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1.
TDR测定喀斯特地区石灰土含水量的标定研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
土壤含水量是气候、水文、土壤侵蚀等研究中的一个重要参数。TDR法因具有方便、快速、精确且不扰动土壤等优点而得到广泛应用,但因受土壤质地、容重、温度等物理因素的影响而必须对其进行标定。本研究采用室内标定(壤土)和田间标定(粗、中、细质土以及三者的组合)相结合的方式,对用TDR法测定的喀斯特地区不同质地石灰土含水量进行了标定。结果表明:（1)TDR法测定的土壤含水量比烘干法测定值要小,两者最大绝对偏差在室内标定条件下为10.6%,田间标定为12.2%;相应的相对偏差最高分别可达60.3%和32.8%。因此,必须在使用前对TDR进行标定。（2)标定后TDR法测定的土壤含水量精度明显提高,平均绝对偏差低至1.4%~3.1%;室内标定曲线精度略低于田间标定曲线。（3)不同质地组合的TDR法土壤含水量标定曲线的标定精度较高(平均绝对偏差为1.5% ~ 2.6%),可用于不同质地土壤含水量标定。本研究结果可用于修订校正研究区及类似区域TDR法测定土壤含水量的结果。 相似文献
2.
压实度是道路、房建、水利等工程领域评价土体压实质量的重要参数,与土体含水率和电导率密切相关。而频域反射技术(frequency domain reflectometry,FDR)可用于快速测定土体含水率和电导率。首先利用频域反射技术分别对多种压实状态下红黏土、膨胀土和黄土的含水率、电导率进行测量;然后对含水率测值进行室内标定,得到3种土的含水率标定曲线;通过偏最小二乘回归分析方法(partial least squares regression,PLSR)建立了3种土体的压实度-含水率-电导率之间的经验关系,并与实测值进行了对比分析;再根据扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscopy,SEM)和压汞法(mercury intrusion porosimetry,MIP)试验结果分析了其微观机制;最后对拟合公式得到的压实度预测值进行随机试样验证,建立与实测值的误差评估体系,结果表明基于压实度-含水率-电导率之间的关系而提出的拟合公式预测压实度的精度较高。相关研究可为道路、房建、水利等工程中土体压实度的快速检测提供参考。 相似文献
3.
微波炉法测定遗址土含水率的可靠性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
古代土遗址病害发展与土的含水率变化密切相关,但土遗址保护现场快速准确测定土的含水率不是一件容易的事。选择遗址土、含盐土、黄土等进行对比试验,研究分析微波炉烘干法（简称微波炉法）测遗址土含水率结果的可靠性。在测定试验土样界限含水率和易溶盐含量的基础上,对比分析微波炉法、烘箱法两种方法测定土含水率的误差来源。试验结果表明,土的塑性对微波炉法的测定有一定影响,但测定误差均在2%以内;土的含盐量影响水分的蒸发速度,不影响微波炉法的测定结果;微波法测定遗址土含水率准确,且具有快速、便捷等优势,值得在土遗址保护工程中推广使用。 相似文献
4.
以往现场测定黄土含水率的方法主要有烘干法、酒精灼烧发、比重计法、碳酸钙气压法等。微波炉的出现给含水率测定带来新的途径。微波炉烘干是否破坏了有机质,测试数据是否有效,最佳烘干时间是多少成为不可逾越的问题。笔者以延安地区黄土及红黏土为研究对象,采用微波炉烘干和常规实验室烘箱烘干方法,对比了不同烘干时间的土样含水率,确定了土样含水率达到稳定时的烘干时间。结果表明:微波炉烘干达到10min后,其结果与烘箱烘干法一致,方法有效;微波炉设定高火力,延安马兰黄土(Qp3)烘干时间为7min,离石黄土(Qp2)烘干时间为8min,对新近系N2b-j组红粘土烘干时间为10min;与烘箱烘干法相比,波炉烘干法可现场测试,省去了送样和和长时间烘烤时间,显著提高了工作效率,可作为工程施工及地质调查现场快速测定含水率的方法。 相似文献
5.
离子固化剂(ISS)对膨胀土改良后,膨胀土稳定性会改善。为了分析研究不同初始含水率的膨胀土经过ISS改良效果,进行了膨胀土改良前后的剪切试验、界限含水率试验和自由膨胀率试验。通过改良前、后土体的抗剪强度、塑限、液限、塑限指数、自由膨胀率的变化规律研究,得出膨胀土的初始含水率在11%～30%区间时,改良后土体的膨胀性得到了消除,抗剪强度得到了明显提高; 初始含水率不在11%～30%区间时土样改良后仍具有一定膨胀性,抗剪强度提高不明显。这是因为,当膨胀土烘干时,靠毛细吸力吸附的固化剂量不能与所有黏土颗粒进行反应; 当膨胀土饱和时,靠溶液渗透到膨胀土表面的固化剂也不能与所有黏土颗粒进行反应。该试验结果对膨胀土现场改良时含水率的确定具有重要的指导意义。 相似文献
6.
岩土层含水量的变化是诱发滑坡、泥石流地质灾害最为重要的因素之一,以往采用的张力计法、电阻法、中子法、电容式、γ—射线法、光学测量法和TDR法等测量原理,分别存在精度不高、对人体危害大或受天气影响大和电子线路造价昂贵等缺点。而FDR型滑坡体岩土层多层含水量自动监测仪采用电磁波频域反射（简称FDR）管式含水量传感器进行监测,通过含水量无线通讯采集监测仪进行远程数据采集并无线传输。滑坡体岩土层多层含水量自动监测仪具有体积小、测程大、响应速度快、灵敏度高、精度高、耐腐蚀和抗潮等特点,推动了地质灾害预警监测技术的进步。 相似文献
7.
宝塔山斜坡坡高壁陡,存在多处崩塌滑坡隐患,开展了有针对性的斜坡变形迹象及诱发因素监测,分别进行了滑坡体深部位移监测、降雨监测、土壤含水率监测和视频监测,建设了监测数据实时自动采集、自动传输、自动入库的宝塔山斜坡自动监测系统.监测结果表明,宝塔山滑坡各监测点位移量接近零,降雨对土壤含水率具有明显影响的深度为0～4.0m.结合视频监测及宏观调查资料,判定宝塔山基底整体稳定,发生整体滑动产生大型滑坡的可能性很小,但在极端气候条件下发生浅层滑坡和中小型崩塌的可能性很大,危及宝塔山安全,需采取有效的崩塌滑坡灾害治理措施. 相似文献
8.
采用微孔陶瓷压力探头测土壤水的负压力，是目前工程上常用的一种方法。对测得的负压力和土壤含水率之间的数学关系探讨，目前国内、外还处于空白。根据自行研制的孔隙水压力仪测得的负压力，对应土壤含水率之间的关系，在试验数据、实际监测数据和前人结论的基础上，得出了一种算法。根据该算法编写的软件，目前已应用于长江三峡巫山地区的地质灾害监测中。 相似文献
9.
本文采用了一种碳纤维加热光缆的光纤含水率测试方法（简称C-AHFO法）,解决了AHFO法监测土的含水率长期（16个月）稳定性问题,并开展了室内标定和现场原位土的含水率监测试验,确定了土中含水率与温度特征值之间的关系,建立了数值模型。室内率定试验结果表明:含水率与温度特征值之间的关系可用分段函数表述。当含水率小于0.08 m3·m-3时,可采用线性关系表述;高于0.08 m3·m-3时可采用对数函数表述。经过16个月的现场监测表明:C-AHFO法在此时间范围稳定,可对土的含水率进行分布式监测,测试误差不超过0.033 m3·m-3,可准确地反映天气和季节变化过程中表层土（深度小于20 cm）的湿度变化,监测结果与数值模拟计算结果具有一致性。该方法的研发和应用为土的大面积实时含水率分布式监测提供了一种新的手段。 相似文献
10.
主动加热光纤法(Actively Heated Fiber Optic method,简称AHFO)实现了土的含水率大面积连续性测量,但该方法中采用的数学模型还不完善。通过试验测试了AHFO法中采用的几种常用数学模型,在此基础上提出了分段函数模型,并通过试验对分段函数模型的计算结果进行了论证。研究结果表明:指数函数模型获得的土的含水率结果误差较大;幂函数和对数函数模型获得的结果误差较小但整体值偏大;线性模型获得的结果误差最小,但在含水率较小时,测值偏小;分段函数模型对土的整个含水率变化范围内的含水率测定都具有很高的精度,绝对误差平均值达到了1.16%,可以满足土的含水率测试要求。分段函数模型的提出,对提高土的含水率AHFO法测定精度和促进方法的推广具有重要意义。 相似文献
11.
岩土体含水量对滑坡,尤其是土质滑坡的稳定性具有极大的影响。本文以三峡库区秭归段内土质滑坡作为研究对象,利用Sentinel-1雷达数据反演地表岩土体含水量来替代传统的湿度指数因子,在保持其他因子不变的情况下,构建二元逻辑回归模型进行滑坡易发性评价。结果表明,利用成功率曲线对结果进行分析,采用岩土体含水量因子时预测精度达到80.2%,高于采用地形湿度指数的77.2%。利用雷达数据反演得到的岩土体含水量代替地形湿度指数进行滑坡易发性评价精度较高、预测能力较强。 相似文献
12.
降雨是诱发滑坡最主要的因素。为减少滑坡灾害造成的人员伤亡和经济损失,滑坡早期预警系统成为了最佳选择之一。根据弹性波传播的基本原理和基于降雨型滑坡变形破坏的特点,提出利用弹性波波速来反映边坡表面土体含水率和位移的变化。开发研制了一套三轴渗流-弹性波测试三轴仪和相关系统。该装置能让水从底部渗入土体,模拟降雨入渗土体的过程,同时能测试弹性波波速。试验过程中同步测试含水率、变形和弹性波波速的变化。还进行了降雨滑坡模型试验。利用三轴弯曲元注水试验和降雨滑坡模型试验,深入分析和研究降雨引起的土体滑坡过程与弹性波波速演化规律,揭示波速与含水率和变形的耦合关系。研究结果表明,弹性波波速随着含水率的增大而缓慢减小,随着变形的增大而急剧减小,临近失稳时,波速骤然减小。根据试验结果对含水率和变形导致弹性波波速减小可能的机制进行了解释,提出弹性波在波速骤然减小时发出滑坡预警。研究结果为滑坡防灾减灾和预测预报提供新的方法和可靠的依据。 相似文献
13.
Lucio Di Matteo Cristina Pauselli Daniela Valigi Maurizio Ercoli Mauro Rossi Giacomo Guerra Costanza Cambi Remo Ricco Giuseppe Vinti 《Landslides》2018,15(1):173-180
Shallow landslide failures are distributed worldwide and cause economic losses and fatalities. A proper evaluation of the possible occurrence of shallow landslides requires reliable characterization of water content. Volumetric water content (θ) is commonly estimated using dielectric sensors, which use manufacturers’ calibration curves developed for specific soil types. In this study, we present the experimental results achieved during a laboratory calibration of a capacitance probe (PR2/6 probe), tested on two sandy soils widely outcropping in Central Italy. The proposed equations demonstrate a more reliable estimation of θ with respect to the generalized soil equation provided by the manufacturer, which overestimates θ by up to 10 percentage points. Such overestimation could affect the evaluation of suction stress in partially saturated shallow soils affecting the slope stability analysis. Although the use of θ from correct calibration equations provides less precautionary factor of safety values, a reliable evaluation of the soil moisture condition is fundamental when mapping and predicting the spatial and temporal occurrence of shallow landslides. The use of the PR2/6 probe with the appropriate soil calibration equations in early warning monitoring systems will provide a more reliable forecast, minimizing the number of false alarms. 相似文献
14.
降雨量和位移是当前降雨型滑坡监测预警最常用的指标。然而,降雨量和位移监测结果只能反映降雨作用下滑坡的变形情况,不能揭示滑坡内在物理力学性状对降雨的响应。因此,除降雨量和位移监测之外,建立包括体积含水率、基质吸力等反映滑坡动态演化过程的关键指标监测体系必将成为今后更真实地把握滑坡内在演化趋势、更准确地建立滑坡综合预警判据的最有效手段。笔者对赣南地区典型降雨型滑坡进行了多指标监测及综合预警示范研究。结果表明:(1)在降雨条件下滑坡土体内部体积含水率、基质吸力和温度等多指标均产生有规律的动态响应;(2)随着降雨的持续,滑体体积含水率与基质吸力的变化均具有显著的滞后现象;(3)体积含水率和基质吸力变化速率与滑体位移具有显著的正相关性;(4)滑体温度分布变化规律受大气温度和体积含水率的共同影响。以实测数据的滑坡稳定性分析为基准,在考虑实际降雨入渗深度与滑坡稳定性的关联度上,建立了包括日降雨量、体积含水率增加速率、基质吸力减小速率以及位移速度多元指标预警方法体系,提出了基于关键指标综合预警体系及确定方法,旨在为降雨滑坡准确预警提供新模式。 相似文献
15.
Francesco Ponziani Claudia Pandolfo Marco Stelluti Nicola Berni Luca Brocca Tommaso Moramarco 《Landslides》2012,9(2):229-237
Rainfall thresholds represent the main tool for the Italian Civil Protection System for early warning of the threat of landslides. However, it is well-known that soil moisture conditions at the onset of a storm event also play a critical role in triggering slope failures, especially in the case of shallow landslides. This study attempts to define soil moisture (estimated by using a soil water balance model) and rainfall thresholds that can be employed for hydrogeological risk prevention by the Civil Protection Decentrate Functional Centre (CFD) located in the Umbria Region (central Italy). Two different analyses were carried out by determining rainfall and soil moisture conditions prior to widespread landslide events that occurred in the Umbria Region and that are reported in the AVI (Italian Vulnerable Areas) inventory for the period 1991?C2001. Specifically, a ??local?? analysis that considered the major landslide events of the AVI inventory and an ??areal?? analysis subdividing the Umbria Region in ten sub-areas were carried out. Comparison with rainfall thresholds used by the Umbria Region CFD was also carried out to evaluate the reliability of the current procedures employed for landslide warning. The main result of the analysis is the quantification of the decreasing linear trend between the maximum cumulated rainfall values over 24, 36 and 48?h and the soil moisture conditions prior to landslide events. This trend provides a guideline to dynamically adjust the operational rainfall thresholds used for warning. Moreover, the areal analysis, which was aimed to test the operational use of the combined soil moisture?Crainfall thresholds showed, particularly for low values of rainfall, the key role of soil moisture conditions for the triggering of landslides. On the basis of these results, the Umbria Region CFD is implementing a procedure aimed to the near real-time estimation of soil moisture conditions based on the soil water balance model developed ad hoc for the region. In fact, it was evident that a better assessment of the initial soil moisture conditions would support and improve the hydrogeological risk assessment. 相似文献
16.
The potential for widespread landslides is generally increased when extraordinary wet periods occur during times of elevated subsurface hydrologic conditions. A series of storms in early 2018 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, overlapped with a period of increased shallow soil moisture and rising bedrock groundwater levels resulting from seasonally diminished evapotranspiration and induced widespread landslides in the region. Most of the landslides were shallow slope failures in colluvium, landslide deposits, and/or fill. However, deep-seated landslide activity also occurred and corresponded with record cumulative precipitation from late February to April and bedrock groundwater levels rising to an annual high. Landslides blocked or damaged roads, adversely affected multiple houses, disrupted electrical service, crushed vehicles, and resulted in considerable economic losses. The initial landslides occurred during or immediately after a rare period of three successive days of heavy rain that began on February 14. Subsequent landslides between late February and April were induced by multiday storms with smaller rainfall totals. As shallow soil moisture at a monitoring site rose above a volumetric water content of 32%, the mean rainfall intensities necessary to induce slope failure in colluvium and other surficial deposits decreased. Deep-seated landslide movement occurred in the region mostly when the groundwater level in a bedrock observation well was shallower than 1.7 m. The availability of hydrologic and landslide movement monitoring data during this extraordinary series of storms highlighted the evolution of the landslide hazard with changing moisture conditions and yielded insights into potential hydrologic criteria for anticipating future widespread landslides in the region.
相似文献17.
Scale-invariance of soil moisture variability and its implications for the frequency-size distribution of landslides 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
Jon D. Pelletier Bruce D. Malamud Troy Blodgett Donald L. Turcotte 《Engineering Geology》1997,48(3-4):255-268
Power spectral analyses of soil moisture variability are carried out from scales of 100 m to 10 km on the microwave remotely-sensed data from the Washita experimental watershed during 1992. The power spectrum S(k) has an approximate power-law dependence on wave number k with the exponent −1.8. This behavior is consistent with the behavior of a stochastic differential equation for soil moisture at a point, and it has important consequences for the frequency-size distribution of landslides. We present the cumulative frequency-size distributions of landslides induced by precipitation in Japan and Bolivia as well as landslides triggered by the 1994 Northridge, California earthquake. Large landslides in these regions, despite being triggered by different mechanisms, have a cumulative frequency-size distribution with a power-law dependence on area with an exponent ranging from −1.5 to −2. We use a soil moisture field with the above statistics in conjunction with a slope stability analysis to model the frequency-size distribution of landslides. In our model, landslides occur when a threshold shear stress dependent on cohesion, pore pressure, internal friction and slope angle is exceeded. This implies a threshold dependence on soil moisture and slope angle since cohesion, pore pressure and internal friction are primarily dependent on soil moisture. The cumulative frequency-size distribution of domains of shear stress greater than a threshold value with soil moisture modeled as above and topography modeled as a Brownian walk is a power-law function of area with an exponent of −1.8 for large landslide areas. This distribution is similar to that observed for landslides. The effect of strong ground motion from earthquakes lowers the shear stress necessary for failure, but does not change the frequency-size distribution of failed areas. This is consistent with observations. This work suggests that remote sensing of soil moisture can be of great importance in monitoring landslide hazards and proposes a specific quantitative model for landslide hazard assessment. 相似文献