共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Observations of high-resolution data on radio refractivity were obtained by the airborne microwave refractometer over the Indian sub-continent (a tropical country) from 1971 to 1988. Detailed vertical and horizontal distributions of radio refractivity on a near-real-time basis in the atmospheric boundary layer were determined. Radiosonde observations cannot detect the thin refractivity gradients which characterize the propagation environment in this low-altitude region. This knowledge is required to design reliable and efficient communication systems for strategic, tactical and operational needs. However, the results demonstrate the layer structures and the variability of the boundary layer in time and space. The radio refractive effects on electromagnetic propagation and the future direction of radio refractivity fine-structure measurements are discussed. 相似文献
2.
Fluctuations of the refractive index associated with atmospheric turbulence affect the propagation of electromagnetic and acoustic waves in the atmosphere. In the reported study, the effects of turbulence on wave propagation in the atmospheric convective boundary layer (CBL) are considered in terms of the second-order refractive index structure function and related to its structure-function parameter C n 2. Two structure-function evaluation methods are compared. The direct evaluation method involves calculating the refractive index at each point in the simulation domain with subsequent calculation of the structure function. The second method is based on a parameterized linear relationship between the refractive-index structure function and temperature/humidity structure functions. For each evaluation method, vertical profiles of C n 2 computed for separations along the three coordinate directions collapse together over a significant portion of the CBL. Near-surface divergence of C n 2 values along the horizontal directions was noted and attributed to the influence of surface wind shear on the turbulent fluctuations of temperature and humidity. The behavior of C n 2 near the surface was shown to agree favorably with similarity-theory predictions. 相似文献
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4.
As the first radar altimetric satellite of China, HY-2 requires the precise orbit determination with a higher accuracy than that of other satellites. In order to achieve the designed radial orbit with the accuracy better than 10 cm for HY-2, the methods of precise orbit determination for HY-2 with the centimeter-level accuracy based on space geodetic techniques (DORIS, SLR, and satellite-borne GPS) are studied in this paper. Perturbations on HY-2 orbit are analyzed, in particular those due to the non-spherical gravitation of the earth, ocean tide, solid earth tide, solar and earth radiation, and atmospheric drag. Space geodetic data of HY-2 are simulated with the designed HY-2 orbit parameters based on the orbit dynamics theory to optimize the approaches and strategies of precise orbit determination of HY-2 with the dynamic and reduced-dynamic methods, respectively. Different methods based on different techniques are analyzed and compared. The experiment results show that the nonspherical perturbation modeled by GGM02C causes a maximum perturbation, and errors caused by the imperfect modeling of atmospheric drag have an increasing trend on T direction, but errors are relatively stable on the other two directions; besides, the methods with three space geodetic techniques achieve the radial orbit with the precision better than 10 cm. 相似文献
5.
Acoustic tomography is presented as a technique for remote monitoring of meteorological quantities. This method and a special algorithm of analysis can directly produce area-averaged values of meteorological parameters. As a result consistent data will be obtained for validation of numerical atmospheric micro-scale models. Such a measuring system can complement conventional point measurements over different surfaces. The procedure of acoustic tomography uses the horizontal propagation of sound waves in the atmospheric surface layer. Therefore, to provide a general overview of sound propagation under various atmospheric conditions a two-dimensional ray-tracing model according to a modified version of Snell’s law is used. The state of the crossed atmosphere can be estimated from measurements of acoustic travel time between sources and receivers at different points. Derivation of area-averaged values of the sound speed and furthermore of air temperature results from the inversion of travel time values for all acoustic paths. Thereby, the applied straight ray two-dimensional tomographic model using SIRT (simultaneous iterative reconstruction technique) is characterised as a method with small computational requirements, satisfactory convergence and stability properties as well as simple handling, especially, during online evaluation. 相似文献
6.
GPS大气掩星探测技术可以获得全球大气折射率、气压、密度、温度和水汽压等气象参数，该技术基本原理是基于几何光学近似的Abel积分反演.地球扁率、电离层传播时间延迟、大气大尺度水平梯度、多路径传播现象等因素在某些高度范围影响大气反演的精度.本文采用模拟的方法，分析其中地球扁率及电离层对反演结果的影响，并讨论局部圆弧修正及电离层修正的效果.利用CHAMP掩星实测轨道数据和有关电离层和大气经验模式、采用三维射线追踪方法模拟计算几种情形下的GPS掩星观测附加相位数据，对模拟数据进行反演，将反演气象参量剖面与模拟时给定模式剖面进行比较，得到了0～60 km高度范围内的反演误差.误差统计分析结果表明，局部圆弧中心的修正以及电离层修正，对于高精度的GPS掩星反演是非常重要的；电离层修正残差仍是制约30～60 km高度范围内反演精度的重要因素，进一步完善和优化大气掩星反演需要发展新的电离层修正算法. 相似文献
7.
Barclay Clemesha Dale Simonich Paulo Batista 《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2010,72(9-10):740-744
Mesopause region temperature measurements made with a sodium resonance lidar show two unexpected features: (1) Strong positive temperature gradients are often associated with strong gradients in the sodium concentration and (2) positive temperature gradients are generally much stronger than negative ones. Although the structures we see frequently appear to be associated with gravity waves or tides, the asymmetrical temperature oscillations cannot be explained as the result of simple wave propagation. We suggest that strong positive temperature gradients correspond to regions of high atmospheric stability, where eddy diffusion is inhibited, permitting the build-up of strong gradients in temperature and minor constituent mixing ratio. 相似文献
8.
Recently, intensive investigations were carried out in Hungary to explore the characteristics of vertical crustal movements. In the first phase (by using repeated geodetic measurements) vertical movement velocities were mapped. In the second phase the aim was to study the movement tendencies in more detail. In the professional literature many mathematical methods are reported. Among these the method of horizontal gradients is applied quite often. In this paper the velocity function of the vertical movements is represented by polynomials and the gradient values are computed from these. To control the values calculated from the velocity functions they were compared to the observed values. The above method was applied to the whole territory of Hungary and also to four zones individually. These zones were determined on the basis of geological information. Besides a short review of the method we present the results: velocity functions, gradients and control data. The gradient vectors are also presented in graphical form. 相似文献
9.
Anomalous propagation (Anaprop) of microwave radiation is known to be caused by several meteorological conditions. In this study, radio refractive index and modified refractivity gradient were computed using the results of measurements of atmospheric pressure, temperature and relative humidity made in Akure (7.15°N, 5.12°E), South Western Nigeria using Davis 6162 Wireless Vantage Pro2 weather stations (Integrated Sensor Suite, ISS) positioned at five different height levels beginning from the ground surface and at intervals of 50 m from the ground to a height of 200 m on a tower/mast owned by the Nigeria Television Authority (NTA) located at Iju in Akure north local government area of Ondo state but which is no longer being used. The study utilized one year of data measured between January and December 2008. From the results, the modified refractivity was calculated and found to increase with increasing altitude. The values were observed to be generally high during the rainy periods and generally low during the dry periods. The study also revealed that for microwave propagation in this geographic zone, the propagation condition is mostly super-refractive. 相似文献
10.
The need for geodetic measurements is emphasized, and the requirements in accuracy are indicated. It is argued that the present limitations of the space techniques leave no option but to recourse to terrestrial methods.The necessity of repeating the measurements on schedule over several decades calls for an eleborate co-ordination of activities across national boundaries. The active participation of the IUGG and the IAG can be instrumental in initiating such co-ordination and in sustaining it. 相似文献
11.
Isotopic exchange with atmospheric vapour can strongly influence the isotopic values of evaporating surface water bodies (e.g., lakes), influencing our understanding of hydrological processes across aquatic and terrestrial environments. Rather than measure the isotopic values of the atmosphere directly, it is much more common to estimate values by assuming equilibrium with local precipitation. This assumption may introduce large errors, thereby biasing hydrological inferences and understanding. The pattern and magnitude of this error has been quantified only in a few circumstances. We compared observations of vapour and precipitation isotope values over a four-year record collected in a montane environment in the central Rocky Mountains of North America. We further investigated factors and conditions promoting disequilibrium. Scenario comparisons assessed the impact of theoretical and methodological elements on the accuracy of the equilibrium assumption. We found that the equilibrium assumption was not well supported by direct and continuous observations of vapour isotopes using tower-based laser isotope spectroscopy, particularly during the summer months. Across all scenarios, errors associated with the equilibrium assumption were high, credibly ranging from 14 to 154 ‰ for δ2H and 1.5 to 16.3 ‰ for δ18O. Environmental covariates (e.g., vapour pressure deficit, air pressure) helped explain some of the apparent disequilibrium. Although the equilibrium assumption for estimating atmospheric vapour isotope values may not be applicable in a continental montane environment, our findings highlight opportunities for using direct vapour isotope measurements to better understand vapour sources, air mass mixing, and phase changes over complex mountainous terrain, which in turn may better constrain regional- to global-scale hydrological process estimates, such as evapotranspiration rates and the water budgets of mountain lakes. 相似文献
12.
Mr. N. C. Gerson 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1948,13(3-4):88-101
Summary This paper discusses the atmospheric refractive index (a) throughout the year at the surface of the earth and (b) for each season in various air masses. Mean monthly or seasonal values, respectively, are employed.The annual variation in the refractive index at the earth's surface is examined by noting the contributions of the optical and the water vapor terms. The former exhibits a sinusoidal variation with a period of a year, having a maximum in winter and a minimum during summer. The amplitude of the cycle is latitude dependent, appearing greater in polar than in tropical regions. The magnitude of the water vapor term is more strongly dependent upon both season and latitude. Excepting areas where the dew point changes little from month to month, the water vapor term attains a single yearly maximum at about mid July.Graphs of the variation of refiactive index with altitude for the major air masses are included. Highest values of the index up to a height of 6 km are found in tropical maritime and monsoon air masses; lowest values, in arctic air masses. The rate of decrease of refractive index with height is usually quite different for diverse air masses. From the surface to an altitude of 6 km, the most constant rate of decrease with altitude, considering all air mass types, was found in the superior air mass. 相似文献
13.
中性大气折射延迟是激光测距技术的主要误差源.本文基于国际大地测量与地球物理联合会（IUGG）1999决议推荐的光学和近红外波段的大气折射率差理论模型,在Mendes（2004）理论的基础上,对某些理论公式进行了重新推导,给出了大气折射率差静力学和非静力学分量的实用表达式.推导出了大气折射率差的级数展开式,并保留至波长的负6次方项;同时在水气引起的折射率差上加上了频率改正项.计算发现,水气项中的频率改正对折射率差的贡献是不可忽略的.本文工作可为空间大地测量,特别是激光测距技术的研究提供一定的参考和依据. 相似文献
14.
D. G. Taimazov 《Seismic Instruments》2010,46(1):75-77
In this work the possibility for precision three-fluidal hydrostatic level design is theoretically substantiated with effective
compensation of the effects of temperature gradients along leveling trace, fluctuations of integral temperature of measuring
system and its separate blocks, atmospheric pressure differences between stations, tilts of hydrostatic vessels and their
working fluid level indication errors. 相似文献
15.
本文介绍了一套纯转动Raman测温激光雷达系统,通过高分辨光谱分光与滤光优化设计、收发精确匹配以及弱信号检测等技术,实现在武汉城市上空从10km至40km的中低空大气温度高精度探测.观测结果与同时段探空气球进行比对,在30km以下激光雷达探测温度与探空气球得到的温度数据吻合较好,最大偏差约为3.0K,表明了该激光雷达温度测量的可靠性.采用30min时间分辨率,在10~20km高度范围内温度统计误差约为0.3K(300m空间分辨);20~30km统计误差约为0.8K(600m空间分辨);30~40km统计误差约为3.0K(900m空间分辨).通过整晚的温度廓线反演,为研究中低层大气中的波动现象提供依据.该转动Raman激光雷达实现了至40km高度的高精度大气温度探测,进一步可与Rayleigh测温激光雷达30~80km的高度衔接,为实现中低层大气连续观测研究提供了重要手段. 相似文献
16.
《Journal of Geodynamics》2009,47(3-5):69-77
The measurement of glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) is one of the key ways in which geophysicists probe the long-term mantle rheology and Pleistocene ice history. GIA models are also tied to global and regional relative sea-level (RSL) histories, to 20th century tide-gauge (TG) data and to space and terrestrial geodetic measurements. Two new types of observation are related to the high-resolution space–gravity data recovered from the Gravity and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite pair and the soon-to-be launched Gravity and Ocean Circulation Experiment (GOCE) with on-board three-component gradiometer. Gravity mapping has the unique capability of isolating those regions that lack isostatic equilibrium. When coupled with other space and terrestrial geodetic measurements, such as those of the Global Positioning System (GPS) networks and with multi-decade terrestrial gravity data, new constraints on GIA are in the offing and should soon illuminate new interpretations of ice-sheet history and mantle response. GIA studies also incorporate space-based altimetry data, which now provide multi-decadal coverage over continents, oceans and lakes. As we are approaching 72 monthly solutions of GRACE gravity coefficients for determining the Earth's secular component of gravity change over the continents, a new issue has surfaced: the problem of relying on interannual hydrological modeling to determine the hydrological contribution to the linear trend in the gravity field. Correctly extracting this contribution is germane to using the GIA-driven component for modeling solid-Earth and paleo-climatic parameters.Seismic and heat-flux-based models of the Earth's interior are emerging with ever higher levels of sophistication regarding material strength (or viscosity). A basic question raised is: how good are traditional Newtonian and non-Newtonian viscosity models that only allow radial variations of Earth parameters? In other words: under what circumstances must this assumption be abandoned for joint interpretations of new and traditional data sets. In this short review we summarize the issues raised in the papers forming this special issue (SI) dedicated to GIA. 相似文献
17.
由于ENVISAT/AATSR资料不同角度热辐射亮度值之间存在较高的相关性从而导致较大误差的产生,本文尝试避开这种误差源,只选取天底观测数据对黄土高原陇东地区整层大气水汽含量及地表温度进行反演.与MODIS整层大气水汽含量产品对比验证表明,本文结果与MODIS产品有一定差异,但是可以直接用于大气透过率的估算.结合野外观测数据对地表温度反演结果的检验表明,最大绝对误差为4.0 ℃,平均相对误差为5.0％,因此,该算法在黄土高原陇东地区应用比较成功. 相似文献
18.
本文将Bayes算法应用到Abel积分方程中,利用End-to-End Generic Occultation Performance Simulation and Processing System(EGOPS)软件仿真出的弯角数据来反演大气折射指数,并与Tikhonov正则化的反演结果进行对比.当直接利用仿真所得的弯角数据(认为它是不含误差的)时,Bayes算法与Tikhonov正则化的反演结果具有很好的一致性,二者的均方根误差均为2.5470×10~(-8);但在实际观测过程中,由于电离层以及水汽等方面的影响,所得到的弯角数据不可避免地会含有误差,可能产生高频成分,甚至存在间断的现象,因此我们在仿真的弯角数据中加入了满足高斯型分布的随机噪声,然后进行折射指数的反演试验.结果表明,相比于Tikhonov正则化技术,Bayes算法具有更高的反演精度. 相似文献
19.
Dr. Ivan I. Mueller 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1961,48(1):1-6
Summary The significance of the vertical gradients of gravity is great in geophysics and also in geodesy. In geophysics the observed vertical gradients can give valuable information about mass distributions close to the surface of the earth and in geodesy they may be used in determining the shape of the equipotential surfaces. The observed vertical gradients are very sensitive to masses close to the surface of the earth and they change very rapidly. Therefore, they should not be used for purposes such as the reduction of the observed gravity to the sea level. The normal vertical gradients are not the best either for this purpose because they are much too uniform on the surface of the earth. The best values for practical purposes are probably the regional vertical gradients.This paper presents a method to determine the regional vertical gradient anomalies in large areas from geodetic observations which, added to the normal part, will give the regional vertical gradients. 相似文献
20.
《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2000,62(15):1361-1376
A homing-in method is presented for determining ionospheric reflected or transionospheric paths between fixed transmitter and receiver locations in the presence of ionospheric gradients or ripples. Both initial elevation and azimuth are automatically adjusted to find the path that arrives exactly at the receiver. The method can be used for any 3D ionospheric model to find precise ray paths and phase and group delays for both magneto-ionic modes. The method takes full account of path location, geomagnetic field orientation and the bending of the ray path resulting from horizontal as well as vertical gradients of electron density. It can also find multiple paths e.g. low and high angle, 1- and 2-hops for both ordinary and extraordinary modes. Examples of its use are given for both terrestrial HF links and Earth to Satellite paths. For paths reflected from the ionosphere, the effect of gradients of both critical frequency and height of maximum electron density are determined and the comparative effect of gradients on high and low angle and 1- and 2-hops paths for both magneto-ionic modes investigated. Path variation with frequency for a fixed link is also studied and the bandwidth of the ionospheric background channel (dispersive bandwidth) and its reciprocal (the pulse rise time), important for wideband digital HF broadcasting or spread spectrum HF communications, is estimated for a range of frequencies, for high- and low-angle rays and 1- and 2-hop paths. For Earth–satellite paths, the effect of the ionosphere and horizontal ionospheric gradients is determined for a range of frequencies and elevation angles. It is shown that the method can also enable the determination of second-order errors in satellite navigation methods, such as GPS, due to ionospheric gradients and the effect of the geomagnetic field. 相似文献