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1.
Mineralogical, textural, geochemical, and weathering characteristics of loess deposits in Golestan province of Iran suggest that they are mostly derived from felsic igneous rocks and are related to Quaternary palaeoclimate. Whole‐rock analyses indicate heavy minerals such as zircon, tourmaline and phyllosillicate minerals (e.g. muscovite, chlorite, illite) exert a significant control on the chemical composition. The loess samples display uniform chemical composition, indicative of similar alteration history. Chemical index of alteration suggests a weak to moderate degree of weathering in a felsic source area. Scanning electron micrographs of quartz grains reveal abundant silt‐sized quartz particles, a result of glacial grinding during the Late Pleistocene in Central Asia. Subsequently, these silt particles were transported from Central Asia to their depositional site by wind and paraglacial processes. Local topography of northeast Iran (Alborz Mountains) acted as a major barrier, entrapping the airborne particles on the plains of Golestan province. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
2.
Siltstones are unusual rocks. They are mainly made up of quartz. Glacial grinding is considered by some authors to be the main, or even the only, process generating silt. This is supported by: (1) the presence of silt in basal tills from present ice-caps and, above all, (2) by the volumetric importance of Quaternary loess. However, ancient glaciogenic sediments contain only a little silt scattered in the matrix of tillites, or forming thin intercalations in pro- and periglacial deposits. These siltstones represent less than 5% of the total volume of Upper Proterozoic and Upper Ordovician glaciogenic sequences of West Africa. On the other hand, silt is abundant in weathering profiles of tropical, equatorial and mediterranean zones. This silt is generated by splitting of minerals, mainly quartz, inherited from the parent rock. Quartz grains are partly dissolved in situ and their fragments cemented by iron oxi-hydroxides in tropical and equatorial zones and by calcite in mediterranean zones. Silt is particularly abundant in tropical soils, comprising up to 50-75%. Secondary dissolution of the iron or calcite matrix induces disaggregation of these soils and the release of silt which is later reworked and concentrated by wind or running water. Weathering processes, and especially those operating in tropical zones, are the main phenomena generating silt. Glacial grinding would generate only a little silt. A large part of the material of Quaternary loess may be derived from glacially reworked weathering profiles. 相似文献
3.
Geochemical, mineralogical and sedimentological studies on the Taklimakan Desert sands 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
Major-element composition, mineral composition and grain-size distribution have been studied for Quaternary aeolian sediments from the Taklimakan Desert, north-western China, together with the variation of chemical and mineralogical compositions of different grain-size fractions. Aeolian sediments from the Taklimakan Desert have higher ratios of feldspar/quartz and calcite/quartz, finer grain size, poorer roundness of quartz and feldspar grains and lower abundances of frosted quartz, than found in aeolian sediments from other deserts such as the Saudi Arabian Desert. In spite of these immature mineralogical and sedimentological features, the aeolian sediments from the Taklimakan Desert show low regional variations in major-element and mineral compositions and are homogenized. These observations confirm that two processes, glacial activity within surrounding mountains and aeolian activity at the Tarim Basin, are important in the homogenization of the Taklimakan Desert sands. Taklimakan Desert sediments are constantly and effectively supplied from basement rocks in the surrounding mountains by glacial erosion. The supplied sediments are further homogenized by aeolian activity in the desert and are partly blown away, serving as the source of Chinese aeolian loess. Compositional differences are observed between loess (mainly 10–40 μm particles) and the <45 μm fraction of the Taklimakan Desert sediments, as well as between loess and whole rock of the Taklimakan Desert sediments. These observations provide constraints for precise modelling of loess formation, and for assessment of the chemical composition of the upper continental crust based on the chemical composition of aeolian loess. 相似文献
4.
Grain-size distribution of subglacial till and its realtion to glacial scrushing and abrasion 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
SYLVI HALDORSEN 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》1981,10(1):91-105
A subglacial till formed from a sandstone bedrock has a variable grain-size distribution which reflects its variable genesis. Glacial comminution processes were simulated by artificial mill experiments with fragments of the sandstone bedrock. Pure crushing caused disintegration along mineral boundaries into separate minerals, most mineral grains retaining their primary size during the crushing process. Abrasion produced cracks across the minerals and resulted in silt-sized rock flour. The experiments indicate that most of the sand-sized till material formed as a result of crushing, while the silt is mainly the result of abrasion. The sand and silt are both regarded as components resistant to further glacial comminution, but are formed by different comminution processes. By considering also the coarser till material, the general principles of glacial breakdown of resistant rocks from boulders to sand or silt can be illustrated. A matrix index and an abrasion index based on the mill experiments distinguish well between genetically different subglacial till types 相似文献
5.
The ‘Red Clay’ is an important deposit underlying the Quaternary loess–palaeosol sequence in the Chinese Loess Plateau, being regarded as an excellent record of palaeoclimate changes in the late Tertiary. Several properties of the ‘Red Clay’ have been measured previously in order to derive climatic information. However, the sedimentary processes involved and the origin of the materials remain controversial. Here we present results of grain‐size analyses of the ‘Red Clay’ from four representative sites in the Chinese Loess Plateau. In particular their grain‐size distribution is compared with that of typical Quaternary aeolian loess–palaeosol, as well as lacustrine and fluvial sediments. It appears from the sedimentological evidence that the major part of the ‘Red Clay’ is of aeolian origin. It is rather similar in some of its properties to the Quaternary loessic palaeosols. The dust forming the ‘Red Clay’ was transported by a wind system that was weaker than that involved in the accretion of the Quaternary loess. Furthermore, the ‘Red Clay’ sediment has been modified by post‐depositional weathering. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
6.
新疆伊犁黄土化学风化特征及其控制因素 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对伊犁盆地昭苏黄土剖面元素地球化学分析,结合与黄土高原典型第四纪风成堆积洛川剖面的对比,对伊犁黄
土常量元素分布规律及化学风化特征进行初步研究发现,伊犁昭苏剖面黄土和古土壤主要元素含量具有较好的一致性,暗
示着沉积后两者所经历的风化作用相似。与黄土高原相比,伊犁黄土和古土壤除CaO,MgO和Na2O,P2O5分别出现较大程度的
富集和较小程度的亏损外,其它常量元素含量的变化趋势基本一致;CIA指数、Na/K比值及A-CN-K图解显示伊犁黄土和古土
壤均经历了低等强度的化学风化作用,弱于黄土高原的洛川黄土及古土壤,黄土和古土壤风化分异作用不明显。气候条件
尤其水热组合模式（降水、温度和蒸发量等）对伊犁黄土化学风化的起着重要的制约作用。 相似文献
7.
以地球系统中各圈层的相互作用为主线,分析总结了我国沙漠地貌过程、流水地貌过程、冰川地貌过程及风沙地貌过程等领域研究的部分进展。由于我国沙漠地理位置的特殊性,其形成和演变与岩石圈构造变动即青藏高原隆升有着紧密的联系,所以,对我国沙漠形成、演变的研究能为探讨青藏高原隆升历史提供重要佐证。近30年来,有关我国沙漠形成时代的认识更新较快。新的沉积记录显示,我国西北地区的沙漠在中新世时就已经出现了,但沙漠沙丘大规模扩展可能是在中更新世才开始的。既使在晚更新世以来,我国沙漠地区的气候也有过明显波动、沙漠地貌的特征也发生过显著变化。沙漠通过为沙尘暴提供物源,对全球变化产生驱动作用。从地表过程来看,风沙地貌的形成演变不仅受风力作用,而且受流水、湖泊等多种地貌动力过程的影响,地貌类型是各种动力过程共同作用的缩影。古冰川地貌曾是最早发现的第四纪气候变化的证据。随着新的测年技术的出现,学术界对我国第四纪古冰川地貌演化过程有了较系统、全面的认识。流水地貌过程应该是地球上作用区域最广的一种地貌动力过程,对流水地貌过程的认识目前正在向微观和宏观深入。 相似文献
8.
西宁黄土沉积及其物质来源 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
西宁黄土包括从Ｓ０至Ｌ１７连续黄土－古土壤序列,黄土开始发育的时间约１．２Ｍａ黄土粒度粗,不稳定重矿物含量高,表明西宁黄土区距黄土物源近,黄土中的石英砂粒多具冰川、冰缘作用的表面机械微结构和形态,结合离石黄土风向主大气环流特征,提出本区黄土主要来地青藏高原第四纪冰川作用和冰缘作用所产生的大量粉砂物质。 相似文献
9.
10.
《Quaternary International》1999,53(1):3-9
Many researchers consider loess as solely the product of glacial activity. Investigations throughout South America, however, have demonstrated that loess and loess-like sediments can be formed during geological periods when glaciation was absent. Loess deposits may be derived from volcanic action, from weathering processes, and as a result of pedogenic activity. Production of silt, regardless of the geologic process, can result in loess formation under suitable climatic conditions. 相似文献
11.
中国黄土的物质来源及其粉尘的产生机制与搬运过程 总被引：34，自引：10，他引：24
长期以来,黄土高原的物质来源被笼统认为来自包括西北三大内陆盆地(准噶尔、塔里木、柴达木)在内的广阔的沙漠、戈壁地区,而且中国黄土被看作“沙漠”黄土的典型代表。但我们最新的研究揭示出,源自准噶尔和柴达木盆地的粉尘主要由低空气流搬运,受下风方向的山脉阻挡,就近堆积成山麓黄土。源自塔里木盆地的粉尘如果被近地面风搬运,则不可能移出盆地,而是堆积在昆仑山北麓,但如果被飙升到高空,则被西风急流携带,移出盆地而降落在北太平洋地区,无论哪种情况,该盆地的粉尘都不可能对黄土高原有重要贡献。因此,西北三大内陆盆地并非黄土高原的重要物源,而蒙古国南部及与之相邻的包括巴旦吉林、腾格里、乌兰布和、库布其、毛乌素等在内的戈壁、沙漠地区才是黄土高原的主要物质来源区,且主要由近地面风(基本在3000m以下)从上述戈壁、沙漠地区搬运而来。中国黄土并不能简单看作“沙漠”黄土,包括冰川研磨作用、山体剥蚀作用、山前冲洪积作用等在内的“高山过程”,才是产生大量粉土级物质的原因,戈壁、沙漠、黄土的带状分布,只不过是近地面风对山前冲、洪积物质的风力分异而已。 相似文献
12.
WILLIAM C. MAHANEY WOLFGANG ANDRES 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》1991,20(3):231-239
Detailed mineralogical analysis of the fine and very fine sand fractions (63–250) in the Dreihausen Loess Sequence shows the presence of numerous glacially crushed grains, including a significant amout of quartz. Previous theories regarding the origin of loesses in central Germany held that all sediments were derived locally, following short-distance transport from nearby sandstone outcrops. New data presented here show that many quartz and feldspar grains were glacially crushed, weathered, crushed again, transported, and emplaced by aeolian processes at Dreihausen. Crushing features observed are compatible with transport in both continental and alpine glaciers; some clasts show the effects of abrasion by both water and ice transport, while others are partly rounded presumably by fluvial and/or aeolian processes. Stronger palewind systems during the Pleistocene presumably contributed to the transport and emplacement of glacial grains from ice centers in both the Alps and the Baltic areas, and also possibly from the Rhine Basin. 相似文献
13.
Chen Jun Wan Hongtao Department of Earth Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing Jiangsuand Lu HuayuKey Lab. of Loess Quaternary Geology Chinese Academy of Sciences Xi an Shaanxi Liu Xinzhu 《《地质学报》英文版》1996,70(3):290-302
The chemical leaching method is used for a systematic analysis of distribution characteristics of acid-soluble and acid-insoluble REE and other trace elements from the Luochuan loess deposits. The study shows that the acid-insoluble phase in loess and palaeosol is a stable component of old aeolian dusts and is characteristic of the provenance; the acid-soluble phase is the unstable component in the weathering pedogenic process and reflects rock-forming features after accumulation of aeolian dusts. The acid-insoluble REE and acid-soluble Sr and Pb can be used as geochemical indicators respectively to trace the provenance characteristics and the weathering pedogenic process. 相似文献
14.
长江中下游地区第四纪红土磁学特征及其环境意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过采集长江中下游湖南长沙(CS)、岳阳(HN)、江西南昌(NC)、新余(XY)和浙江金华高村(GC)5个剖面不同层位的红土样品,对其粒度和多种磁学参数进行测量和分析,探讨了红土剖面随深度变化的成土作用强弱以及多磁学参数在揭示我国南方红土第四纪气候演化信息的价值。结果表明:①粒度分析显示,红黄土交接带(约28°~31°N)的CS、HN、NC、GC 4个剖面的红土粒度与北方黄土和下蜀黄土有很好的可比性,具有明显的风成特性;位置更偏南的XY剖面红土颗粒较粗,10~50 μm粒组富集不明显,具有典型的冲积相特征。②各红土剖面的多磁学参数分析表明,成土过程中产生的磁铁矿、磁赤铁矿和赤铁矿是红土磁性的主要载体。③同一红土剖面内,不同沉积结构的磁性矿物含量和组成具有很大差异。下部网纹红土中赤铁矿的含量较高,磁赤铁矿的含量较上覆均质红土或黄棕色土低,揭示了网纹红土形成于中国南方一个极端湿润期,长期剧烈的水分活动导致均质红土中磁赤铁矿的溶解和铁质的流失,同时较强的成土作用使强磁性的磁赤铁矿向弱磁性的赤铁矿转化,从而导致网纹红土的磁化率比上覆均质红土或黄棕色土低了一个数量级。④具有冲积相特征的XY剖面磁学特征与其他风尘成因红土(特别是NC剖面)差异甚大,可能成为它具有不同物质来源的一个佐证。 相似文献
15.
南方红土是我国热带、亚热带以各类岩石和第四纪松散沉积物为母质发育的红色风化壳,也是我国分布最广的第四纪土状堆积。本文在探讨第四纪松散沉积物上红色风化壳的形成机制的基础上,根据风化壳发育程度将其划分为砖红土风化壳、红壤土风化壳和红化土风化壳3种类型。南方地区第四纪松散沉积物主要有河流相沉积、滨海相海滩砂和海岸风成砂——"老红砂"以及以下蜀土为主的风尘堆积。近年来在上述沉积物中多处发现旧石器遗址,促进了南方红土的地层年代学研究。根据前人及近期对南方红土的研究成果,讨论了南方红土的年代地层学问题,提出了以风化壳岩性特征为基础的岩石地层单位初步划分框架:老红砂划分为中更新统北海组、晚更新统晋江组;风尘堆积划分为中更新统宣城组、晚更新统下蜀组;河流相沉积只划出中更新统白沙井组,晚更新统留待以后研究再划出。 相似文献
16.
HOLGER LYKKE-ANDERSEN MARIT-SOLVEIG SEIDENKRANTZ KAREN LUISE KNUDSEN 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》1993,22(4):291-298
The stratigraphic record from a boring penetrating the 104 m thick Quaternary sequence on the island of Anholt is summarized. The spatial distribution of the pre-Quaternary formations and the surface topography of these are described on the basis of reflection seismic profiles. It is concluded that Anholt is located in the crestal zone of a southeast–northwest trending anticline in the pre-Quaternary. The anticline was formed during the Late Cretaceous–Early Tertiary inversion episodes and was later deeply truncated by erosion. A southeast–northwest trending erosional channel, c. 2 km wide and with a maximum depth c. 250 m below sea level, is located southeast of Anholt along the crest of the anticline. This channel is not present at the bore locality. Although no direct correlation from the boring to the seismic profiles could be achieved it is argued that a strong reflection near the base of the Quaternary outside the channel may be correlated with the Saalian–Eemian complex found in the boring. Three younger sequences of probable Early and Middle Weichselian, Late Glacial and Holocene age respectively have been recognized. The Late Glacial and Holocene sediments appear to have been deposited in erosional troughs and channels cut into a sequence of Lower and Middle Weichselian sediments. Post-Eemian till deposits or other evidence unambiguously indicating the presence of Weichselian glaciers have not been found, either in the boring or in the seismic profiles. It is therefore assumed that the erosion of the Lower-Middle Weichselian sequence was of fluvial origin and can be ascribed to the lowstand period of the Weichselian glacial period. The western part of Anholt can possibly be regarded as an erosional remnant of the Lower-Middle Weichselian sequence. 相似文献
17.
The loess of north-central China: Geotechnical properties and their relation to slope stability 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
T.A. Dijkstra C.D.F. Rogers I.J. Smalley E. Derbyshire Yong Jin Li Xing Min Meng 《Engineering Geology》1994,36(3-4):153-171
Loess is an aeolian deposit consisting of predominantly silt-sized quartz particles, and containing variable amounts of clay-sized minerals. Loess is generally classified as a water-softening material, because upon wetting the loess fabric rapidly weakens or collapses. The strain hardening of Malan loess and the brittle failure of Lishi and Wucheng loess are in strong contrast to the failure behaviour of these loess deposits in a remoulded state. From tests carried out on samples with varying moisture contents, using a modified Bromhead ring shear apparatus, it was found that the effective apparent cohesion gradually increases and the effective internal friction angle decreases with an increase in moisture content. When the moisture content reaches a material-specific threshold, the effective cohesion decreases rapidly and the effective internal friction angle stabilises at a residual value.
The frequent failure of loess slopes in the western part of the Chinese Loess Plateau is closely related to progressive weathering along zones in these slopes, which causes a dramatic decrease in strength from the peak strength condition. Progressive weathering is common in the loess slopes in the western part of the Chinese Loess Plateau. During the process shear strength reduction along potential slip surfaces may be achieved by leaching of readily soluble salts, destruction of cementation bonds, and redistribution of particles. Localized collapse of the loess fabric causes internal deformation and consequently peak strength conditions are concentrated on a progressively smaller area of the failure plane. Therefore, the mode of failure of loess slopes is generally determined by brittle failure of the undisturbed, and unweathered, central parts of the slopes. It is important that both the weathered and unweathered strength of the loessmaterials in this area be established in order to analyze the stability of existing loessslopes, many of which are steepand lie directly above domestic and industrial urban areas. 相似文献
18.
1100万年以来中国北方风尘堆积与古气候变化的周期及驱动因素分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
中国北方连续堆积的晚新生代风成红粘土-黄土,是气候干湿变化的良好地质记录.对第四纪黄土的研究,揭示了中国北方干湿的周期变化,但是中新世以来的古气候变化规律及其驱动机制还不清楚.通过对具有代表性的红粘土-黄土序列的粒度测试,并根据独立的古地磁地层年代控制,建立了我国北方1100万年以来气候变化的时间序列.在此基础上,应用传统谱分析和小波变换的方法,对1100万年以来的干湿变化进行了分析,讨论了11～7.3 Ma,8.0～5.0 Ma,5.3～2.5 Ma,2.5～1.2 Ma和1.2～O Ma期间我国北方和亚洲中部干湿变化的周期,发现在不同时间段分别存在着～20 ka的岁差周期、～40 ka的黄赤交角周期和～100 ka的地球轨道偏心率周期,获得了地球轨道运动变化引起太阳辐射变化驱动晚新生代亚洲内陆干湿变化的新证据.同时,还发现风尘沉积的粒度时间序列存在非轨道周期,可能是轨道周期谐振和时间标尺不确定性造成的.地球轨道运动变化引起的北半球太阳辆射量的变化,从而引起北半球冰期-间冰期旋回、西风带位置移动和亚洲季风强度的共同变化,可能控制着晚新生代我国北方粉尘沉积过程和古气候变化.加强粉尘堆积记录和古气候模拟研究,可深入认识我国北方晚新生代干湿变化的规律和机制. 相似文献
19.
川西高原甘孜黄土的成因 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9
本文通过对甘孜满地黄土的粒度组分、石英砂的表面结构以及其它地质现象的综合研究,对甘孜黄土的成因进行了探讨。在黄土的概率累计曲线上,跃进组分和悬移组分反映明显,并以悬移组分为主。悬移组分粒径小于2φ~3φ,并以粉砂(4φ~8φ)为主,占悬移总体的94%~99%;对甘孜黄土进行扫描电镜观察表明,石英砂大部分为块状颗粒,少量(10%)呈纺锤形。采用矩阵法计算甘孜黄土的粒度参数:黄土的平均粒径(d50)为5.057φ~5.883φ,明显大于古土壤(6.120φ~6.549φ).古土壤的标准偏差(σφ)为1.513~1.973,大于黄土(1.205~1.778);黄土和古土壤的偏度系数(SKφ)为-0.088~0.248,显示为正偏或近于对称。黄土和古土壤的尖度系数(Kφ)分别为0.123~1.702、0.023~0.059,前者峰形窄,后者峰形较宽。对甘孜黄土扫描电镜观察表明,石英砂大部分为方形或长方形颗粒,少量(10%)呈纺锤形。石英砂有密集的翻卷片、蛇曲脊、圆麻坑,这些结构反映了风成特征。另方面,少量石英砂显示冰川作用结构,例如大大小小的贝壳状断口、平行擦痕等。在甘孜西面、德格以南的金沙江东岸川藏公路980km路碑处,三阶地上部的黄土层中,发现3条冰楔。此外,甘孜黄土中孢粉稀少。根据上述特征推断,甘孜黄土应为冰缘风成黄土。 相似文献
20.
Stephen C. Porter 《Quaternary Research》1989,32(3)
Analyses of Quaternary landscape evolution tend to focus on events associated with culminations of glacial and interglacial ages, but for most of Quaternary time, environments were intermediate in character. Average Quaternary glacial conditions, based on assessment of the marine isotope record, approximated those near the stage 2/stage 1 transition and during substages 5b and 5d; isotope stages 3 and 4 and substages 5a-d lie within one standard deviation of the mean value. Under average glacial conditions, ice sheets lying over northern North America and Europe were much more contracted than their full-glacial counterparts, and the distribution of mountain glaciers reflected a snowline depression of some 500 m. Geomorphic processes operating under average Quaternary conditions contributed importantly to landscape evolution. Examples of landscapes that may represent such average conditions include cirques and fluvial deposits of the Pacific Northwest, the fjords and strandflat of western Norway, and atolls of the tropical oceans. By examining the geologic record from the perspective of average conditions, rather than those of climatic extremes, added insight can be gained regarding the evolution of Quaternary landscapes. 相似文献