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Paul Longley 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(7):1213-1214
With the rising oil prices, climate change, and the ever increasing burden of nutrition-related disease, food security is of growing research interest in academic disciplines spanning agronomy to epidemiology to urban planning. Some governments have developed progressive policies encouraging individuals to consume locally produced foods in order to support local economies, improve agricultural sustainability and community access to food, and to plan and prepare for adverse environmental impacts on food security. However, fundamental methods are lacking for conducting research on food security across these various disciplines. In this article, we first present a method to measure agricultural self-sufficiency, which we refer to as our self-sufficiency index (SSI) for the province of British Columbia, Canada. We then present a Bayesian autoregressive framework utilizing readily available agricultural data to develop predictive smoothing models for the SSI. We find that regional capital investment in agriculture and cropland acreage is the strong predictor of SSI. To accommodate spatial variability, we compare linear regression models with spatially correlated errors to less traditional spatially varying coefficient models, and find that the former class results in better model fit. The smoothed maps suggest that relatively strong self-sufficiency exists only in subset clusters in the Okanagan, Peace River, and lower mainland regions. In spite of policy to promote local food, the existing local agricultural system is insufficient to support a large-scale shift to local diets. Our approach to estimating neighborhood-based self-sufficiency with a predictive model can be extended for use in other regions where limited data are available to directly assess local agriculture and benefit from explicit consideration of spatial structure in the local food system. 相似文献
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基于地方性知识和主客互动理论,以世界自然遗产地江郎山的当地居民为研究对象,构建了遗产地居民的地方性知识、主客互动及幸福感之间的关系模型,以回答拥有地方性知识能否促进当地居民获得幸福感及如何促进幸福感获取的问题。研究表明,知识越丰富的旅游地居民越容易获得生活、工作、心理与人际等方面的幸福感,强调了地方性知识对遗产地旅游发展的重要性,且证明了主客互动能够在地方性知识与幸福感之间搭建桥梁,发挥中介的作用。文章在理论上探讨了地方性知识在居民幸福感形成中的作用,且从主客互动的视角解释了地方性知识提升居民幸福感的机理;实践上,强调培养地方性知识和提高主客互动质量在提升遗产地居民幸福感中的重要性。 相似文献
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环境规制、地方保护与中国污染密集型产业布局 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
污染密集型产业在促进区域经济增长的同时会对区域生态环境带来巨大威胁,其发展布局会受到地方保护和环境规制的双重影响。1980-2014年中国污染密集型产业的发展经历了缓慢增长、快速扩张和结构转型3个阶段,总体呈现“分散—集中—分散”的空间特征,中部省份是现阶段承接污染密集型产业转移的主要地区。通过建立区域属性模型、区域—产业交互项模型,定量分析环境规制、地方保护对污染密集型产业布局空间变化的影响,检验“污染避难所假说”和“波特假说”,发现环境规制和地方保护已成为污染密集型产业布局的重要影响因素,但存在显著的产业异质性和区域差异性;污染程度高的产业易受到环境规制的影响;相比高税收产业,高国有比重的产业更易受到地方的保护;环境规制和地方保护作为两种相反的力量,彼此之间相互抑制;环境规制的作用在东部地区比较突出,而中、西部地区地方保护的作用更为明显。为防止中西部地区成为污染密集型产业的“避难所”,应因地因时制宜制定差异化政策,促进经济与环境保护的协调发展。 相似文献
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农业产业集群创新通道及溢出效应——以山东寿光蔬菜产业集群为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
农业产业集群创新是多种关系集聚作用的过程,而现代农业集群发展离不开地方与全球背景下的前后联系,因此研究地方与全球联系下的农业集群创新及其溢出效应具有重要的理论与现实意义。论文以山东寿光蔬菜产业集群为例,利用实地调研数据,运用社会网络分析法和空间计量模型分析集群创新联系的作用通道及溢出效应,研究表明：① 集群地方联系包含强关系的本地企业网络和弱关系的官产学研网络,其中本地企业网络集聚现象较突出,企业间联系紧密,两关系网络中核心企业对资源信息均具有较强控制作用;② 全球通道作为集群外部弱联系,网络联系密度较低,其网络整体显示出结构洞特征,且网络核心节点企业对海外异质性资源表现出较强控制性。在测度集群创新溢出效应方面,空间误差模型较其他模型更优,其中集群本地企业联系、企业间空间邻近、全球关系通道在集群创新中均会起到一定促进作用。进一步机理分析表明,地方联系和全球关系通道在集群创新中发挥着不同的作用,其强弱关系互动是异质性创新资源扩散、吸收与利用的关键。 相似文献
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产品相关多样化是企业发展的重要战略。经济学研究认为企业内部因素会影响企业的产品多样化策略,而一些地理学研究则发现企业外部的地方因素也会影响企业发展。为了弥补当前研究中关于企业微观发展战略外部影响因素的空白,本文基于2012—2016年中国出口产品贸易数据研究地方出口产品结构对企业出口产品相关多样化的影响,并进一步探究地方非正式制度和正式制度环境的调节作用。结果发现：① 在出口产品相关多样化程度越高的地方,多产品企业的出口相关多样化倾向会越强。② 正式和非正式制度环境均会影响地方和企业尺度在出口产品相关多样化方面的一致性关系。地方的社会信任属于非正式制度环境,会增强地方与企业在出口产品相关多样化方面的一致性。正式制度环境包括市场化、全球化和分权化进程,其中地方市场化程度对地方与企业在出口产品相关多样化方面的一致性起正向调节作用,而地方的全球化和分权化进程则表现为负向调节作用。本文的研究结论说明了地方产业集群环境、企业微观发展策略以及地方制度背景三者之间存在关联。政府可以通过制度改革和制度创新等政策影响地方内企业联系,为地方产业发展创造新的机会。 相似文献
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Ecological compensation plays an important role in promoting ecological protection. Identifying factors affecting the willingness of farmers to accept eco-compensation has become a focus of ecological economics. The Qianxi traditional chestnut agricultural heritage system is a typical agroforestry system in China and adapts the local environment well. However, local farmers concentrate on chestnut monocultures, driven by short-term profits. The local ecological environment is very fragile. We surveyed 100 local rural households. Based on face-to-face interviews and questionnaires and model assessment, we analyzed factors affecting the willingness of farmers to accept eco-compensation in the Qianxi chestnut agroforestry system of Hebei. We found that many factors influence farmer willingness to accept, including education level, household income, environmental awareness, environmental protection practices and knowledge of ecological compensation. This research provides helps clarify the mechanism of farmer participation in eco-compensation and provides a basis for further development of compensation standards that benefit the local environment. 相似文献
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在乡村振兴战略背景下,乡村旅游地的城镇化研究亟需总结更多更好的中国经验。福建省泰宁县水际村1991-2016年的旅游城镇化体现了一种学界尚未关注到的多主体共治模式,村民在保持地权关系不变的情况下,通过多主体的良性互动实现了就地城镇化。在城镇化过程中,得益于政府的引导、培育和制度建设,乡村经济在利益冲突中保持韧性并持续发展;外来企业的进入则带动了村民经济收入的增长,村民在商业运营中完成了生活方式现代化和思维观念市民化。本文按照案例研究的逻辑,分析了多主体共治状态的形成过程、核心要素及其作用机制。多类主体实现共治的核心要素是有效的制度供给、合理的科层制分工、灵活的产权设计、实现分配正义的市场规则和多类主体之间的理性互动与权力制衡。基于这些核心要素的共同作用,多类主体之间实现共同利益最大化,保障资源效益可以有效地进行再分配,最大限度地发挥旅游促进乡村经济发展和改善人民生活的城镇化目标。可以认为,多主体共同治理是实现乡村旅游城镇化的有效途径。总结这种模式有利于丰富新型城镇化的乡村个案,同时为新时期乡村转型的有效治理提供参考。 相似文献
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中国经济增长进入高质量发展阶段以后,传统“以地谋发展”的粗放增长模式弊端渐显,不仅造成了资源的过度消耗,也导致环境污染问题日益严峻。城市发展面临经济增长和环境保护的双重压力。“以地谋发展”背景下,地方政府主导的工业用地出让,在保障工业化快速推进的同时,也带来了一系列区域影响和区域效应,但现有文献缺乏深入研究。基于此,本研究利用2015—2019年284个地级及以上城市的面板数据,通过构建计量模型,实证分析了地方政府主导的工业用地出让对城市空气质量可能带来的影响。研究表明：① 城市工业用地出让规模扩张显著降低了城市空气质量,且这一效应存在空间异质性。② 工业用地出让方式对城市空气质量具有差异性影响,地方政府以协议方式出让的工业用地规模越大,城市的空气质量越差。③ 产业选择可能是工业用地出让影响城市环境质量的内在机制,地方政府倾向于通过协议出让的方式将工业用地供给污染密集型产业,从而导致城市空气质量变差。本研究从产业选择机制的角度试图解释地方政府工业用地出让行为影响城市空气质量的内在机理,是对现有文献的拓展和补充,也可为城市生态文明建设提供一定的政策启示。 相似文献
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地方政府主导下的资本循环与城市化：以鄂尔多斯康巴什新区为例 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
以鄂尔多斯市康巴什新区为例,对其发展过程中的资本循环和政府作用进行分析,并提出“地方政府主导下的资本循环”这一研究框架。研究表明,新区的建设包含3个资本循环的过程,分别是煤炭的资本化,土地、基础设施、房地产的资本化,以及向先进制造业和第三产业的资本流动。通过一系列行政手段,地方政府主导了3次循环中的资本积累,以及资本在3次循环之间的转换。 相似文献
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A finite difference model, allowing for episodic movements along different faults, is used to examine the effect of tectonics on the stratigraphic signature in the Oseberg–Brage area in the northern Viking Graben. Constraints are provided by local exploration and production well data and 3-D seismic coverage, and a regional depth-converted seismic line.
In the modelling, we focus on the influence of varying rates of fault movement on stratigraphic signatures such as upflank unconformities and changes in layer thickness. We couple the basinwide features of the northern Viking Graben with the fault-block-scale features of the Oseberg–Brage area by using parameter constraints derived by large-scale modelling as input for the local-scale model. In addition, subsidence patterns resulting from the basinwide model were used as background subsidence for the fault block model of the Oseberg–Brage area.
The model results indicate that the alternating activation of different faults with varying extension rates can cause stratigraphic features such as unconformities, condensation and onlap/offlap patterns. Onlap occurs during periods of low extension rates. An increase in extension rate along a fault causes footwall uplift, resulting in condensation or upflank erosion yielding unconformities. This influence can also affect sub-basins further away from the fault. Downdip layer thickening reflects the local tilting of fault blocks.
The coupling of the local and regional scales turns out to be essential in explaining the stratigraphy of the Oseberg–Brage area: basinward and, notably, updip layer thickening as observed on some of the fault blocks can only be explained by activity of the boundary fault on the opposing, western margin of the northern Viking Graben.
相似文献
In the modelling, we focus on the influence of varying rates of fault movement on stratigraphic signatures such as upflank unconformities and changes in layer thickness. We couple the basinwide features of the northern Viking Graben with the fault-block-scale features of the Oseberg–Brage area by using parameter constraints derived by large-scale modelling as input for the local-scale model. In addition, subsidence patterns resulting from the basinwide model were used as background subsidence for the fault block model of the Oseberg–Brage area.
The model results indicate that the alternating activation of different faults with varying extension rates can cause stratigraphic features such as unconformities, condensation and onlap/offlap patterns. Onlap occurs during periods of low extension rates. An increase in extension rate along a fault causes footwall uplift, resulting in condensation or upflank erosion yielding unconformities. This influence can also affect sub-basins further away from the fault. Downdip layer thickening reflects the local tilting of fault blocks.
The coupling of the local and regional scales turns out to be essential in explaining the stratigraphy of the Oseberg–Brage area: basinward and, notably, updip layer thickening as observed on some of the fault blocks can only be explained by activity of the boundary fault on the opposing, western margin of the northern Viking Graben.
相似文献
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金塔绿洲风场与温湿场特征的数值模拟 总被引：1，自引：4，他引：1
使用美国NCAR新版MM5V3.6非静力平衡模式,采用三重嵌套的降尺度方法,模拟研究了甘肃河西走廊金塔绿洲风场与温湿场特征。结果表明:由于绿洲的存在,绿洲沙漠系统产生的次级环流对局地环流有一定影响;平流作用将沙漠中的干热空气送向绿洲,绿洲近地层会出现逆温,感热向地表输送;沙漠上由于临近绿洲的水汽平流作用,上层大气湿度比低层更大,这就是逆湿现象。 相似文献
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羊啃食动力学模拟与内蒙古西部气候变化适应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
将定性分析、民主参与式评估和定量数值模拟方法结合起来,对阿拉善气候变化适应问题进行了简要评估并重点分析了土地退化、放牧和草原管理策略之间的关系。阿拉善主要的适应政策是禁牧和生态移民。禁牧后荒漠草原植被得到恢复,但移民增加了绿洲压力,过度开垦又造成周边土地沙化;过度抽取地下水致使水位下降并伴随咸水入侵和地表盐碱化。禁牧的另一个副作用是造成草原鼠害加重及火灾风险增加,生物多样性也呈现先升后降趋势。一些灌木因缺乏啃食出现退化迹象等,说明一定程度的啃食有利于维持草原生态平衡。因此,动物是草原生态系统不可或缺的成员之一。我们用一个包含动物啃食等的森林生态动力模式模拟了啃食动力学,结果表明,有限的放牧有利于草场更新并能充分利用草原资源;过度放牧导致草场退化并伴随羊群死亡。因此,需要将圈养和限制性放牧结合起来,制定可持续性适应政策。 相似文献
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"京都、大阪、奈良学术研究型都市"在日本简称"京、阪、奈学研都市",在产学界享有盛誉。作者于2014年12月在日本期间,通过实地考察,以及对当地的政府和企业访谈调研,发现:1与著名的"筑波研究学园都市"以国家为主体建设的科学城不同,"京、阪、奈学研都市"是跨行政区域的官、产、学合作的典范;2"京、阪、奈学研都市"充分利用零散的丘陵地貌地形,顺势而为建成了葡萄串式的研发产业集群形态;3在没有动迁一户居民住宅的前提下,构建了研发机构、企业和居住区混合一体化模式;4近20多年,日本的总人口在减少,除了东京等大城市以外很多区域均为人口流出区,但是,"京、阪、奈学研都市"成为人口净流入区,增长势头看好。这一独特的区域创新模式,值得借鉴。 相似文献
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Despite a significant period of strong economic and jobs growth nationally, there is well-established evidence in Australia that the proceeds of this growth have not been shared equally, either between places or between individuals. Empirically, it is well known that particular socioeconomic groups have a higher risk of unemployment and it has become equally well established that there are particular geographic patterns of labour market disadvantage that suggest that local geographic context is also important. What is not well understood are the ways in which phenomena at the geographic level are associated with individual-level characteristics and other social contexts in ways that negatively impact on a range of social outcomes, including unemployment. The present paper specifically addresses this issue by using a multi-scalar approach and using survey data from the Housing, Income and Labour Force Dynamics Australia (HILDA) survey and aggregate level census data to model unemployment risk. The paper argues that to better understand unemployment and to add to sound policy development, approaches that incorporate a variety of contexts, including the impact of local geographies, are important. 相似文献