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1.
降雨冲刷对黄土公路边坡植物防护影响的试验研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过对裸露黄土公路边坡、厚层基材植草公路边坡、三维网植草公路边坡以及平台植树公路边坡的现场降雨冲刷试验,阐述了不同防护型式的公路黄土边坡在降雨条件下的坡面径流、含泥量以及坡面冲刷情况,得出了降雨对边坡坡面的侵蚀过程,首先是从雨滴直接打击土体开始,进而引起溅蚀,分散土粒,紧接着发生超渗径流造成坡面冲刷。以及对坡面破坏最大的是坡顶上方来水等重要结论。验证了坡面植物防护以及平台植树等防护方法可以有效降低降雨冲刷对坡面的侵蚀破坏,为黄土地区公路边坡植物防护的设计施工以提供了可靠的依据。 相似文献
2.
三维土工网垫植草护坡防坡面径流冲刷的机制分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
基于水力学和河流动力学的基本原理,利用坡面糙率和拦污栅模型分别模拟三维土工网垫和坡面植被作用,建立了三维土工网垫和坡面植被引起的坡面沿程水头损失和径流局部水头损失计算式,并建立三维土工网垫植草护坡时坡面径流速度计算表达式,将颗粒启动速度引入分析坡面土颗粒流失初始的启动流速,进而通过坡脚流速和坡面土颗粒启动流速的对比分析和通过分析坡角、植株密度、网垫和植被类型对坡脚流速的影响来研究三维土工网垫植草护坡的防径流冲刷特性。结果表明,坡脚流速随坡角增大而增大;网垫类型对坡脚流速影响不明显,但同无护坡时相比网垫能显著降低坡脚流速;坡脚流速随植株和叶部倾角增加而变小,且随植株密度增大而减少,并在考虑不同边坡土质的颗粒启动速度与坡脚流速相等时计算得到护坡所需的植株最小密度。 相似文献
3.
在已有成果的基础上采用新型高分子材料SH固化剂固化黄土,通过改良坡面黄土的工程性质,提高坡面抗冲刷性能。利用室内试验装置人工模拟边坡顶端来流冲刷,研究采用SH固化剂和固土植草相结合的方法加固黄土边坡,以边坡坡面产流产沙特征评价抗冲刷性。结果表明:SH固化黄土坡面后,坡面径流含沙量比黄土坡面显著减小,随SH掺量增加,含沙量递减,抗冲刷性明显增强; SH固化植草坡面的产流产沙性能说明化学与生态结合防护黄土边坡坡面冲刷更为有效。 更多还原 相似文献
4.
崩岗是中国花岗岩地区危害最大的一种土壤侵蚀方式,坡面防护是崩岗侵蚀治理的重要措施。为研究微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀（MICP）技术在花岗岩崩岗侵蚀区冲刷防护中应用的可行性,以福建省崩岗最为发育的安溪县官桥镇花岗岩土质覆盖层为研究对象,进行降雨条件下微生物治理崩岗的模型试验研究。采用喷洒加固法对崩岗坡面进行处理,然后利用降雨模拟系统冲刷坡面,最后分析了MICP加固技术对泥沙产量及坡面侵蚀深度的影响。结果表明：与未加固边坡相比,MICP固化边坡泥沙产量由未加固的7648.43 g下降至266.61 g,较加固之前降低了96.51%;最大侵蚀深度由未加固的60 mm下降至除个别侵蚀坑外边坡表面基本未发生侵蚀。 相似文献
5.
黄土边坡降雨冲刷模型试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
针对边坡表层受降雨冲刷易引发水土流失并导致滑坡灾害的难题, 以黄土边坡为例, 提出了一种基于减排水理念的生态固坡综合防护方法。采用自主研制的边坡降雨模拟实验装置, 考虑不同改良剂掺量、格构防护形式、雨强、历时、坡比等因素对防护效果的影响, 研究不同因素组合影响下的边坡土体侵蚀规律与演化机理。试验结果表明, 黄土边坡坡面侵蚀可归纳为溅蚀、片蚀、沟蚀、坍塌、滑坡的过程; 随改良剂掺量增加, 改良边坡抗侵蚀能力增强, 综合考虑提出改良剂的最优掺量为3‰; 与素土边坡相比, 3‰改良剂改良边坡受雨强的影响较小; 随降雨历时增加, 改良剂改良效果越明显; 改良剂、框格梁以及两者的综合利用, 均能有效提高边坡抗雨水冲刷与侵蚀能力; 边坡坡度增大至一定程度, 坡体受降雨侵蚀易突然发生整体滑塌, 需进行重点关注; 改良剂主要通过絮凝作用使土颗粒之间镶嵌黏结更紧密, 从而提高黄土的持水性和抗蚀性。 相似文献
6.
黄土开挖边坡在降雨作用下坡面破坏可分为片蚀破坏、沟状侵蚀、坍塌破坏3个阶段。通过野外现场地质调查,建立调查区域露天煤矿某段运煤大道处黄土开挖边坡三维数值分析模型,采用V-G模型设定渗流边界函数,并以此根据室内外实验设定初始负孔隙水压力;在有限差分软件中运用fish语言将野外现场测得的稳定渗透系数与边坡开挖高度关系编入渗流计算命令流中,模拟了不同降雨强度下孔隙水压力、开挖边坡位移、坡面冲刷程度、最大主应力变化情况,提出黄土区开挖边坡在降雨作用下沟状侵蚀在第三级台阶(坡高60m)左右破坏严重,坡高高于此高度应注意沟状侵蚀的剧烈扩展并加以防治;应在开挖边坡顶部以及台阶坡顶、坡肩处加强监测与防护治理工作。 相似文献
7.
以70°辽西黄土陡坡为例,在降雨强度为2.7 mm/min条件下对边坡坡面冲刷破坏特征进行了室内物理试验模拟。试验发现：随着降雨的持续坡面水流能量不断增加,致使侵蚀强度增强;边坡的侵蚀方式从试验初期的片蚀,到中期的细沟侵蚀,最后演化为坡顶部的切沟侵蚀和坍塌。基于试验成果,采用SEEP/W程序对降雨条件下边坡降雨入渗规律进行数值模拟,发现在降雨过程中坡顶部所产生的水头压力最大,随高度降低呈减小趋势;运用PFC2D颗粒流软件从微观角度对坡体土颗粒运动情况进行模拟,结果发现位于坡顶的颗粒最先被径流冲刷带走,且下落速度很快。经对比表明：数值模拟结果和物理模拟试验现象基本一致,可为进一步研究黄土边坡冲刷破坏规律提供参考。 相似文献
8.
黄土边坡降雨侵蚀特征的物理模拟试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
黄土边坡的侵蚀破坏是引起黄土地区公路边坡自然灾害的主要诱因。通过建立室内边坡降雨冲刷物理模型, 进行黄土边坡侵蚀破坏的模拟试验, 再现边坡溅蚀、片蚀、沟蚀、坍塌的基本破坏过程, 并对坡面降雨冲刷的演变过程和侵蚀机理进行了细致的描述和分析。试验表明:在一定的降雨雨强下, 径流TSS(携砂能力)和单位面积侵蚀泥沙量随着试验坡度的增加逐渐增加, 而径流总量、侵蚀干泥沙量随着坡度的增加而相应变小。同时, 黄土边坡侵蚀冲刷过程中的主要侵蚀能力参数如坡面径流总量、汇流干泥沙量、侵蚀干泥沙量等与降雨雨强之间存在相应的关系。 相似文献
9.
膨胀土堑坡雨水入渗速率的影响因素与相关性分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
从土体初始含水率和降雨强度2个影响因素出发,通过现场试验分析了膨胀土堑坡雨水入渗速率的变化特性。试验结果表明,对于膨胀土堑坡,一定雨强连续的降雨才能使水分持续有效的入渗;土体含水率的变化主要取决于降雨的历时,而不是降雨强度。雨水入渗过程中,随着土体初始含水率的降低,坡面侵蚀程度有所降低。降雨强度较小时,雨水对坡面侵蚀不大;随着降雨强度的增加,坡面侵蚀逐渐加剧,但侵蚀程度逐渐收敛。植被的存在会改善土体的渗透性,同时也将大大降低雨水对坡面的侵蚀。 相似文献
10.
11.
兰州新区位于黄土高原西段, 为典型干旱区, 道路修建形成了许多坡度大于30°的工程开挖边坡。在边坡上重建植被对改善局地景观和防治水土流失具有重要的作用, 而坡面土壤水分状况对植被重建影响重大。选择3种整地类型（条形坑、 圆形坑和原状坡样地）, 研究兰州新区黄土工程开挖边坡植被重建的初期土壤水分状况, 结果表明： 3种整地类型中条形坑的土壤水分条件最好, 与圆形坑、 原状坡样地土壤水分存在显著差异（P<0.05）。不同灌溉频率下原状坡样地0 ~ 20 cm土层土壤含水量较低, 20 ~ 50 cm土层土壤含水量较高。土壤含水量的变异系数随土层深度的增加而减小, 随灌溉频率的降低而增加。在边坡植被重建初期, 需把土壤水分维持在8.4% ~ 10.8%, 即田间持水量的38% ~ 49%, 才能保证植物正常生育生长。当栽植的植被根系长度大于10 cm时, 可考虑将喷灌频率从每天喷灌改为隔天喷灌, 否则植物有死亡的风险。研究结果可为类似的黄土边坡植被恢复和生态建设提供参考。 相似文献
12.
Effects of vegetation restoration on soil physical properties of abandoned farmland on the Loess Plateau,China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Jing Li Zhanbin Li Mengjing Guo Peng Li Shengdong Cheng Bo Yuan 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2018,77(5):205
To improve the ecological environment in China, the Chinese government implemented a country-wide ecological protection and reforestation project (namely the “Grain for Green Project”) in 1999 to return cultivated land with slopes of 25° or more to perennial vegetation. Vegetation restoration reduces soil erosion mainly by changing the soil physical properties. Different vegetation restoration methods might produce different impacts on soil physical properties. In this study, two vegetation restoration methods (i.e., natural restoration and artificial restoration) were compared on abandoned farmland in the typically hilly and gullied areas of the Loess Plateau of Northwest China. In the natural restoration method, the farmland was abandoned to natural vegetation succession without irrigation, fertilization or other artificial disturbances. In the artificial restoration method, the farmland was planted with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) and watered and cultivated for the first two years. Three soil physical properties (i.e., soil moisture, bulk density and aggregation) were investigated under the two vegetation restoration methods. The results showed that the soil moisture and soil bulk density were higher under artificial restoration than under natural restoration within the first three years of vegetation restoration. By the fourth year, the soil moisture and soil bulk density were higher under natural restoration than under artificial restoration. For the stability of soil aggregates?>?0.25 mm, the soil aggregates in the 0-20 cm soil layer were more stable under artificial restoration than under natural restoration, while the results were the opposite for the 40-60 cm soil layer. Overall, the soil physical properties were continuously improved during the restoration of vegetation on abandoned farmland. In choosing between vegetation restoration methods, natural restoration is preferable to artificial restoration, but artificial intervention is needed during the first three years. 相似文献
13.
祁连山石羊河上游山区土壤侵蚀的环境因子特征分析 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
在GIS技术支持下, 运用通用水土流失方程USLE, 对祁连山北坡东段的哈溪林区的土壤侵蚀量及空间分布进行了模拟运算, 并定量分析了各种环境因子与土壤侵蚀之间的关系. 结果显示: 研究区平均土壤侵蚀模数为25.1 t·hm-2·a-1, 微度和轻度侵蚀面积占总面积的80%, 而强度到剧烈侵蚀产生的侵蚀量占78.3%; 各土地类型土壤侵蚀模数由高到低依次是裸地>草地>农田>灌丛>乔木林, 裸地侵蚀量占到总侵蚀量的54.9%; 乔木林和灌木林95%以上侵蚀面积属微度侵蚀区, 农田中度到剧烈侵蚀的面积比例达到35.9%, 高于草地和其他植被类型, 而草地剧烈侵蚀面积比例高于农田. 海拔高度范围与土壤流失量之间的关系与植被的海拔分布范围明显相关; 土壤平均侵蚀模数随坡度的增加而增大, 土壤侵蚀量主要分布在15°～45°的坡度范围, 不同植被覆盖下土壤流失随坡度变化的趋势可在一定程度上反映该类植被对土壤流失的防止作用. 相似文献
14.
Zuoan Wei Guangzhi Yin J. G. Wang Ling Wan Liping Jin 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,67(6):1651-1662
The stability of both natural and cut slopes in mountainous areas is a great challenge to highway constructions and operations. This paper presents a successful case study of stability analyses and protection treatments for high-steep cut soil slopes in an ancient landslide zone which was located at Km12+700 to Km15+000 along the Tehran?CChalus highway. This report has three parts. First, geotechnical investigations of in situ direct shear test, SPT tests and laboratory tests were implemented to get the subsurface profiles and the mechanical properties of the soil mass. Second, finite difference analysis was carried out to evaluate the stability of both the natural and cut slopes. Minimum safety factors and potential failure modes of cut slopes were obtained under both static and dynamic conditions. These results indicated that the ancient landslide could not be reactivated under the present climatic and morphological conditions, but there were some potential shallow failures in some cut soil slopes (failure actually occurred during excavation). Protection treatments and reinforcements were thus necessary. Third, the stability of the cut slopes was re-assessed by simplified Bishop limit equilibrium analysis (using Slide 5.0). Some potential failure zones were designed to be protected by back-anchored concrete retaining wall at the slope toe, rock bolts and frame beams on the slope face and planting grass on the slope face. Numerical analysis indicated that these protection measures could stabilize this remedial slope. These practical experiences may be of benefit for similar highway construction projects. 相似文献
15.
Failures of weak-rock slopes adjacent to roadsides in southwestern Taiwan most often occurred during or immediately after heavy rainfall. Field survey of weak rock slopes along the national South-2 Freeway conducted in this study showed that the slope protection methods employed in the study areas mainly included vegetation (82.0%), prestressed rock anchors with vegetation (6.8%), grille beam (5.9%), rock anchors with grille beam (3.6%). The highest failure rate occurred in the slopes that were protected by the vegetation method. The most frequently encountered weak rock formation along the South-2 Freeway is the alternating sandstone–shale formation (36.3%), followed in sequence by sandstone (24.4%), conglomerates (21.9%) and mudstone (17.4%). The field survey also found that the mudstone slopes present the highest failure rate among all rock types, and the most commonly encountered modes of failure were surface erosion and shallow slides. Factors affecting slope failure include inadequate drainage of storm water runoff, disparate rock types and vegetation on slope surfaces, slope angles and heights. This paper presents results of the field survey of the rate of failures of weak rock slopes in Southwestern Taiwan and examines the attributes of slope failures and the effectiveness of commonly used slope protection methods in the region. Requirements or essential features of an effective slope protection method are then presented along with the preliminary results of its field implementation. 相似文献
16.
Jin Liu Bin Shi Hongtao Jiang He Huang Gonghui Wang Toshitaka Kamai 《Engineering Geology》2011,117(1-2):114-120
The topsoil of clayey slope is easy to erosion because it is weak in its strength, water stability and erosion resistance. A new organic polymer soil stabilizer, which was developed for the stabilization treatment of clay slope topsoil and was named as STW, was introduced in this study. In order to understand the effect of STW on the stabilization of clayey soil, laboratory tests on the unconfined compressive strength, shear strength, water stability and erosion resistance of untreated and treated soil specimens are performed, The results indicated that STW soil stabilizer can significantly increased the unconfined compression strength, shear strength, water stability and erosion resistance of clayey soil. The unconfined compression strength increased with the increasing of curing time and the variation mainly occurs in the first 24-hour. With the addition amounts of STW increasing, the strength, water stability and erosion resistance increased at the curing time being 48 h, but in the case of friction angle, no major change was observed. Based on the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of the stabilized soil, the stabilization mechanisms of STW soil stabilizer in the clayey soil were discussed. Finally, a field test of the stabilization treatment of clay slope topsoil with STW was carried out, and the results indicated that the STW soil stabilizer on the stabilization treatment of clay slope topsoil is effective for improving the erosion resistance of slope topsoil, reducing the soil loss and protecting the vegetation growth. Therefore, this technique is worth popularizing for the topsoil protection of clay slope. 相似文献
17.
以青藏铁路沱沱河段路基边坡作为试验区,且在试验区路基边坡两侧种植了乡土护坡草本植物垂穗披碱草,通过对种植在试验区路基阴坡、阳坡生长5年的垂穗披碱草,做了野外原位根系拉拔试验,获得了垂穗披碱草根系抗拔力。研究表明:种植在阳坡的垂穗披碱草根系抗拔力为3088N,阴坡抗拔力为2352N,即种植在阳坡的垂穗披碱草根系抗拔力显著大于阴坡,影响其抗拔力大小的主要因素与土壤含水量及其变化有密切关系,试验区阳坡接受光照时间、程度均强于阴坡,试验区阳坡坡面土壤水分蒸发量大于阴坡这种差异形成阴坡、阳坡坡体土壤含水量不同的主要原因;垂穗披碱草根系抗拔力大小与须根数量、根径、根长、株高、根表面积、分蘖数之间均呈线性关系,其中抗拔力与须根数量之间呈显著性线性相关,阳坡垂穗披碱草抗拔力随根系数量增加的幅度显著大于阴坡,即当须根数量为40～60条时,阳坡垂穗披碱草的抗拔力集中分布在11～25N,阴坡抗拔力分布在8～15N;当须根数量为60～140条时,阳坡垂穗披碱草的抗拔力分布在30～70N,阴坡抗拔力为20～50N。根据路基边坡阴坡、阳坡垂穗披碱草根系抗拔力试验结果,评价了阴、阳两种坡向条件下垂穗披碱草根系护坡力学贡献,这对青藏铁路路基边坡种植草本植物实现该边坡与周边自然生态环境之间的协调发展具有理论指导意义。 相似文献
18.
在影响堰塞坝溃决的众多因素中,初始含水量影响堰塞坝的溃决机理仍不清楚。通过开展不同初始含水量条件下的水槽试验,详细探究了初始含水量对溃决过程的影响规律。结果表明：不同初始含水量条件下的溃决过程均具有3个典型阶段,分别是牵引侵蚀过程、溯源侵蚀过程和水沙运动再平衡过程;峰值流量随初始含水量的增大而增大,而溃决历时和残留坝体高度随初始含水量的增大而减小;随初始含水量的增大,溯源侵蚀作用逐渐减弱,牵引侵蚀作用增强;随初始含水量的增大,溃口展宽率降低,侵蚀率增大;初始含水量小于7.8%时,平均侵蚀率增长缓慢,大于7.8%后,平均侵蚀率增长迅速,且10.3%初始含水量对应的平均侵蚀率约为7.8%初始含水量的2倍;溃口宽深比在溃决的前两阶段随初始含水量的增大而减小;溃决结束后的宽深比随含水量的增大呈先趋近于1.00、后远离1.00的演变。 相似文献
19.
黄土边坡的变形破坏多发生于降雨期间,由此也造成了大量的损失。为减小降雨诱发黄土滑坡的影响,开展降雨型滑坡现场实验研究,具有现实意义。本文选取泾阳一天然黄土边坡为研究对象,利用自行设计的模拟降雨系统,设计并进行了3组不同雨强下的大型黄土边坡人工模拟降雨试验,旨在研究不同雨强条件下天然黄土边坡的入渗规律及变形破坏模式。通过对边坡内埋设的土壤水分传感仪、土压力盒和张力计管的读数变化及试验现象进行分析,进而得出降雨条件下大型黄土边坡现场试验的变形破坏规律,总结出该类边坡的水分入渗规律和变形破坏模式。试验结果表明,边坡入渗呈现一定的规律:降雨条件下,坡肩入渗深度和速率最大,坡脚次之,坡面最小;同时,降雨强度越大,雨水入渗速率越快,入渗时间越长,边坡相同位置处体积含水率和土压力增大幅度越大,基质吸力减小的幅度越大。降雨条件下天然黄土边坡的变形破坏模式为:坡肩侵蚀及侵蚀扩展→坡面裂隙形成扩展→坡肩裂隙形成扩展→局部滑塌;若继续降雨,则坡肩局部裂隙逐渐贯通进而形成滑面,最终导致滑坡发生。 相似文献