models computed exclusively from surface measurements. However, the most prominent improvements were obtained for the first example, in which a deep small-sized ore body is more easily distinguished from a shallow main ore body penetrated by a borehole and the extent of the shadow zone (a conductive artefact) underneath the main conductor is strongly reduced. Formal model error and resolution analysis demonstrated that predominantly the skin-effect transfer functions improve model resolution at depth below the sensors and at distance of \(\sim \) 300–1000 m laterally off a borehole, whereas the vertical electric and magnetic transfer functions improve resolution along the borehole and in its immediate vicinity. Furthermore, we studied the signal levels at depth and provided specifications of borehole magnetic and electric field sensors to be developed in a future project. Our results suggest that three-component SQUID and fluxgate magnetometers should be developed to facilitate borehole MT measurements at signal frequencies above and below 1 Hz, respectively. 相似文献
18.
地震各向异性是反映地球内部介质特性的重要指针之一。常用的横波分裂法和二维面波方位各向异性层析成像方法很难准确反映各向异性随深度的变化。将与周期相关的区域化面波方位各向异性转换成与深度相关的一维横波速度方位各向异性可以弥补深度信息不足的缺陷。现有三维横波速度各向异性研究多是通过两步方法来实现的,即逐个周期二维面波方位各向异性层析成像以及逐个格点一维横波速度方位各向异性反演。这种分步反演的方式既不利于三维先验约束的引入,也不利于利用原始观测拟合误差对三维模型进行直接评估。因此本文开发了基于面波频散曲线的三维横波速度方位各向异性层析成像方法,并编制了相关正演和反演程序。为了检测方法和程序的有效性,我们对规律分布的三维检测板模型进行了模拟测试。测试结果显示:该方法可以很好地恢复各向同性波速异常、各向异性相对强度和快波方向等三维结构信息;而且反演模型相对于参考模型明显改善了对观测数据的拟合,降低了对观测数据的均方根误差。但对各向同性理论模型进行各向异性反演时,在波速均匀区可产生小于0.5%的假各向异性幅值,在波速非均匀区该假的各向异性幅值会更大,浅部可达3.5%。因此在实际应用中需要谨慎解释（浅部）非均匀区的各向异性结果。 相似文献
19.
Sonja Maultzsch Ramin Nawab Sung Yuh Muhammad Idrees Bernard Frignet 《Geophysical Prospecting》2009,57(2):263-274
We present the analysis of a multi-azimuth vertical seismic profiling data set that has been acquired in a tight gas field with the objective of characterizing fracture distributions using seismic anisotropy. We investigate different measurements of anisotropy, which are shear-wave splitting, P-wave traveltime anisotropy and azimuthal amplitude variation with offset. We find that for our field case shear-wave splitting is the most robust measure of azimuthal anisotropy, which is clearly observed over two distinct intervals in the target. We compare the results of the vertical seismic profiling analysis with other borehole data from the same well. Cross-dipole sonic and Formation MicroImager data from the reservoir section suggest that no open fractures intersect the well or are present within half a metre of the borehole wall. Furthermore, a detailed dispersion analysis of the sonic scanner data provides no indication of stress-induced seismic anisotropy along the logged borehole section. We therefore explain the azimuthal anisotropy measured in the vertical seismic profiling data with a model that contains discrete fracture corridors, which do not intersect the well itself but lie within the vertical seismic profiling investigation radius. We show that such a model can reproduce some basic characteristics of azimuthal anisotropy observed in the vertical seismic profiling data. The model is also consistent with well test data that suggest the presence of a fracture corridor away from the well. With this study we demonstrate the necessity of integrating different data types that investigate different scales of rock volume and can provide complementary information for understanding the characteristics of fracture networks in the subsurface. 相似文献
20.
K. M. Strack 《Surveys in Geophysics》2014,35(1):157-177
For hydrocarbon applications, seismic exploration is the workhorse of the industry. Only in the borehole, electromagnetic (EM) methods play a dominant role, as they are mostly used to determine oil reserves and to distinguish water from oil-bearing zones. Throughout the past 60 years, we had several periods with an increased interest in EM. This increased with the success of the marine EM industry and now electromagnetics in general is considered for many new applications. The classic electromagnetic methods are borehole, onshore and offshore, and airborne EM methods. Airborne is covered elsewhere (see Smith, this issue). Marine EM material is readily available from the service company Web sites, and here I will only mention some future technical directions that are visible. The marine EM success is being carried back to the onshore market, fueled by geothermal and unconventional hydrocarbon applications. Oil companies are listening to pro-EM arguments, but still are hesitant to go through the learning exercises as early adopters. In particular, the huge business drivers of shale hydrocarbons and reservoir monitoring will bring markets many times bigger than the entire marine EM market. Additional applications include support for seismic operations, sub-salt, and sub-basalt, all areas where seismic exploration is costly and inefficient. Integration with EM will allow novel seismic methods to be applied. In the borehole, anisotropy measurements, now possible, form the missing link between surface measurements and ground truth. Three-dimensional (3D) induction measurements are readily available from several logging contractors. The trend to logging-while-drilling measurements will continue with many more EM technologies, and the effort of controlling the drill bit while drilling including look-ahead-and-around the drill bit is going on. Overall, the market for electromagnetics is increasing, and a demand for EM capable professionals will continue. The emphasis will be more on application and data integration (bottom-line value increase) and less on EM technology and modeling exercises. 相似文献