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1.
广西横县六景火车站南侧,角度不整合覆盖下泥盆统莫丁组和那叫组下段、被新近系大面积覆盖而呈两部分远距离割裂状态的一套“二元结构”特征显著的红色泥砂基底碳酸盐岩粗—巨砾岩,长期以来未被学者们看作一个冲积扇的有机统一体进行研究。经两次实地踏勘、系统采样和测量,以现代山麓冲积扇鉴别特征为主,辅以古冲积扇特征,综合分析得出结论:该套沉积的系列相关分割露头分别为一古近纪冲积扇之残存扇根、扇中及扇缘。该冲积扇为一典型的古近纪早期干旱气候条件下、母岩区为陡峻碳酸盐岩山体的古山麓冲积扇。 相似文献
2.
洞庭盆地古沅江砾石层的沉积特征及沉积环境 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
以野外调查中发现的2处出露较好的古沅江沉积砾石层剖面,即河袱山剖面和黄土山剖面为研究对象,分析了所出露沉积物的沉积特征和沉积环境并建立了沉积序列。结果表明,古沅江砾石层在地貌上表现为古冲积扇,但该古冲积扇并不是一期冲积扇。依据2个剖面的岩性特征与沉积特征,以岩性层作为对比标志层,将剖面划分为3期冲积扇。河袱山剖面第2层与黄土山剖面第2层构成第Ⅰ期冲积扇,表现为扇顶-扇中相;河袱山剖面第3、4层与黄土山剖面第3~6层构成第Ⅱ期冲积扇,该期冲积扇较完整,表现为完整的扇顶-扇中相以及部分扇缘相;河袱山剖面第5层与黄土山剖面第7~9层构成第Ⅲ期冲积扇,表现为以扇顶相为主的扇顶-扇中相。该古冲积扇的成因类型表明冲积扇形成时的气候较为湿润;以砾质为主的沉积物则说明当时洞庭盆地周缘的地形较现在陡峻,古沅江也具有更强的搬运能力。 相似文献
3.
根据野外露头剖面和岩心观察,钻、录井及测井曲线以及地震等资料,研究了柴达木盆地北缘古近系—新近系的沉积相类型和沉积特征,结果表明该区主要发育冲积扇、扇三角洲、辫状河、辫状河三角洲及湖泊等沉积相类型。柴达木盆地北缘的沉积时空展布受盆地基底的构造格架及阿尔金山斜坡带生长逆冲断裂系、北缘逆冲断层和古隆起的联合作用,沉积体系具有多样性。冷湖地区受逆冲断层作用,发育了冲积扇—扇三角洲—湖泊沉积体系;马海—南八仙地区则受逆冲断层和古隆起的双重控制,发育冲积扇—辫状河—辫状河三角洲—湖泊沉积体系。在沉积相分析的基础上对古地理演化进行了系统分析,为下一步的油气勘探工作提供可靠的地质资料。 相似文献
4.
断陷湖盆储集砂体发育的主控因素——以辽河西部凹陷古近系为例 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
断陷湖盆是我国东部新生代发育的主要含油气湖盆,探讨这类盆地储集砂体发育主控因素,对油气储层预测具有重要的实践意义。运用沉积—构造地质学和地球物理理论与技术,对辽河断陷西部凹陷古近系砂体发育特征进行研究,结果表明:沉积环境、古地貌、基准面和湖平面变化是断陷湖盆储集砂体发育的主要控制因素。除了沉积环境,构造运动造就的古地貌影响最大。西部凹陷古近纪古地貌包括古隆起、古沟谷、古台地、古坡折和古断槽等单元类型,它们不同程度地控制着沉积体系的展布和砂体的发育。根据构造特征,古坡折分为断阶型、陡崖型和陡坡型,它们分别对应于冲积扇-扇三角洲-远岸浊积扇沉积体系、冲积扇-近岸浊积扇沉积体系、冲积扇-扇三角洲和冲积扇-近岸浊积扇沉积体系等的发育。 相似文献
5.
宜昌砾石层上覆中更新世网纹红土,下伏白垩纪红层,共有22个岩性层组成,总厚超过100m。通过对宜昌地区剖面出露砾石层的沉积相分析表明,善溪窑和云池剖面由下至上出现冲积扇扇中-扇根亚相;李家院剖面与上述两剖面间有沉积间断,由下至上出现冲积扇扇端-扇中亚相。粒度分析也证明了该砾石层中的砂体属冲积扇中的辫状水道沉积,与沉积相分析所得结论一致。研究认为,宜昌砾石层具有典型的冲积扇沉积环境特征,主要为冲积扇扇顶部分。该冲积扇在宜昌东南地区如此大规模的发育,显示其形成时具有强大的水动力条件,通过对其形成的地貌环境意义进行探讨,初步认为,该冲积扇为长江三峡贯通的产物。据前人研究推断,宜昌砾石层的形成时代应该在1.08～0.73MaB.P.,三峡贯通应在1.0MaB.P.之前。 相似文献
6.
柴北缘牦牛山地区牦牛山组沉积相组合特征 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
柴达木盆地北缘牦牛山地区出露的牦牛山组是一套由冲积扇和扇三角洲相共同构成的陆相沉积组合,冲积扇相砾岩-粗砂岩组合主要分布于研究区SE侧,扇三角洲相砂岩-泥岩组合主要分布于研究区NW侧。古水流分析表明牦牛山组沉积物主要来自其SE侧古隆起,但后期扇三角洲相包含少量来自NW和NE向的沉积物。该套沉积组合序列特征与区域上分布在牦牛山西侧同时期形成的湖泊相、滨浅海相沉积共同表明,柴达木盆地北缘在晚志留-早泥盆世时期存在一NW向倾斜的古斜坡,且晚期北侧发生抬升。砾岩和砂岩碎屑组成与区域岩石组合类型对比表明,牦牛山组沉积碎屑物主要来自于滩间山群。沉积组合序列特征、碎屑组成和区域构造背景综合研究表明,牦牛山组可能为柴达木板块向北俯冲过程中形成的局部断陷盆地的充填物。 相似文献
7.
辽西义县盆地义县组底部沉积相与沉积环境分析 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
辽西义县盆地下白垩统义县组底部发育有马神庙、老公沟两个沉积层。马神庙沉积层从下至上可以划分出6个沉积亚层,其下部复成分砾岩沉积层为干旱气候条件下形成的洪（冲）积扇底部沉积相、洪（冲）积扇上的山洪冲槽充填相;中部为复成分砾岩夹凝灰质沉积层;顶部被中基性的火山岩覆盖。老公沟沉积层下部是以泥质粉砂岩为主的滨浅湖相、洪（冲）积扇向湖盆过渡的季节性河流作用形成的粗砂岩—含砾粗砂岩沉积相;顶部为一套滨浅湖相的膨润土化粉砂岩—膨润土—碳酸盐岩沉积岩石组合。义县盆地演化初期气候干旱,盆地边缘地势起伏较大,盆地边缘形成洪（冲）积扇、扇面上发育洪槽充填沉积作用,洪（冲）积扇向湖盆过渡区存在季节性河流;老公沟顶部湖泊相沉积指示受区域季节性变化的半干旱、频繁火山作用影响下,湖盆水深频繁波动的古地理、古气候的沉积特征。义县组底部沉积相表现了该盆地边缘向中心横向上的洪（冲）扇、季节性河流和湖泊沉积的三相发育的古地理特征。 相似文献
8.
《现代地质》2016,(3)
利用研究区丰富的岩心、测井及地震资料,分析了玉门油田老君庙构造带古近系白杨河组M及L-M层的沉积特征,确定了沉积相类型,明确了其沉积相分布样式,并在此基础上探讨细粒冲积扇的主控因素。研究表明:研究区目的层发育以砂岩沉积为主的细粒冲积扇沉积,M层自下而上发育扇根和扇中亚相,L-M层发育扇缘亚相,粒径向上变细,整体为一退积型冲积扇。冲积扇在平面上呈伸长扇形,宽度为5~10 km,长为10~15 km,厚度为15~25 m,冲积扇的根部发育下切河道,宽度为2~4 km,受地势的影响,顺物源砂体呈厚度薄、分布范围广的分布特征。细粒冲积扇的形成及沉积特征是气候、物源和古地形等因素共同控制的结果,山间河道出山口后开阔的地势为冲积扇提供了有利的地形,白垩系泥岩和砂岩作为母岩以及山间河道出山口前平缓的地势影响了细粒冲积扇的粒度,同时干热环境加剧了母岩的风化程度,三种因素综合导致研究区形成了细粒冲积扇。 相似文献
9.
针对渤海PL构造区深层古近系钻井少、地震成像差引起的储层预测难点,充分挖掘各种地质和地震信息,摸索出一套快速、有效的储层预测方法。首先通过层序分析恢复湖盆的演化阶段,明确储层发育的主要层位;其次通过制作各层序的时间厚度图来分析古地貌,明确储层可能发育的平面位置;最后在层序和古地貌的约束下进行地震相分析,刻画储层的平面展布。分析显示,PL构造区深层古近系有利储集相带为扇三角洲、碳酸盐岩浅滩和辫状河三角洲。扇三角洲和碳酸盐岩浅滩形成于湖泊初始发育期,前者呈楔形填充型前积反射位于凸起边缘断坡带,后者呈退积型叠瓦状反射位于水下隆起带;辫状河三角洲形成于湖泊萎缩期,呈低角度前积反射分布于凸起边缘斜坡区。 相似文献
10.
依据录井、测井、岩芯和孢粉化石分析等,认为牛庄洼陷发育于原沙三下亚段上下两套油页岩之中的砂体应属于沙三中亚段低位体系域,为水下冲积扇和深水浊积扇;并阐明了其沉积分布特征,且进一步运用层序地层学原理研究认为研究区低位域砂体沉积相组合-层序及体系域叠置模式为低水位深水浊积扇-湖平上升初期的低水位水下冲积扇-后期的湖侵水道。 相似文献
11.
ALAN P. HEWARD 《Sedimentology》1978,25(4):451-488
Vertical sequence analysis within 1500-2500 m thick coarse-grained coalfield successions allows six sedimentary associations to be distinguished. These are interpreted in terms of depositional environments on, or related to alluvial fans which fringed a fault bounded source region. (i) Topographic valley and fanhead canyon fills: occurring at the bases of the coalfield successions and comprising sporadically reddened, scree, conglomeratic thinning and fining upward sequences, and fine-grained coal-bearing sediments. (ii) Alluvial fan channels: conglomerate and sandstone filled. (iii) Mid-fan conglomeratic and sandstone lobes: laterally extensive, thickly bedded (1-25 m) and varying from structureless coarse conglomerates and pebbly sandstones, to stratified fine conglomerates and cross-bedded sandstones. (iv) Interlobe and interchannel: siltstones, fine-grained sheet sandstones, abundant floras, thin coals and upright trees. (v) Distal fan: 10 cm-1.5 m thick sheet sandstones which preserve numerous upright trees, separated by silt-stones and mudstones with abundant floras, and coal seams. The sheet sandstones and normally arranged in sequences of beds which become thicker and coarser or thinner and finer upwards. These trends also occur in combination. (vi) Lacustrine: coals, limestones, and fine-grained, low-energy, regressive, coarsening upward sequences. Proximal fan sediments are only preserved in certain basal deposits of these coalfields. The majority of the successions comprise mid and distal alluvial fan and lacustrine sediments. Mid-fan depositional processes consisted of debris flows and turbulent streamflows, whilst sheetfloods dominated active distal areas. A tropical and seasonal climate allowed vegetation to colonize abandoned fan surfaces and perhaps resulted in localized diagenetic reddening. Worked coals, from 10s cm-20 m thick, occur in the distal fan and lacustrine environments. These alluvial fan deposits infill‘California-like’basins developed and preserved along major structural zones. In many of their characteristics, in particular the occurrence of thinning and fining, and thickening and coarsening upward sequences and megasequences, these sediments have similarities to documented ancient submarine fan deposits. 相似文献
12.
Ancient stream-dominated (‘wet’) alluvial fan deposits have received far less attention in the literature than their arid/semi-arid counterparts. The Cenozoic basin fills along the Denali fault system of the northwestern Canadian Cordillera provide excellent examples of stream-dominated alluvial fan deposits because they developed during the Eocene-Oligocene temperate climatic regime in an active strike-slip orogen. The Amphitheatre Formation filled several strike-slip basins in Yukon Territory and consists of up to 1200 m of coarse siliciclastic rocks and coal. Detailed facies analysis, conglomerate: sandstone percentages (C:S), maximum particle size (MPS) distribution, and palaeocurrent analysis of the Amphitheatre Formation in two of these strike-slip basins document the transition from proximal, to middle, to distal and fringing environments within ancient stream-dominated alluvial-fan systems. Proximal fan deposits in the Bates Lake Basin are characterized by disorganized, clast-supported, boulder conglomerate and minor matrix(mud)-supported conglomerate. Proximal facies are located along the faulted basin margins in areas where C:S = 80 to 100 and where the average MPS ranges from 30 to 60 cm. Proximal fan deposits grade into middle fan, channelized, well organized cobble conglomerates that form upward fining sequences, with an average thickness of 7 m. Middle fan deposits grade basinward into well-sorted, laterally continuous beds of normally graded sandstone interbedded with trough cross-stratified sandstone. These distal fan deposits are characteristic of areas where C:S = 20 to 40 and where the average MPS ranges from 5 to 15 cm. Fan fringe deposits consist of lacustrine and axial fluvial facies. Palaeogeographic reconstruction of the Bates Lake Basin indicates that alluvial-fan sedimentation was concentrated in three parts of the basin. The largest alluvial-fan system abutted the strike-slip Duke River fault, and prograded westward across the axis of the basin. Two smaller, coarser grained fans prograded syntaxially northward from the normal-faulted southern basin margin. Facies analysis of the Burwash Basin indicates a similar transition from proximal to distal, stream-dominated alluvial fan environments, but with several key differences. Middle-fan deposits in the Burwash Basin define upward coarsening sequences 50 to 60 m thick composed of fine-grained lithofacies and coal in the lower part, trough cross-stratified sandstone in the middle, and conglomerate in the upper part of the sequence. Upward-coarsening sequences, 90–140 m thick, also are common in the fan fringe lacustrine deposits. These sequences coarsen upward from mudstone, through fine grained, ripple-laminated sandstone, to coarse grained trough cross-stratified sandstone. The upward-coarsening sequences are basinwide, facies independent, and probably represent progradation of stream-dominated alluvial-fan depositional systems. Coal distribution in the Amphitheatre Formation is closely coupled with predominant depositional processes on stream-dominated alluvial fans. The thickest coal seams occur in the most proximal part of the basin fill and in marginal lacustrine deposits. Coal development in the intervening middle and distal fan areas was suppressed by the high frequency of unconfined flow events and lateral channel mobility. 相似文献
13.
通过岩心观察,将克拉玛依油田三叠系克下组砾岩分为杂基支撑角砾岩(砾石成分同基岩)、弱胶结砾岩(严格意义上未胶结成岩)、泥质杂基支撑砾岩、砂砾质支撑砾岩和分选极好的细砾岩几种类型。通过岩心岩石特征与现代洪积扇沉积物特征对比,确定了每一类砾岩的形成环境。克下组沉积早期,气候干旱,洪积扇为干旱型,可与现代扎伊尔山山麓洪积扇(堆)沉积物特征相类比。克下组沉积后期气候变得潮湿,洪积扇类型逐渐转变为以河流作用为主,可与阜康市白杨河洪积扇沉积物特征相类比。克下组洪积扇在垂向上为向扎伊尔山后退的沉积序列。 相似文献
14.
Dengyun Wu Zhikun Ren Lü Honghua Jinrui Liu Guanghao Ha Chi Zhang Menghao Zhu 《地球科学进展》2020,35(4):389-403
Alluvial fans can preserve historical records of sediment transport to middle and lower river systems or piedmont basins, which are considered to be sensitive recorders of climate change and tectonic activity. In this paper, the morphological characteristics, control factors and future development trend of alluvial fan are summarized and described. The main understanding is as follows:
15.
ABSTRACT The Wagwater Trough is a fault-bounded basin which cuts across east-central Jamaica. The basin formed during the late Palaeocene or early Eocene and the earliest sediments deposited in the trough were the Wagwater and Richmond formations of the Wagwater Group. These formations are composed of up to 7000 m of conglomerates, sandstones, and shales. Six facies have been recognized in the Wagwater Group: Facies I-unfossiliferous massive conglomerates; Facies II—channelized, non-marine conglomerates, sandstones, and shales; Facies III-interbedded, fossiliferous conglomerates and sandstones; Facies IV—fossiliferous muddy conglomerates; Facies V—channelized, marine conglomerates, sandstones, and shales; and Facies VI—thin-bedded sheet sandstones and shales. The Wagwater and Richmond formations are interpreted as fan delta-submarine fan deposits. Facies associations suggest that humid-region fan deltas prograded into the basin from the adjacent highlands and discharged very coarse sediments on to a steep submarine slope. At the coast waves reworked the braided-fluvial deposits of the subaerial fan delta into coarse sand and gravel beaches. Sediments deposited on the delta-front slope were frequently remobilized and moved downslope as slumps, debris flows, and turbidity currents. At the slope-basin break submarine fans were deposited. The submarine fans are characterized by coarse inner and mid-fan deposits which grade laterally into thin bedded turbidites of the outer fan and basin floor. 相似文献
16.
LauraPatriciaPerucca JuanParedes 《《幕》》2004,27(3):190-194
The study consists of the identification of landforms subject to alluvial fan flooding in active sectors of the Zonda range piedmont. In the Department of Pocito, located about 5 km southwest of San Juan City, a series of alluvial fans have been identified. These alluvial fans are located downstream of the natural drainage basins covering an area of approximately 130 km^2 towards the eastern slopes of the Zonda range at a median elevation of 2,000 m a.s.l. 相似文献
17.
The characteristics, classification and origin of late Pleistocene fan deposits in the Cass Basin, Canterbury, New Zealand 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
J. L. McARTHUR 《Sedimentology》1987,34(3):459-471
The deposits comprising 'valley-side fans' in a small intermontane basin of the Southern Alps are classified as debris flow, water-laid, intermediate and mixed deposits on the basis of particle size and clast orientation characteristics. Five varieties of debris flow deposit are identified including unimodal and bimodal 'mudflow gravels'. The fans comprise mainly unimodal mudflow gravels which although apparently similar to the mudflow gravels described from montane and periglacial environments are coarser, have less silt and clay and are better sorted than the mudflow deposits described from semiarid alluvial fans. Additions of airborne silt and fine sand to the fan catchments during later stages of fan building gave rise to bimodal debris flow deposits which appear similar to gravels described from cold-climate fans in Tasmania and classed as water-laid deposits. Braided stream deposits were added to the depositional sequence towards the closing stages of fan building indicating that the fan had become 'wetter'. In many places, however, the youngest Pleistocene fan deposits are silt-rich mixtons reflecting a peak in loess deposition. 相似文献
18.
Chonglong Gao Youliang Ji Chenliang Wu Jun Jin Ying Ren Zhao Yang Dawei Liu Zhijun Huan Xiaobing Duan Yuqi Zhou 《Sedimentology》2020,67(4):1750-1796
Alluvial fans are usually constructed through episodic flood events. Despite the significance of these ephemeral floods on the morphodynamics of alluvial fans, depositional responses to the variations in flood conditions are still poorly documented. This greatly limits the ability to interpret ancient sedimentary successions of fans and the associated flood hydrodynamics. The Quaternary Poplar Fan from endorheic Heshituoluogai Basin provides an optimal case for addressing this issue. Based on the variations in facies associations and flood conditions, three depositional stages – namely; lobe building stage, channel building stage and the abandonment stage – are identified. During the lobe building stage the Poplar Fan is predominately constructed through incised channel flood, sheetflood and unconfined streamflood, with coeval development of distal surficial ephemeral ponds. The channel building stage is characterized by the development of gravelly braided rivers. However, only scour pool fill deposits are preferentially preserved in the Poplar Fan. During the abandonment stage, erosional lags and aeolian sands randomly occur throughout the fan, while gully deposits can only be found in the distal fan. The distinctive facies architecture of the Poplar Fan is likely to be the result of periodicity of climate fluctuations between wetter and drier conditions during the Late Pleistocene to Holocene. The ephemeral floods formed under wetter conditions usually show high discharge and sediment concentrations which facilitate the lobe building processes. During the drier periods, only gravelly braided rivers can be developed through ephemeral floods as the intensity and frequency in precipitation, discharge and sediment concentrations of the flood flows significantly decrease. The abandonment stage of the fan may occur between recurring flood episodes or during the driest periods. Furthermore, the long-term (105 to 106 year) geomorphic evolution of the Poplar Fan shows the influence of tectonic activities. The ongoing thrust uplift tectonic activities have caused destruction of the fan but can also facilitate the fan-head trench/incision of the fan, which in turn facilitate the progradation of the fan. This study proposes a new depositional model for alluvial fans constructed through episodic flood events, which shows the character of both sheet-flood dominated and stream-flow dominated end members of alluvial fans. These findings supplement the understanding of the variability of the alluvial fans and provide means to characterize rock record of alluvial fans and their associated flood and climate conditions. 相似文献
19.
Tehran lies on the southern flank of the Central Alborz, an active mountain belt characterized by many historical earthquakes, some of which have affected Tehran itself. The border between the Alborz Mountain and the Tehran’s piedmont (northern part of Tehran City) is marked by the North Tehran Fault (NTF), dividing the Eocene rock formation from the alluvial units of different ages (Early Pleistocene to the recent alluvium). A detail mapping of the piedmont, combined with structural study reveal that two active thrust faults (situated south of the NTF) are of importance for hazard assessment of the City. The geomorphological evidences along the NTF are not in agreement with an active fault, indicating that the fault activity may have been shifted southward. Furthermore differentiation of newly recognized alluvial units and their inferred ages, together with the mapped fault pattern permit us to characterize the Quaternary deformation. The Late Pleistocene alluvial deposits consist of three alluvial fans among them the youngest one together with the modern alluvial fan defines the Holocene deposit. The present deformation in the piedmont is accommodated along vertically left-lateral strike-slip faults and low-angle thrust faults trending in range from N070 to N110E. 相似文献
20.
Karlskaret fan, with a radius of less than 11/2 km and dominated by debris-flow conglomerates, is one of numerous alluvial fans built out from the fault margins of Hornelen Basin (Devonian, Norway). The fan body is more than 170 m thick proximally, consists of four main coarsening-upwards segments and thins distally by a rising of its base and by a vigorous interfingering with very fine-grained sediments originating from an adjacent, impinging floodbasin system. Within the entire fan body, and within individual lobes, is a proximal-distal (and vertical) facies change from sheet-like, polymodal debris-flow conglomerates through matrix-rich conglomerates that are commonly distorted by loading, slumping and faulting, to remarkably sheet-like, matrix-rich granule sandstone of subaqueous debris-flow origin. Because the alluvial fan prograded into an actively aggrading floodbasin the primary fanglomerates, themselves having been subject to some sorting on the fan surface, incorporated large quantitites of very fine sediments. This inclusion of fines, effectively a textural inversion on the lower fan reaches, frequently led to remobilization and resedimentation of material beyond the fan toe. Anomalous maximum particle size/bed thickness relationships and a variety of graded textures within these resedimented beds suggest deposition in lacustrine areas of the adjacent floodbasin. 相似文献