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1.
This study examines the spatiality of interlocking directorates of Canadian companies, with particular emphasis given to international interlocks. From a geographical standpoint, do these connections to foreign firms reinforce the importance of Canada’s top corporate cities as ‘gateways’ to international business? Is there a geography associated with the interlocking to these gateway cities? Findings build on James O. Wheeler’s body of research focused on corporate headquarters. This study is placed within the context of the current economic geography dialogue. Particular focus is placed on Saxenian’s theory of brain circulation, wherein she argues that individuals with international experience serve as brokers linking domestic businesses with those in distant regions. A further purpose of this study then is to examine Saxenian’s argument in the context of Canadian corporations. First, is there a geographical association between directors’ foreign educations and where Canadian firms are interlocked to internationally? Second, the corporate performance of Canadian firms interlocked internationally will be measured against those firms that are not. It seems logical to assume that increased connections would yield more diverse and rich knowledge, which could lead to better decisions, and thus corporate performance, in today’s global world. But does it? This study finds that being linked to an international company through a common director did translate into more profitability for Canadian firms. Findings also revealed a geographical link between international interlocks and a director’s foreign education. However, when Canadian firms were interlocked with an international company with a director who had international education, greater profits did not necessarily result. 相似文献
2.
JOHN HARNER 《Geographical review》2010,100(4):494-520
The location of trade and services in Guadalajara, Mexico, is in flux as suburban commercial centers compete with the traditional downtown for new businesses and employment. Since the mid‐1990s a factor driving the change has been the introduction of American‐style big‐box retailers, corporate franchise supermarkets, and large suburban shopping malls. In this article I analyze the changing patterns of commercial and service businesses and employment from 1994 to 2004 in order to compare suburban and urban growth. My analysis includes comparative measures of change in neighborhoods immediately surrounding Walmart stores and by disaggregated types of commercial districts. Results indicate that a complementary relationship has developed: Suburbs are increasingly strong in the services, but the downtown remains a commercial hub. Moreover, some traditional small vendors in close proximity to Walmart may suffer, but growth in employment and in the service sector near Walmarts is high. 相似文献
3.
The organizational separation of management and other quaternary activities from production operations in American manufacturing has resulted in a divergent pattern of production and headquarter locations. We examine the external control relationships that arise from this separation between headquarter location and branch plant operations in nonmetropolitan Kentucky. Although corporate headquarters have diffused to the Sunbelt, no shift was found in the corporate control of branch plants in Kentucky. Nonmetropolitan manufacturing in Kentucky was oriented toward the metropolitan centers of the traditional manufacturing belt rather than the newer corporate centers of the South. Also control relationships are more likely to be local among smaller factories. Large plants having more autonomy in production or producing finished goods were more likely to be owned by a distant firm located in a large SMSA. 相似文献
4.
A new mapping of the world for the new millennium 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Peter J. Taylor Michael Hoyler David R.F. Walker & Mark J. Szegner 《The Geographical journal》2001,167(3):213-222
A new mapping of the world derived from connections between cities is presented as a complement to the traditional world map of countries. Under conditions of contemporary globalization world cities have emerged as global service centres. These have been created by the location strategies of leading corporate service firms (e.g. in accountancy) in setting up their global office networks. Data on the offices of 46 global service firms in 55 world cities are used to define service connections between cities. Connections are converted into measures of network proximity and a multidimensional scaling is applied to these 'distances' to create a 'global service space' of cities. This new mapping of the world shows a distinctive centric structure with the major world cities (e.g. London) at the core. Investigation of this general structure reveals more subtle patterns of interacting regional and hierarchical tendencies. 相似文献
5.
《The Professional geographer》2013,65(4):332-342
The organizational separation of management and other quaternary activities from production operations in American manufacturing has resulted in a divergent pattern of production and headquarter locations. We examine the external control relationships that arise from this separation between headquarter location and branch plant operations in nonmetropolitan Kentucky. Although corporate headquarters have diffused to the Sunbelt, no shift was found in the corporate control of branch plants in Kentucky. Nonmetropolitan manufacturing in Kentucky was oriented toward the metropolitan centers of the traditional manufacturing belt rather than the newer corporate centers of the South. Also control relationships are more likely to be local among smaller factories. Large plants having more autonomy in production or producing finished goods were more likely to be owned by a distant firm located in a large SMSA. 相似文献
6.
Donald Lyons 《The Professional geographer》1995,47(4):388-398
The objective of this paper is to analyze the changing geography of the 500 fastest growing small, private companies, as defined by Inc magazine, in the United States from 1982 to 1992. The study focuses on rates of formation of these firms within types of metropolitan region, the impact of economic restructuring, and the locational dynamics of companies within the fastest growing economic sectors. Results suggest that there is little regional or hierarchical logic to the distribution of the firms, that the influence of economic restructuring is clearly evident, and that new rapidly growing high-technology firms are highly concentrated in San Francisco and Los Angeles, while higher-order service firms are dispersing down the urban hierarchy. 相似文献
7.
基于微观企业数据从关联性视角对兰州市生产性服务业与制造业空间分布特征和模式进行分析,进而探讨其区位选择因素的异同。研究表明：① 生产性服务业与制造业的空间布局均呈现出以主城区为主体、外围局部地区为补充的“中心-外围”空间格局,但生产性服务业集聚区主要集中在河谷地带的主城区,制造业集聚区则呈现出明显的郊区化趋势,二者在空间上存在关联的同时又具有一定的可分性。② 生产性服务业形成了以城市中心区和郊区国家级新区及卫星城镇为多元空间载体的“紧凑型-中心性”模式,制造业则形成了以国家级新区和产业园区为空间载体的“离散型-郊区化”模式。③ 生产性服务业与制造业企业的区位选择需在产业环境、要素禀赋以及政策导向方面进行权衡,生产性服务业企业较为关注区域整体发展氛围,制造业企业则更注重自然因素、区位历史和产业政策的影响。④ 传统型生产性服务业企业区位选择受到地方化经济、区位资源禀赋的影响最为显著,现代型和高端型生产性服务业企业则更容易受到政策的导引从而形成空间集聚;劳动密集型制造业企业主要依附在劳动力资源较为丰富且交通便利的地区,资本密集型制造业企业倾向于具有产业政策优势及土地成本优势的开发区和新区布局,技术密集型制造业企业受成本要素的制约较小且更加注重集聚经济的外部效用。 相似文献
8.
William Pritchard 《Area》1999,31(1):9-17
Summary Internet websites provide a new are na in which companies can create images and representations with attendant geographical narratives. A case study of the websites of the 20 largest US-headquartered food, beverage and food service companies reveals an extensive use of geographical narratives that play on the particular spatial dimensions of the internet. The websites of many of these companies attempt to project and situate corporate activities within a stylized representation of the local and the global, thus providing a 'space' for corporate discourse within cyberspace. Insights gained from this case study highlight the importance of geography and geographical metaphors within the discursive lives of companies. The paper concludes that corporate websites portray idealized identities within idealized geographies. 相似文献
9.
《Urban geography》2013,34(2):130-140
Discriminant analysis was used to investigate the empirical underpinnings of the labels, "Sunbelt" and "Frostbelt." Nine study variables were chosen to represent structural, economic, and population characteristics in 158 SMSAs with 1980 populations over 200,000. The results show that SMSAs in the Sunbelt have lower densities; they house larger minority populations who are less likely to participate in the political process; and their economies are less oriented to manufacturing. In terms of the regional convergence-uneven development debate, results favor the uneven development thesis. The fact that Sunbelt metropolitan areas house populations that are different from their Frostbelt counterparts and perform different social roles and functions in the national space economy suggests they represent a new form of urban development rather than a manifestation of heretofore lagging regions converging with traditional centers of development. 相似文献
10.
Thomas Boyle 《The Australian geographer》2012,43(4):393-410
As the social, ecological and economic benefits of green buildings become more established, firms, especially professional service firms, are responding by adopting sustainable office space (SOS). Accelerating this uptake demands a nuanced appreciation of firms’ understandings of and motivations for adopting SOS. Through a qualitative study of professional service firms in Sydney, this paper brings together a decentred understanding of the contemporary firm drawn from the ‘new economic geographies’ approach and theories of corporate social responsibility to trace and interpret the diverse and overlapping motivations shaping the uptake of SOS amongst these firms. The firm is shown to be a site of plurality and agency, governed by multiple logics. Whilst motivations informed by economic logic remain persuasive and pervasive, the adoption of SOS is simultaneously informed by a wider palette of logics, including environmental and social logics. The paper argues that a decentred conceptualisation of the firm brings the multiplicity of firms’ orientations towards SOS into view and, in so doing, has the potential to inform a politics of intervention for steering firms towards more socially and environmentally sustainable behaviours. 相似文献
11.
Ben Gerlofs 《Urban geography》2017,38(6):813-833
This article examines the construction and dismantling of a regime of “aesthetic governmentality” in Oak Brook, Illinois. This regime consists not only of policy and law, but more importantly of a way of seeing and evaluating Oak Brook’s idyllic suburban landscape. Drawing on interview and archival data, the case is made that the power of this longstanding regime has begun to decline in recent years, making space for new ways of understanding life in Oak Brook and for new social and political priorities. These changes have shifted the balance of power away from the small, affluent residential population and toward the demands of local business interests (including several multinational corporations). The article concludes with the cautionary argument that the dismantling of this regime may simply displace one kind of exclusion in favor of another. 相似文献
12.
基于成都、西安高新区企业调研数据,在构建企业投资决策驱动指标体系的基础上,采用因子分析法考察企业投资决策的驱动因素,并运用单因素方差分析和相关性检验进一步探究企业异质性与投资决策驱动因素的关系。结果表明:(1)信息通信水平、获取高素质人才、人际关系网络等构成企业投资决策的关键驱动指标,而跨国公司集聚、获取自然资源、决策者偏好等指标的解释力度最小。(2)企业投资决策由6个维度因子构成,其重要程度由高至低依次为政策、产业集群与人力资源、城市环境、城市区位、企业集聚以及关系因子。(3)入园越早、规模越大、总部型及出口型企业均更加依赖政策驱动;私企与外企、一般服务业企业与高级服务业企业、部分迁移企业与非迁移企业、办公区企业与科技园企业、办公区企业与厂区企业分别形成了基本对立的投资驱动偏好。 相似文献
13.
《Urban geography》2013,34(4):316-339
This paper addresses the role of the Atlanta metropolitan area as a telecommunications center based on the use of fiber optics. The major focus is on the intrametropolitan layout of this network, including fiber-optic access points, downtown and suburban fiber loops, and the location of data service and teleservice centers. The aim is to identify congruence between high-technology firms and fiber-optic lines that produce clustering within the metropolitan region. Atlanta has a dense fiber-optic infrastructure in place in the CBD-Midtown area and in several corporate clusters in the suburbs. A number of fiber-optic carriers compete in the Atlanta market—including BellSouth, with approximately 400,000 miles of fiber-optic cable—giving Atlanta more miles of optic fiber than any other metropolitan area in the United States. This extensive fiber network bestows fresh advantages to old downtown property and businesses and creates burgeoning opportunities in the suburbs as it literally undergirds the growth of edge cities at such locations as Perimeter Center and Cumberland-Galleria. Long-established Atlanta firms such as Coca-Cola have drawn fiber sites to themselves, whereas sites on fiber-optic loops attract new businesses seeking ready backbone and broadband access to other metropolitan areas in the United States and cities around the globe. This study also focuses on Atlanta's position within the U.S. intermetropolitan telecommunications hierarchy, where the metropolitan area ranks sixth in total number of backbone connections with other U.S. Metropolitan areas. [Key words: Atlanta, fiber optics, telecommunications.] 相似文献
14.
北京市建筑设计产业空间分布与区位选择 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
超大城市的城市空间结构调整需求日益迫切,城市内细分产业的空间分布及区位选择的研究也变得更加重要。以北京市为例,从微观视角分析了超大城市内部企业空间分布规律,以期为城市优化建筑设计产业空间结构提供理论支撑。运用核密度估计方法、Ripley’s K（d）函数以及负二项模型,分析了建筑设计企业的空间分布及其区位选择的影响因素。结果表明：① 服务型建筑设计企业集中分布在北京市五环内的中心城区;工程型建筑设计企业选址郊区化明显。② 服务型建筑设计企业的集聚尺度较工程型更大,不同细分行业的工程型建筑设计企业集聚尺度存在差异。③ 建筑设计企业在选址时受到政策、服务设施、运营成本、信息通达度和产业基础的影响,不同类型企业选址时的侧重点不同。与大规模企业相比,中小规模企业受成本要素的影响更大。与服务型建筑设计企业相比,工程型建筑设计企业受到政策的影响大。④ 选址在中心城区的建筑设计企业对服务设施和信息通达度等要素更为敏感,城郊的企业则主要受到成本要素和交通基础设施的影响。 相似文献
15.
Postsuburban Spatial Evolution of Vienna's Urban Fringe: Evidence from Point Process Modeling 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《Urban geography》2013,34(8):1100-1117
Metropolitan areas today are faced with pervasive changes of their urban spatial structure and are reshaped by postsuburbanization processes. In this study, one example of such postsuburban restructuring, the multinucleated monofunctional clustering of higher-order services, is investigated in the urban fringe of Vienna, Austria. The methodological framework uses microgeographic data for 2006 and applies a case-control point process modeling approach, which accounts for nonstationarity in first-order effects. The results show a relocation of highly specialized firms into the outer metropolitan ring, where these firms provide functional enrichment. This disagrees with the classical notion of a central place hierarchy. The urban fringe thus increasingly conforms to the core city. This spatial functional agglomeration shows statistically significant evidence of a bicentric urban structure, with the two new subcenters located in traditional suburban areas. Accordingly, Vienna's urban fringe is being altered by new postsuburban forms. 相似文献
16.
《Urban geography》2013,34(2):105-122
During the 1990s, urban geographers have become fascinated with what are termed “neotraditional landscapes,” yet have ignored the broader cultural contexts of neotraditionalism. In this paper, I use a more encompassing and culturally based conception of neotraditionalism to demonstrate a salience of neotraditionalism in the suburban landscape beyond strict neotraditional developments. My argument is that neotraditionalist beliefs are transforming “ordinary” suburban landscapes in subtle but distinctive ways beyond the presence of neotraditional developments. This different reading of suburban neotraditionalism is filtered through qualitative material collected during in-depth interviews in two suburban neighborhoods in Vancouver, Canada. Though the research is suggestive rather than definitive, I suggest that it has important implications for rethinking geographies of suburban exclusion. 相似文献
17.
《Urban geography》2013,34(6):526-555
This study investigates a linkage between rapid population growth in the Sunbelt's metropolitan areas (MSAs) and characteristics of small-scale businesses. Many Sunbelt MSAs are experiencing relatively rapid employment growth that also fuels population growth, and such linkages could well be related to especially potent employment multiplier effects associated with small firms. Using data from the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) for 2000, relative concentrations of small-scale establishments in rapidly growing Sunbelt MSAs are described and classified by type. Size of MSA appears to be an important factor in supporting higher- and/or lower-order activities, as proposed by the basic principles of central place theory. In contrast, some of the slowest growing Snowbelt MSAs show a lack of small businesses in key economic sectors, particularly quaternary activities, and their economies continue to be dominated by location-specific industries, such as mining. 相似文献
18.
Do firms adopt lower standards in poorer areas? Corporate social responsibility and environmental justice in the EU and the US 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Andy Gouldson 《Area》2006,38(4):402-412
Within the context of broader debates on corporate social responsibility (CSR) and environmental justice (EJ), this paper examines three key questions: first, how the standards that corporations adopt at the global scale trickle down into local site-level practices; second, whether levels of corporate environmental performance vary from place to place; and third whether any variations in corporate environmental performance relate to the principles of EJ. To do this, the analysis draws upon recently disclosed data to evaluate variations in the environmental performance of oil refineries across the US and the EU. It finds significant variations in emissions of some key pollutants. These exist both across the range of refineries, with dirtier refineries emitting at least five times as much as cleaner refineries, and between the EU and the US, with refineries in the EU emitting more than twice as much as refineries in the US. At the local level, it finds that there are correlations between higher levels of emissions from refineries and lower levels of income, employment and population density. Although these findings provide support for some of the contentions of the EJ movement, they do not say anything about causality, and as a result we cannot say definitively that companies adopt lower standards in poorer areas. 相似文献
19.
都市农业景观破碎化过程对生态系统服务价值的影响——以西安市为例 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
利用西安市土地利用解译图及社会经济数据,在界定都市农业景观的前提下,分析西安市都市农业景观破碎化过程,在此基础上分析都市农业景观破碎化对生态系统服务价值的影响。结果表明：① 1999-2011 年,西安市都市农业景观的斑块密度、分离度指数增加,都市农业景观呈破碎化趋势;② 都市农业景观分离度与都市农业生态系统服务总价值及各项价值均呈较强的负相关关系;破碎化过程中废物处理及土壤形成价值减少量最大,同时食物生产价值减少率最大,减少了12.73%,娱乐文化减少的价值量及减少率最小,为1.93%;③ 耕地、林地、水域呈景观破碎化趋势,而园地聚集度上升,同时耕地、林地、水域的生态系统服务价值下降,园地生态系统服务价值增加。 相似文献
20.
Aksel Ersoy 《The Professional geographer》2016,68(1):138-148
This article examines the distribution of the headquarters of top 500 large industrial enterprises in Turkey. It contributes to the knowledge of economic geography by examining regional clusters of headquarters activity in Turkey. As a country, Turkey's corporations have not been extensively analyzed or integrated into the international economic geography literature especially given the fact that headquarters activities in general are important but understudied in the literature of geography. This study therefore extends the corporate literature further in an international dimension, a priority that has been noted as important in the headquarters literature of geography. It argues that not only does the spatial organization of corporations remain important in urban systems but also that they are linked to the dynamics of local and regional economies within developing countries. It shows that various Turkish cities have distinctive internal structures comprising agglomerations of different industries. Although some of these industries are better performing in big cities, the majority of the cities in the top 500 large enterprises list underperform on average. 相似文献