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A substantial literature in social sciences, including law and society, examines the intersections of research ethics and institutional review board (IRB) frameworks. Although geographers have engaged this literature, we argue that further involvement in ethical and regulatory discussions will advance opportunities for better understanding and negotiating the complex subjectivities produced in the IRB structure. Drawing on illustrative experiences of researchers, we focus specifically on the institutions convening IRBs, the researchers, and the human “subjects” produced in the IRB process. We conclude with a call for greater open discussion of the power dynamics, subjectivities, and challenges of formal ethical research structures. 相似文献
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Standards-Directed Education: The Good,the Bad,and the Ugly 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
《The Journal of geography》2012,111(6):271-272
Abstract GIS Concepts and ArcGIS Methods, David M. Theobald Fort Collins, CO: Conservations Planning Technologies, 2003. 342 pp. ISBN 0-9679208-2-5 $55.00 (paper) Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong, James W. Loewen New York: A Touchstone Book, Simon &; Schuster. 1995. 383 pp. Figures, references, and index, ISBN: 0684818868. $14.00 (paper). 相似文献
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Donald G. Rogich 《Natural Resources Research》1996,5(4):197-210
The three broad categories of commodity inputs to the economy are food, fuel, and material, defined as everything else not used for the first two purposes. Material provides physical structure, houses, cars, and packaging; is an important constitutent of modern agriculture in the form of fertilizer and insecticides; and supports the service sector through telecommunications and equipment and paper for our copying machines. The efficient flow of this material is an important factor in the U.S. economy.Correspondence should be directed to Earle B. Amey, U.S. Geological Survey, National Center 983, Reston, Virgina 20192. 相似文献
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A detailed analysis of the 35 yr of seismicity between 1962 and 1997 using a gridding technique shows that the M 7, Spitak earthquake of 1988 December 7 was preceded by a quiescence anomaly that started at approximately 1984±0.5, and lasted about 5±0.5 yr, up to the main shock. This quiescence anomaly had a radius of about 20±3 km, estimated from circular areas with 75 per cent rate decrease, centred at the point of maximum significance of the anomaly. The quiescence was clearly present in the aftershock volume during the 5 yr before the 1988 main shock, but its statistically strongest expression was located 30 km NW of the epicentre. This anomaly fulfills the association rules between precursory quiescence anomalies and main shocks, even for a tight definition, and is therefore proposed as a case of precursory quiescence. The largest value of the standard deviate Z , found by random selection of samples by gridding, was Z =14 for a time window of T w =3 yr, using a sample size of N =300 events. This makes this anomaly the strongest observed so far, and it is the first documented in an environment of continental collision. There are no false alarms exceeding in significance the precursor. The Armenian earthquake catalogue used for this study had 4600 earthquakes with M ≥ M min =2.2 in the area bounded by 39.5° to 42°N/42.5° to 47°E. From the point of view of homogeneous reporting this is the best catalogue we have analysed so far. The limits of the data used and the density of the grid are dictated by the data, and have no influence on the results. The choice of free parameters does not influence the results significantly within the following limits: 100≤ N ≤500, 2≤ T w ≤7, 2.2≤ M min ≤2.8. 相似文献
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Reflection, transmission, and the generalized primary wave 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
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区域尺度土地利用/覆被变化（LUCC）时空特征及驱动力是研究大尺度变化乃至全球变化演变过程的基础,而干旱区LUCC对区域水文、生态影响尤为显著,是全球变化研究的重点之一。以新疆孔雀河流域上游作为研究区,基于1977-2015年6期Landsat数据,采用多规则人机交互目视解译的方法完成LUCC制图,并利用LUCC模型从数量变化、空间变化、土地利用集约程度变化等多方面分析了近40年来该区域LUCC特点及演变机制。结果表明：（1）研究区仅有耕地和建设用地面积增加,且增幅均在200%以上,其他土地类型面积则均有不同程度的减少;（2）耕地变化呈现出空间集聚现象,而建设用地的扩张则呈现空间连续性;（3）2000年前后自然植被经历小幅退化—恢复过程;（4）受西部大开发、塔里木河生态综合治理工程等多种因素影响,2000-2005年间,空间变化的综合动态度最高（2.76%）;（5）自然因素影响较小,人口增长和政策因素是主要驱动因子。 相似文献
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江苏海安青墩地区新石器时代环境考古 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
通过对海安青墩遗址剖面进行磁化率、粒度、孢粉、14 C测年等指标分析 ,结果表明 ,剖面第 8层至第 7层是一个海退过程 ,同时微体古生物分析表明这两层均无有孔虫 ,可知当时此区域离海较远。第 8层到第 7层气候向暖湿方向转化 ,良好的气候环境条件为后来该区域人类活动的发展创造了条件。测年资料表明第 6层为距今 3790± 10 5 14 CaB .P .,是大暖期后面的一个气候波动和缓的亚稳定暖湿期 ,当时中国绝大部分地区气候要比现今暖湿。剖面的第 3、 4、 5层 ,即 4 0 0 0 14 CaB .P .以来的一个时期 ,该区出现了一洪水泛滥期 ,正是这一洪水期导致该区域人类文明的衰落。 相似文献
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The city of Denver, Colorado recently outlawed camping in all open space. Part of a broad effort to accelerate the profit potential of prime urban land through real estate speculation and commerce, the camping ban has dislocated homeless people from the city’s marginal spaces. Based on ethnographic fieldwork and archival research in Denver, this article develops a tripartite approach to public space—prime, everyday, and marginal—to analyze challenging ways in which people who are homeless in Denver must now manage their exposure to others in everyday public spaces. In addition to eliminating places of hard-won safety and security, this singular new code disrupts hygiene, mobility, and sociability routines, thus throwing already precarious lives into further disarray by rendering housing status visible. To demonstrate how everyday social justice springs from interaction between different people co-present in public space, we foreground the voices of Denver’s homeless people, those most impacted by quality of life laws. Evicting individuals from marginal spaces and rendering them visibly homeless in everyday and prime spaces, the ban deprives them of a fundamental right to the city: anonymity. 相似文献
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Virginie Mamadouh 《Urban geography》2018,39(9):1435-1439
This contribution to a Debate on “The Nation-State and the city” foregrounds the recently adopted Urban Agenda for the European Union. It discusses the new role of cities in the European policy making process and its relevance for relations between State and City in the light of EU membership. 相似文献
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Hollows in the Sierra de Aracena, part of western sector of Sierra Morena region (Huelva, Spain), are geoecologically unusual macroforms. They are underlain by deeply weathered bedrock but have eutrophic soils with distinctive vegetation. Paleosols with very dark colours, a predominance of smectites and large amounts of total and free iron occur on the floors on the hollows. An evolutionary model is proposed for the hollows, involving differential weathering during the Mesozoic on plutonic and amphibolitic rocks, alpine tectonic activity followed by Quaternary erosion and exhumation leading to formation of erosional terraces. 相似文献
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summary . In Fishnish, eight dykes of E-W trend are all normally magnetized and all cut dykes of other trends. Normally magnetized dykes form a small minority of the dykes in the British Tertiary igneous province and this is the first reported incidence of a clearly defined group of a single polarity. The balance of the evidence - which is conflicting — favours the E—W dykes being contemporary with the later parts of the centre. 相似文献
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Glacier balance trends in the Kongsfjorden area, western Spitsbergen, Svalbard, in relation to the climate 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
Bernard Lefauconnier Jon Ove Hagen Jon Børre Ørbæk Kjetil Melvold Elisabeth Isaksson 《Polar research》1999,18(2):307-313
For the last thirty years, the mean net balance of two glaciers, Austre Brøggerbreen and Midre Lovénbreen, has been -0.43 and -0.34 m of water equivalent (w.e.). respectively. The mean net balance of Kongsvegen, a tidewater glacier that has been measured since 1987, is 0.11 m w.e. The negative balances of the two first glaciers are driven by the increase in atmospheric temperature which occurred at the end of the Little Ice Age at the beginning of the century. The positive balance of Kongsvegen is due to its higher elevation and larger accumulation area. There is no significant trend in the net balances and no increase of the melting has been detected during the last thirty years.
A correlation coefficient of R = 0.83 has been obtained between the net balance of Lovénbreen and the winter precipitation, together with the summer temperature recorded at the neighbouring station of Ny-Ålesund since 1969. With 14 years of data, the correlation coefficient between the net balance and climatic parameters does not increase consistently by introducing any radiation component, but the coefficient correlation between the summer balance of Austre Brøggerbreen and summer temperature increases from 0.68 to 0.77 when introducing global and long-wave radiation for July and August. Weather conditions and the frequency of their changes influence the balance between global and long-wave radiation and changes in albedo values. 相似文献
A correlation coefficient of R = 0.83 has been obtained between the net balance of Lovénbreen and the winter precipitation, together with the summer temperature recorded at the neighbouring station of Ny-Ålesund since 1969. With 14 years of data, the correlation coefficient between the net balance and climatic parameters does not increase consistently by introducing any radiation component, but the coefficient correlation between the summer balance of Austre Brøggerbreen and summer temperature increases from 0.68 to 0.77 when introducing global and long-wave radiation for July and August. Weather conditions and the frequency of their changes influence the balance between global and long-wave radiation and changes in albedo values. 相似文献
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新疆表壳元素地球化学特征 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
本次研究以国家"305"项目新获得积累的新疆地球化学勘查数据为基础,以岩石地层分区为框架,按照岩石地层单元出露情况,利用面积加权方法,在地理信息系统和数理统计分析系统下,对新疆及其三个主要地层区--塔里木地层区、中南天山-北山地层区和北疆地层区进行了39种元素的表壳元素丰度计算.计算结果显示新疆及其三个主要地层区表壳元素丰度总体表现出上陆壳的特点,但又各具差异,反映出新疆地壳的不均一性,塔里木地层区主要表现出成熟上陆壳,北疆地层区表现为年轻上陆壳,中南天山-北山地层区则呈现过渡特点.通过统计、对比,本次研究指出新疆表壳元素丰度受岩石地层单元元素丰度和岩石地层单元地表出露面积控制,其变化是地壳演化历史的产物,总体上并不服从正态分布,前人利用迭代剔除法获得的结果是值得商榷的. 相似文献