共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
2008年和2009年, 通过和新加坡宜康地质技术有限责任公司合作, 在新加坡18个浅钻孔中进行了水压致裂地应力测量. 通过测量获得了新加坡地壳浅部的现今应力状态, 为新加坡拟建地下管缆隧道设计施工提供了地应力依据, 也为世界应力环境数据库提供了参考. 测试结果表明, 在38.00~56.95 m深度域内最大水平主应力σh值为3.45~9.64 MPa, 最小水平主应力σh为2.49~6.28 MPa. 水平主应力和用上覆岩层重量计算的垂直应力σv之间的关系为σh>σh>σv,最大、最小水平主应力平均值分别是垂直应力平均值的5.13倍和3.23倍, 表明新加坡应力场以水平应力为主导. 初步分析认为, 新加坡陆域浅部构造应力场的量值大致呈南、北两端偏低, 中间高的态势, 在北端最大与最小水平主应力值都小于它们各自的平均值, 而南端则与平均值相当. 最大水平主应力优势方向为NE—NEE向, 该方向与前人在其邻区获得的构造应力场方向和由震源机制解反映的主压应力方向较为一致. 新加坡现今构造应力场状态与印度板块、澳大利亚板块、菲律宾板块与欧亚板块的汇聚作用有着密切的联系. 根据库仑摩擦滑动准则, 断层面摩擦系数取0.6~1.0, 分析了研究区内断层产生摩擦滑动的可能性. 相似文献
2.
Vertical stresses in the earth's upper crust may be evaluated by the depth times the average unit weight of the overlying rock mass; however, the horizontal stress is difficult to obtain. Rock usually contains joints or cracks, and its fracture toughness is limited. If the horizontal stress acting on a cracked rock body exceeds a certain range, the crack will propagate and lead to rock fracture; and if a cracked rock is stable, the horizontal stress must be within a certain range. Therefore, from the stability condition of cracks, the range of horizontal stress can be evaluated. In this paper, a collinear crack model is employed to establish the cracked rock stability condition, and our theoretical results generally agree with the in-situ measurement results. The theoretical results can well explain the phenomenon that the ratio of horizontal stress to vertical stress near crust surface is scattered in a wide range, but in deep zone, it is scattered in a narrow range. 相似文献
3.
The scattering of shear-waves in the crust 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Stuart Crampin 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1990,132(1-2):67-91
The two major sources of scattering for shear-waves in the crust, interactions with the topography at the surface and the effective anisotropy of aligned cracks throughout the rockmass, introduce first-order changes to the shear-wave particle-motion. At the surface, shear-waves are scattered by the topography within a wavelength or two of the recording site so that, unless the effective incidence angle is less than the critical angle sin–1
V
S/V
P, the recorded waveforms may bear little relationship to the waveforms of the incident wave. Within the rockmass, shear-waves are scattered by extensive-dilatancy anisotropy (EDA), the distribution of stress-aligned fluid-filled cracks, microcracks, and preferentially oriented pore-space pervading most rocks in the crust. Analysis of this shear-wave splitting yields new information about the internal structure of thein situ rockmass which is not otherwise available. 相似文献
4.
Robert W. Decker 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1965,28(1):231-256
Active volcanoes occur in at least two fundamentally different tectonic settings. Taphrogenic volcanoes are aligned along the mid-ocean fracture system which is characterized by a broad ridge of rugged relief, «tensional» horizontal stress components perpendicular to the ridge, shallow earthquakes in a zone vertically beneath the ridge crest, thin to normal occanic crust and low to normal seismic velocities in the uppermost mantle, positive free-air gravity anomalies, and high heat flow. Orogenic volcanoes are aligned along the mobile Pacific rim and Indonesian archipelago which are characterized by double or single arcuate ridges with a deep oceanic trench on the convex side, compressional horizontal stress components perpendicular to the arcs, shallow to deep earthquakes in a zone dipping from the trench to beneath the volcanoes and beyond, transitional crustal thicknesses and seismic velocities, parallel belts of negative and positive free-air gravity anomalies from the trench to the volcanic arc, and low heat flow from the trench. The diverse nature of most geophysical lineaments associated with volcanism suggests that magma generation is independent of these phenomena. The remaining correlation of shallow earthquakes with taphrogenic volcanocs and intermediate depth earthquakes with orogenic volcanoes suggests that active fracture systems reaching these depths can tap latent magma sources. Seismic evidence for a low velocity layer beginning 100 km beneath continents and 60 km beneath oceans gives independent support to this hypothesis. 相似文献
5.
西沙群岛独特的构造位置决定了其构造运动背景和地壳应力场动力源的复杂性.位于西沙群岛石岛、深达1268.07m的西科1A井在1257.52m钻遇花岗岩基底.在1125.8~1262.0m开展5次水压致裂地应力测量,获得最大水平主应力为17.09~20.85MPa,最小水平主应力为15.97~18.29MPa,估算垂直主应力为22.86~26.68 MPa,地壳应力结构为SVSHSh,以垂直主应力为主导,该应力结构特征有利于正断层活动,表明西沙群岛地壳基底处于拉张的应力环境.受西沙海槽断层影响,水平应力值较低.印模测试显示基底地壳应力方向以近东西-北西向为主,与已有的GPS测量、横波分裂和面波反演结果较为吻合,显示西沙群岛岩石圈尺度上变形一致性较好.西沙群岛地壳应力场的力源受板块运动和地幔物质上涌作用联合制约.综合南海西北部实测地应力数据分析,显示该区域主应力方向较为一致,应处于统一、稳定的构造运动背景之中.西科1A井水压致裂试验是我国首次涉海深孔地壳应力测量,具有重要的地球动力学意义,提供了研究南海地球物理场的宝贵基础资料. 相似文献
6.
中国大陆与各活动地块、南北地震带实测应力特征分析 总被引：16，自引：3，他引：13
本文以"中国大陆地壳应力环境基础数据库"为基础,补充了迄今为止查阅到的中国大陆水压致裂法与应力解除法的实测地应力数据,在1474个测点上得到3586条数据,研究区经度范围75°E－130°E,纬度范围18°N－47°N,深度范围0~4000 m,基本覆盖了中国大陆的各活动地块与南北地震带各段等研究区.本文采用等深度段分组归纳的方法解决了实测地应力数据样本数量沿深度分布的不均匀问题,给出了中国大陆与各研究区地壳浅层测量深度范围内应力量值、方位特征.结果显示:(1)中国大陆地壳浅层最大水平应力、最小水平应力、垂直应力随深度呈线性增加;(2)中国大陆地区侧压系数随深度的变化特征为:浅部离散,随着深度增加而集中,并趋向0.68,D=465 m是水平作用为主导向垂直作用为主导的转换深度,Kav=1;(3)中国大陆水平差应力在地表为3 MPa左右,随深度增加以5.8 MPa/km的梯度增大;(4)在测量深度范围内,中国大陆各研究区最大水平应力中间值(深度为2000 m时的统计回归值)从大到小的顺序是:青藏地块63.6 MPa、南北带北段57.3 MPa、华南地块51.4 MPa、华北地块50.5 MPa、南北带中段47.9 MPa、西域地块47.5 MPa、南北带南段45.4 MPa、东北地块44.8 MPa,总体表现为"西强东弱"的基本特征,反映了印度板块与欧亚板块的强烈碰撞是中国大陆构造应力场强度总体特征的主要来源;(5)与其他研究区相比较,青藏地块地壳在从南向北的挤压作用下呈现出明显的"浅弱深强"特点;(6)最大水平应力方向的总体特征,基本以青藏高原为中心,呈辐射状展布,由西向东,从近N-S方向逐步顺时针旋转至NNE-SSW、NE-SW、NEE-SWW、NW-SE方向,与深部的震源机制解研究结果有一致性. 相似文献
7.
Temperature inversions at shallow to moderate depths have been observed commonly in boreholes drilled in geothermal areas. The inversions result from thermal disequilibria generated by steam and/or hydrothermal fluids invading shallow horizontal, or sub-horizontal fractures, or permeable horizons, from a deep vertical, or sub-vertical feeder-fracture.Subsurface distribution of temperatures in Momotombo geothermal area of Nicaragua, Central America, indicates that the anomaly is generated by steam and water, convecting in a narrow feeder-fracture-zone located at the western edge of the field. The north-trending zone of the feeder-fracture is bound on the west by the area of massive, impermeable andesitic rocks, and is capped by an impermeable, approximately 300 m. thick silica-cap, which seals if from the ground surface. The thermal fluids penetrate a system of horizontal, or sub-horizontal fractures, extending east of the feeder-fracture beneath the silica cap. The flow of thermal fluids eastward through the system of the horizontal, or sub-horizontal fractures is generating a plume-like geothermal anomaly, which is expressed by the temperature inversion zone pervasive in the boreholes to the east of the feeder-fracture.A time-dependant model for a semi-infinite half-space (z > 0) in contact with a hot, well stirred, isotropic fluid flowing through an aquifer overlain by a finite space of constant thickness is solved for the data collected from the Momotombo geothermal boreholes. Curve fitting between the simulated and observed temperature/depth profiles suggests that the thermo-tectonic events which caused the present-day Momotombo hydrothermal system occurred approximately 5,500 years ago, following development of vertical, or subvertical fractures along a N5°E trending faultline. Hot fluids emerging from these fractures move eastward through a system of horizontal, or sub-horizontal fractures, with a velocity of 11 to 20 m/yr. 相似文献
8.
Faulting and seismicity in the upper continental crust require considerable differential stresses. Application of experimentally developed friction, fracture and flow laws shows that high differential stresses can only exist in the uppermost crust. Direct hydraulic fracturing measurements in deep boreholes seem to support this rock mechanics conclusion. The experimental data base presently consists of approximately 500 hydrofrac tests conducted in about 100 boreholes at about 30 different geographical locations. To illustrate the variation of measured stresses with depth, the data are expressed as dimensionless horizontal stresses in the formS
H,h/Sv=(/z)+, whereS
v=gz Extrapolation of the experimental data to greater depth shows that the minor horizontal stress approaches the valueS
h/Sv=0.5 which limits friction on wet faults, and that the major horizontal stress approaches a value close toS
H/Sv=1 at rather shallow depth (5 to 10 km.). This limits faulting and seismicity in most of the upper crust to either strike-slip or normal faults. The lower boundary for seismicity is mainly dependent on tectonic strain accumulation and rock creep at the environmental conditions at depth. 相似文献
9.
以"中国大陆地壳应力环境基础数据库"中的实测地应力数据为基础,合理筛选出地理空间范围为21°N-40°N,73°N—110°N的近2000条数据,深度范围0~2 km.通过将研究区内实测地应力扣除重力影响,并考虑数据样本数量沿深度分布不均匀的问题,分析构造应力场的作用.重力影响的扣除采用海姆假说与金尼克假说两种模式估算其下限与上限,给出了青藏高原及周缘及青藏地块、南北地震带北、中、南段上构造应力和构造差应力随深度分布的特征和量值范围,结果显示:(1)青藏高原及周缘地区最大水平应力σ_H、最小水平应力σ_h随深度D呈线性增加:σ_H=22.115D+5.761、σ_h=14.893D+3.269;最大水平构造应力σ_T、最小水平构造应力σ_t的量值估算范围分别为4.609σ_T15.522D+4.609、3.121σ_t6.366D+3.121(D0);构造差应力σ_T-σ_t=7.222D+2.492,地表值(D=0 km)为2.5 MPa左右,随深度增加以7.2 MPa.km~(-1)的梯度增大;(2)在测量深度范围内,青藏地块、南北地震带北、中、南段研究区σ_T、σ_t、σ_T-σ_t,随埋深均呈线性增大;D=1 km时,各地块σ_T的统计回归值中最大为30.1 MPa,最小为17.6 MPa,量值由大到小排序依次为:青藏地块、南北带北段、南北带中段、南北带南段;D=1 km时,各地块σ_T-σ_t,的统计回归值中最大为15.8 MPa,最小为8.9 MPa,量值由大到小排序依次为:青藏地块、南北带北段、南北带中段和南北带南段.总体表现为青藏地块强、南北带较弱的基本特征.(3)与南北带相比较,青藏地块地壳在从南向北的挤压作用下呈现出明显的"浅弱深强"特点. 相似文献
10.
通过对多分量地震资料的分析,我们发现随着频率的增加横波分裂时差减小.对于深部接收的VSP数据来说快横波的偏振方向保持不变,而对于浅层接收的VSP数据来说偏振方向却存在一个最大可以达到20°的旋转.尽管多尺度随机分布微裂隙岩石物理模型已经成功地模拟并解释了横波分裂时差随频率变化的现象,却不能解释与频率相关的横波分裂.据推测,如果微裂隙的排列方向和大裂隙的排列方向不同,利用低频信息获得的偏振方向将指示裂隙主方向,而利用高频信息获得的偏振方向则指示微裂隙方向.在背景多孔隙介质中存在多组裂隙的情况下,推导出垂直入射条件下横波偏振方向的解析式,给出了系统研究横波在介质中传播的方法.研究结果表明,横波偏振方向会随着频率的变化而变化,并且在入射方位、角度一定的条件下,是裂隙方位和密度的函数,这些认识可能有助于揭示观测到的、依赖频率变化的横波偏振现象. 相似文献
11.
Shear-wave splitting in the crust: Regional compressive stress from polarizations of fast shear-waves 
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下载免费PDF全文 When propagating through anisotropic rocks in the crust, shear-waves split into faster and slower components with almost orthogonal polarizations. For nearly vertical propagation the polarization of fast shearwave (PFS) is parallel to both the strike of the cracks and the direction of maximum horizontal stress, therefore it is possible to use PFS to study stress in the crust. This study discusses several examples in which PFS is applied to deduce the compressive stress in North China, Longmenshan fault zone of east edge of Tibetan plateau and Yunnan zone of southeast edge of Tibetan plateau, also discusses temporal variations of PFS orientations of 1999 Xiuyan earthquake sequences of northeastern China. The results are consistent to those of other independent traditional stress measurements. There is a bridge between crustal PFS and the crustal principal compressive stress although there are many unclear disturbance sources. This study suggests the PFS results could be used to deduce regional and in situ principal compressive stress in the crust only if there are enough seismic stations and enough data. At least, PFS is a useful choice in the zone where there are a large number of dense seismic stations. 相似文献
12.
Shear-waves have complicated interactions with the free surface, particularly in the presence of low-velocity surface layers, topographic irregularities, and the expected near-surface crack and stress anomalies. Consequently, it has been suggested that shear-waves should be recorded subsurface in vertical seismic profiles (VSPs), in order to extract accurate information about the in situ crack and stress geometry contained in shear-wave splitting. This paper compares the information in synthetic shear-waves in reflection gathers and VSPs, in order to assess the relative merits of the two techniques for investigating shear-wave splitting. Synthetic seismograms demonstrate that in the presence of even very simple surface layers, shear-waves recorded in reflection surveys at the surface have polarizations which may not indicate crack and stress geometry at depth. In contrast, shear-waves recorded in VSPs are relatively unaffected by surface layers and near-surface stress and crack anomalies, and the behaviour of shear-wave splitting is dominated by the structure of the rock mass in the vicinity of subsurface geophones. Matrix rotations of multicomponent-multisource shear-wave reflection data to extract the information contained in the split shear-waves, are found to be directly meaningful only in situations where crack orientations do not change with depth. 相似文献
13.
Shear-wave splitting is emerging as a useful exploration method for geothermal reservoirs as it can detect the geometry of the fracture system, the intensity of cracking and possibly, changes in fluid pressure within the reservoir. The method is based on the analyses of polarizations and time delays of shear-waves that have been distorted by the anisotropy of the medium through which the seismic waves have propagated. Observations of shear-wave splitting within the Krafla–Leirhnúkur geothermal field, Iceland, using a 20-station 3-component portable seismic array have provided evidence for at least two major crack systems of microfractures, oriented approximately N–S and E–W. Located microearthquakes align roughly along the E–W direction of the geothermal field, with shallow focal depths mostly around the injection well, probably related to the ongoing injection. This unexpected direction is however consistent with results from a simultaneous MT (magnetotelluric) survey. 相似文献
14.
Hydraulic stimulation and geothermal reservoir operation may compromise the rock mechanical stability and trigger microseismic events. The mechanisms leading to this induced seismicity are still not completely understood. It is clear that injection causes an overpressure that reduces the effective stress, bringing the system closer to failure conditions. However, rock instability may not result only from hydraulic effects, but also from thermal effects. In fact, hydro-mechanical (i.e., isothermal) models often fail to reproduce field observations because the injection of cold water into a hot reservoir induces thermal stresses due to rock contraction. Thus, rock instability is likely to result from the superposition of hydraulic and thermal effects. Here, we perform coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical and hydro-mechanical simulations to investigate the effects of cold water injection in a fracture zone-intact rock system. Results show that thermal effects induce a significant perturbation on the stress in the intact rock affected by the temperature drop. This perturbation is likely to trigger induced seismicity in the surroundings of critically oriented fractures near the injection well. Hydro-mechanical simulations show that the behavior depends on the orientation of the faults and on the initial stress tensor. In the direction of the fractures, where the strains are more constrained, total stress increases with increasing pressure; thus, deviatoric stress increases or decreases depending on the initial stress state. The comparison between hydraulic and thermal effects shows that, when the largest confining stress acts perpendicular to the fractures, thermoelastic effects dominate and could trigger induced seismicity. 相似文献
15.
Abstract In situ stress was measured close to the fault associated with the 1995 Kobe Earthquake (Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake; January 1995; M 7.2) using the hydraulic fracturing method. The measurements were made approximately 2 years after the earthquake. The measured points were approximately 40 m from the fault plane at depths of about 1500 m. The maximum and the minimum horizontal compressive stresses were 45 MPa and 31 MPa, respectively. The maximum compressive stress and the maximum shear stress are very small in comparison with those of other seismically active areas. The azimuth of the maximum horizontal compressive stress was estimated from the observed azimuths of well bore breakouts at depths between 1400 m and 1600 m and was found to be N135° (clockwise). The maximum stress axis is perpendicular to the fault strike, N45°. These features are interpreted in terms of a small frictional coefficient of the fault. The shear stress on the fault was released and dropped almost to zero during the earthquake and it has not yet recovered. Zero shear stress on the fault plane resulted from the perpendicular orientation of one of the principal stress to the fault plane. 相似文献
16.
An exhaustive analysis of 3000 macroscopic fractures encountered in the geothermal Hot Dry Rock borehole, EPS-1, located inside the Rhine graben (Soultz-sous-Forêts, France), was done on a continuous core section over a depth interval from 1420 to 2230 m: 97% of the macroscopic structures were successfully reorientated with a good degree of confidence by comparison between core and acoustic borehole imagery. Detailed structural analysis of the fracture population indicates that fractures are grouped in two principal fractures sets striking N005 and N170 °, and dipping 70 °W and 70 °E, respectively. This average attitude is closely related to the past tectonic rifting activity of the graben during the Tertiary, and is consistent with data obtained from nearby boreholes and from neighbouring crystalline outcrops. Fractures are distributed in clusters of hydrothermally altered and fractured zones. They constitute a complex network of fault strands dominated by N–S trends, except within some of the most fractured depth intervals (1650 m, 2170 m), where an E–W-striking fracture set occurs. The geometry of the pre-existing fracture system strikes in a direction nearly parallel to the maximum horizontal stress. In this favorable situation, hydraulic injections will tend both to reactivate natural fractures at low pressures, and to create a geothermal reservoir. 相似文献
17.
Use of the hydraulic fracturing technique for determiningin situ stress is reviewed, and stress measurements in wells near the towns of Livermore, San Ardo, and Menlo Park, California are described in detail. In the Livermore well, four measurements at depths between 110 and 155 m indicate that the least principal compressive stress is horizontal and increases from 1.62 to 2.66 MPa. The apparent direction of maximum compression is N 70° E (±40°). At the San Ardo site the least principal stress is that due to the overburden weight. At depths of 240.2 and 270.7 m the minimum and maximum horizontal stresses are estimated to be 11.4 and 22.5 MPa, and 12.0 (±1.1) and 15.8 (±3.3) MPa, respectively. From an impression of the fracture at 240.2 m, the direction of maximum compression appears to be about N 15° E. The rock in the Menlo Park well is too highly fractured to yield a reliable measurement of the horizontal stresses. The data indicate, however, that the least principal stress is vertical (due to the overburden weight) to a depth of 250 m. 相似文献
18.
本文通过地壳应力测量结果和地震资料的综合分析,对深部应力状态与断层运动的关系作了讨论:进而应用库仑准则,推导了三维应力作用下完整岩体和已有的任意空间方向断层面的失稳条件及其滑动方式的解析表达式.通过建立描述岩体和已有断层稳定性的两个函数————破裂函数 Fm 和摩擦函数 Ff,给出了应用破裂机制和摩擦滑动机制综合分析地壳稳定性和失稳性态的方法:根据这种分析方法并结合华北平原区的水压致裂应力测量资料,以及孔隙压力、大地热流等观测结果,定量研究了本区地壳的稳定问题,计算并图示了地壳内破裂函数沿深度的分布,以及各种走向和倾向断层面上的摩擦函数和剪应力分布;计算中以 Byerlee 定律作为断层运动的约束条件,并考虑了地壳密度纵向非均匀性导致的垂直应力沿深度的非线性增长以及深部超静水压力的异常孔隙压力作用.结果表明,华北平原区地壳失稳性态主要表现为已有断层的滑动;伴有高剪应力降的断层运动的深度范围在8至2.0多公里之间:陡断层稳定性低于缓断层,其运动方式以走滑为主;本区 NNE-NE 走向的陡断层是一组易震断层,其震时错动为右旋走滑;孔隙压力的增长对地壳稳定性有显著的影响;华北平原区深部高异常孔隙压力是地震活动的一种重要背景. 相似文献
19.
Stephen E Laubach Jon E Olson Julia F.W Gale 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2004,222(1):191-195
Fluid flow in fractured rock is an increasingly central issue in recovering water and hydrocarbon supplies and geothermal energy, in predicting flow of pollutants underground, in engineering structures, and in understanding large-scale crustal behaviour. Conventional wisdom assumes that fluids prefer to flow along fractures oriented parallel or nearly parallel to modern-day maximum horizontal compressive stress, or SHmax. The reasoning is that these fractures have the lowest normal stresses across them and therefore provide the least resistance to flow. For example, this view governs how geophysicists design and interpret seismic experiments to probe fracture fluid pathways in the deep subsurface. Contrary to these widely held views, here we use core, stress measurement, and fluid flow data to show that SHmax does not necessarily coincide with the direction of open natural fractures in the subsurface (>3 km depth). Consequently, in situ stress direction cannot be considered to predict or control the direction of maximum permeability in rock. Where effective stress is compressive and fractures are expected to be closed, chemical alteration dictates location of open conduits, either preserving or destroying fracture flow pathways no matter their orientation. 相似文献
20.
福建东部地区大地电磁测深研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
1986年至1987年我们在福建东部做了深部大地电磁测深,取得以下主要结果: 1.福州、漳州两地区存在上地幔软流层的隆起（底辟）,岩石层变薄,并有次级底辟发育于20-30km深度,说明地幔热活动强烈,两地热田有深部热背景. 2.惠安至龙海一线大致呈北60°东为一低阻断面,该断面的地下电性结构和洋壳地电结构相似,推测该断面是向上仰冲的古洋壳与陆缘的缝合线. 3.永春、同安地区壳内高导层埋深明显比其它地区浅,是有希望的地热远景区,需进一步做工作. 相似文献