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1.
海洋石油光化学降解的研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
石油进入海水会发生各种物理、化学变化,以往的研究已证明光化学氧化在石油及其精炼产品风化过程中具有重要意义。光化学氧化机理主要在于接受日光照射的能量,以不同的方式与溶解氧结合,从而最终降解石油烃。生成的光氧化产生一般为羧酸、醇、醚、羰基化合物等几类,还有一些产物尚不能确定其结构。光氧化产物仍然存在毒性,对海洋生物等十分有害。在动力学方面,针对其某一组分已证实为一级反应动力学行为,并定量地得出了速率常 相似文献
2.
海水中二苯并噻吩的光化学氧化动力学研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
实验研究天然海水中二苯并噻吩的光化学氧化的动力学。结果发现,二苯并噻吩光化学氧化的速率会受到介质、光敏剂、重金属离子以及辐射强度的影响。其一级反应速率常数为３．９×１０－６～１．８×１０－５ｓ－１。Ｃｕ２＋和Ｈｇ２＋能明显加快二苯并噻吩的光氧化速率。光源离反应容器越近,其降解速率越大。溶解氧的含量越低,二苯并噻吩的光降解速率越慢,这说明溶解氧参与了二苯并噻吩的光氧化过程。由此证实,光化学过程是二苯并噻吩在海水中迁移变化的重要途径。 相似文献
3.
二甲基硫光化学氧化反应的动力学研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
实验研究水溶液中二甲基硫（ＤＭＳ）的光化学氧化反应的动力学。结果表明，在入射光频率与强度一定条件下，ＤＭＳ进行光化学氧化反应的速率会受到介质、ｐＨ、重金属离子的影响。Ｈｇ２＋能显著加快人工海水介质中ＤＭＳ的光氧化速率。ＤＭＳ进行光氧化的一级速率常数为４．４６×１０－５～３０．４×１０－５ｓ－１，其在光照下的人工海水介质中的半寿期为３．６ｈ。这说明光化学过程对于影响和控制ＤＭＳ在海洋中的浓度和分布起着十分重要的作用 相似文献
4.
海洋中铁、锰、铜等过渡金属元素的光化学研究进展 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
近年来光化学的研究已取得了重大进展 ,但纵观国内外研究发现 ,对有机光化学物质 ,如石油、污染物、天然有机物等的研究较多［１ ,２ ,５］ ,而对无机物的光化学研究相对较少 ,尤其目前国内在这方面的研究仍几乎为空白。海水中存在许多过渡金属元素 ,它们及其有机络合物的电子容易转移 ,并在近紫外区和可见区有光吸收带 ,具有显著的光化学活性 ,故光氧化还原过程对过渡金属元素在海水中的存在状态和迁移变化规律影响显著［３］。近年来研究最多的是铁、锰、铜等元素的光化学过程。１铁的光化学过程铁是浮游植物生长所必须的一种微量元素 ,它… 相似文献
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为了研究海洋沉积物对0#柴油配制的石油溶液的吸附解吸规律,采集了厦门湾15个站点的沉积物作为研究对象,分析了沉积物的主要理化特征之后,在实验室条件下,以SS5号站点沉积物为代表,模拟沉积物对石油的吸附-解吸过程,测定了沉积物对石油吸附、解吸的动力学曲线和吸附等温线.研究结果表明：沉积物对石油的吸附的平衡时间为0.76 h,解吸的平衡时间为7.8 h,沉积物对石油的吸附速率高于解吸速率,并且石油被沉积物吸附以后不会完全解吸出来.沉积物对石油的吸附等温线具有线性规律,接近理想吸附.研究还表明：沉积物对石油的吸附量与石油的浓度,沉积物粒径等因素有关. 相似文献
6.
海水中二甲基硫的光化学氧化研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
二甲基硫(DMS)是海洋中最重要的挥发性生源硫化物,其在大气中的氧化产物会对全球气候变化和酸雨的形成产生重要影响。海水中DMS的光化学氧化,作为一个重要的去除途径,是控制海水中DMS浓度的重要因素。这个复杂的动态过程会受到光照、深度、海水中的溶解无机和有机物这些物理、化学因素的影响。根据光化学降解在DMS的全球生物地球化学循环中的重要作用,作者综述了国际海洋科学工作者近20年来在海水中DMS光化学研究方面的最新进展。 相似文献
7.
海洋丝状真菌降解原油研究 总被引：9，自引：3，他引：9
本文报道了分离自近岸海洋环境中的４株降解石油烃丝状真菌的实验室模拟研究。结果表明，受试海洋丝状真菌与海洋细菌相比，其降解速率高；适应油种、油量和油组分的范围广；并且在降解石油时不需要增加溶解氧和氮、磷营养盆等附加条件，这些证明，应用海洋丝状真菌清除海上油污更具有开发前景。 相似文献
8.
滨海沙滩石油污染物吸附与释放的实验研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
在胶州湾海域石油污染调查的基础上,选择滨海沙质滩涂作为研究对象,采用自行设计的小型波浪槽模拟试验装置,测定沙土对可溶性油吸附和释放的动力学曲线,并系统分析波浪高度、潮汐作用和海水循环对可溶性油的吸附和释放作用的影响.研究结果表明,沙土对可溶性油的吸附符合对数型的动力学曲线,其吸附平衡时间约为10 h;沙土释放的可溶性油浓度随时间具有一定的波动性.此外,在高波作用下,沙土对可溶性油的吸附速率、吸附量和释放速率、释放量都更加明显. 相似文献
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10.
缢蛏串联养殖经由饵料藻类养殖塘(俗称肥水塘)投放适量含氮化合物以提高生产效率,了解此过程中的沉积物氮转化对调控和管理河口养殖塘氮的收支具有重要意义。以福建九龙江口肥水-缢蛏养殖塘为研究对象,运用同位素示踪技术和高通量测序技术探究缢蛏塘和肥水塘沉积物厌氧氨氧化速率及微生物群落结构,并分析其环境调控机制。结果表明,肥水塘沉积物厌氧氨氧化速率为(1.76±0.11) nmol/(g·h),相对贡献为9.16%±0.40%,显著高于缢蛏塘(P<0.05)。缢蛏塘和肥水塘厌氧氨氧化微生物主要由Candidatus Scalindua、Ca.Kuenenia、Ca.Brocadia和Ca.Anammoximicrobium属组成。其中,Ca.Kuenenia属为养殖塘的优势菌属。沉积物厌氧氨氧化微生物多样性和丰富度呈显著的空间分布特征,肥水塘中生物多样性更高(P<0.05)。厌氧氨氧化微生物活性和群落结构差异主要受养殖土地利用方式、溶解氧(DO)、NH4+和NO3-含量等环境因子的调控。该研究在一定... 相似文献
11.
Dimethylsulfide(DMS) is generally thought to be lost from the surface oceans by evasion into the atmosphere as well as consumption by microbe.However,photochemical process might be important in the removal of DMS in the oceanic photic zone.A kinetic investigation into the photochemical oxidation of DMS in seawater was performed.The photo-oxidation rates of DMS were influenced by various factors including the medium,dissolved oxygen,photosensitizers,and heavy metal ions.The photo-oxidation rates of DMS were higher in seawater than in distilled water,presumably due to the effect of salinity existing in seawater.Three usual photosensitizers(humic acid,fulvic acid and anthroquinone),especially in the presence of oxygen,were able to enhance the photo-oxidation rate of DMS,with the fastest rate observed with anthroquinone.Photo-oxidation of DMS followed first order reaction kinetics with the rate constant ranging from 2.5×10-5 to 34.3×10-5 s-1.Quantitative analysis showed that approximately 32% of the photochemically removed DMS was converted to dimethylsulfoxide.One of the important findings was that the presence of Hg2 could markedly accelerate the photo-oxidation rate of DMS in seawater.The mechanism of mercuric catalysis for DMS photolysis was suggested according to the way of CTTM(charge transfer to metal) of DMS-Hg2 complex. 相似文献
12.
Aerated solutions of potassium iodide in de-ionised water, of between 5–20% (w/v), were exposed to ambient spring sunlight to estimate the rate of photochemical production of molecular iodine from iodide and oxygen in seawater. This rate cannot be measured directly as other reactions, for example the reduction of molecular iodine by organic matter, interfere. Also, a parallel photo-oxidation, initiated by organic matter in real seawater, may also occur. The experiments yield a half-life for iodide in tropical surface waters of about 29 months suggesting that the reaction is insignificant. At this rate it will not compete effectively against the reduction of molecular iodine by organic matter, and hence molecular iodine should not appear. The experiments also consider the photo-oxidation by nitrate, and iodate, a combination of nitrite and oxygen, and eliminate significant interference by chloride, bromide and the phosphate buffer. The rate of photo-oxidation with each of the first three oxidations is found to be first order with respect to oxidant concentration. The variation of photo-oxidation rate with pH is also studied, with a brief investigation without conventional oxidant, where electron cage complexes still promote photo-oxidation. The photochemical action spectrum for these reactions in sunlight is shown to extend between 300 and 425 nm. The photo-oxidation of iodide by iodate is more interesting to marine chemistry as the photo-reduction of iodate. Nevertheless, the reduction-rate is judged to be several orders too low to be significant in seawater. The mechanism of the reactions are discussed and lessons drawn on the stability of potassium iodide solutions used in iodate analysis. The KI actinometer is recommended to those studying other photochemical systems activated by UV-A light as it is linear and very simple and reliable. 相似文献
13.
In this work, we have monitored 12 stations to study the effects caused by natural, marine and anthropogenic activities on water quality in Daya Bay, China. Results show that the N:P ratios are 71.54, 41.29, 81.50 and 98.27 in winter, spring, summer and autumn, respectively. Compared with the data of the past 20 years, the atomic N:P ratios have increased, indicating increased potential for P limitation; the atomic Si:N ratios have decreased; the nutrient structure has substantially changed over a period of 20 years. These findings show that the nutrient structure may be related to anthropogenic influence. The data matrix has been built according to the results, which were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA). This analysis extracted the first four principal components (PC), explaining 73.58% of the total variance of the raw data. PC1 (25.53% of the variance) is associated with temperature, salinity and nitrate. PC2 (21.64% of the variance) is characterized by dissolved oxygen and silicate. PC3 (15.91% of the variance) participates mainly by nitrite (NO2-N) and ammonia (NH4-N). PC4 explaining 10.50% of the variance is mainly contributed by parameters of organic pollution (dissolved oxygen, 5-day biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand).PCA has found the important factors that can describe the natural, marine and anthropogenic influences. Temperature and salinity are important indicators of natural and marine characters in this bay. The northeast monsoons from October to April and southwest monsoons from May to September have important effects on the waters in Daya Bay. It has been demonstrated that anthropogenic activities have significant influence on nitrogen form character. In spatial pattern, a marine aquaculture area and a non-aquaculture area are widely identified by the scores of stations. In seasonal pattern, dry and wet season characters have been demonstrated. 相似文献
14.
The aqueous photochemical transformation of acrylic acid 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Acrylic acid in sea water is thought to occur mostly as the product of microbial cleavage of dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP), but could also be a pollutant introduced by waste waters of the organic chemical industry. Solutions of acrylic acid in natural and artificial sea water, and distilled and riverine water were photolyzed using a photochemical reactor and exposure to sunlight. The transformation of acrylic acid comprises the decarboxylation of the carboxylic group and subsequent polymerization to a polyethylene type molecule. Kinetic studies showed the lowest reaction rate in distilled water and somewhat higher and very similar rates in other aqueous media. The approximately similar reaction rates in all natural waters studied suggest that inorganic ions, especially Na+, Mg2+ and halides, and dissolved organic matter (probably humics) enhance the reaction rates. On studying the influence of different concentration ranges on the reaction kinetics, an exponential increase of rates with decreasing concentration was found. The reaction rate in the sea water solution in field conditions is rather slow. In thirty days exposure about 15% of the reactant was transformed. This reaction seems to be important in the marine environment in specific conditions, especially in phycospheres and macroaggregates where higher concentrations of acrylic acid inhibit the bacterial metabolism. 相似文献
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为促进海洋渔业经济的健康可持续发展，文章以连云港高公岛附近的紫菜养殖区为研究区域，利用海洋环境综合监测浮标实时监测水环境和气象数据，采用定性和定量相结合的方法，分析紫菜养殖区海域的水温、电导率、水压、溶解氧浓度、pH值、盐度、叶绿素浓度和浊度等水环境因子的统计和变化特征及其相关性，在此基础上分析气象条件对水环境因子的影响。研究结果表明：研究区域的水温和盐度适宜紫菜养殖，浊度属于强变异性；水温和电导率整体呈逐渐升高的趋势，溶解氧浓度和pH值呈逐渐降低的趋势，其他水环境因子呈波动状态；水压的变化与气压具有一致性，水体未受到溶解氧和酸碱污染；水温与电导率之间存在较强的正相关性，水温与溶解氧浓度和pH值之间存在较强的负相关性，pH值与叶绿素浓度和盐度之间存在较强的正相关性；气象条件对水环境因子存在一定的影响，海上大风导致水体浊度陡增。 相似文献
17.
DMS and its oxidation products in the remote marine atmosphere: implications for climate and atmospheric chemistry 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
DMS emitted into the atmosphere over the global oceans has a range of effects upon atmospheric composition (mediated through various oxidation products) that may be significant with regard to issues as important as climate regulation, and the trace gas oxidation capacity of the marine atmospheric boundary layer. The roles played by DMS oxidation products within these contexts are diverse and complex, and in many instances are not well understood. Here we summarize what is known, and suspected, about the couplings between the marine atmospheric sulfur cycle, other atmospheric chemical cycles, and the dynamics and microphysics of the marine atmospheric boundary layer. This overview focuses heavily on measurements carried out in clean Southern Ocean air masses in association with the Australian Baseline Air Pollution Station located at Cape Grim (40° 40′ 56″S, 144° 41′ 18″ E), Tasmania. The data confirm that in the remote marine atmosphere, DMS is a central player in a variety of important atmospheric processes, reinforcing the need to understand quantitatively the factors that regulate DMS emissions from the ocean to the atmosphere. 相似文献
18.
F. Edelkraut 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1996,43(6):737-745
Lignin is produced only by vascular plants and therefore can be used as a tracer for terrestrial organic carbon input to the estuarine and marine environments. Lignin measurements have been done by analyses of the oxidation products such as vanillin or 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde.In the Elbe Estuary, free dissolved vanillin was analysed in order to test whether such measurements yield information on terrestrial carbon inputs into the Estuary and on the vanillin derived from lignin oxidation. In the period 1990–1992, concentrations of dissolved vanillin in the Elbe ranged from 0 to 60 μg l−1(mean: 8 μg l−1). Higher values were found in areas of increased microbial activity such as the turbidity zone and the river mouth where the water chemistry is influenced by large tidal flats. No correlation was found between dissolved vanillin and suspended matter concentrations, although lignin is normally associated with suspended particulate matter, nor was a covariance seen between dissolved vanillin and the terrestrial carbon inputs into the Estuary. Apparently, biological conversion of lignin was faster than the transport processes, and local sources were more dominant for the vanillin concentration than riverine sources. The dissolved vanillin turnover was fast and, consequently, a significant amount of lignin may be converted within an estuary. In sediments from the Estuary, the concentrations of dissolved vanillin were similar to those found in the water phase and showed no clear vertical profile. The sediment is unlikely to be the source for vanillin. 相似文献
19.
海洋生物固氮是指固氮生物利用固氮酶将氮气转化为生物可利用铵盐的海洋氮元素输入过程,和反硝化及厌氧氨氧化等氮流失途径一起制约着大洋氮收支平衡。而固氮速率的测定是研究海洋生物固氮的最直接方式。自发现海洋生物固氮作用以来,固氮速率的测定方法在不断更新改进,但总体来说仍存在较大不确定性。最近用15N2同位素示踪法及其他相关数据综合得到全球海洋固氮量为196.1 Tg N∙a−1,最高固氮速率发生在南太平洋热带地区。但分布受到多种因素的影响。其中,物理因素中的光照和温度是全球范围固氮速率分布的最佳预测因子,光照为固氮过程提供能量,温度通过影响固氮酶活性而发挥作用。在化学因素中,铁元素的缺乏成为固氮的重要限制因子。除此之外,还有生物因素,如浮游植物和异养固氮生物等,对固氮量的贡献影响较大。最近有研究对以往固氮作用区域和反硝化作用空间相互耦合的观点表示质疑,提出二者分布空间分离的新格局。研究多控制因素对固氮生物的耦合效应、明确不同物种对固氮总量的相对贡献以及进一步建立固氮速率的原位测定方法是未来海洋固氮作用研究的主要工作。 相似文献
20.
Nitrite is chemically stable but photochemically unstable in seawater. The net disappearance rate in abiotic low-nitrate seawater exposed to sunlight is ～ 10% per day. The primary products are the free radicals NO and OH. Quantitative aspects of the kinetics and secondary product formation are discussed in terms of a fourteen-step reaction scheme. Possible pathways explaining the results are suggested but not unequivocally identified.The rate of reaction in various marine environments is estimated from cruise data and extrapolations to vary between 0.2–60·10?3 moles m?2yr?1, with a suggested global average for comparison purposes of 1–10·103 moles m?2yr?1.These results confirm and quantify our previous suggestion that nitrite photolysis represents a source of OH radical in seawater. The reaction rate is large enough that significant impacts on the geochemical cycles of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen and heavy metals may plausibly result. Effects on marine biota and atmospheric trace gas composition are also possible. However, specific reactions coupling the nitrite system to other processes have not yet been identified or demonstrated empirically. 相似文献