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1.
在常温、固体围压介质(铅)三轴压缩的条件下,采用磁带记录的快速数据采集系统,对完整的居庸关花岗岩、迁安石英岩和含不同角度锯切面的居庸关花岗岩试件的突发失稳动态过程进行了实验研究。结果表明,当试件沿内部斜面快速错动而突发失稳时,表现为各点应力和位移的振动、衰减,并趋于新的稳定终止态。根据应力和位移的记录,得到了应力-应变(相对位移)动态合成图。以失稳振动的初动半周期为界,可将整个动态过程划分为摩擦错动阶段和自由振动阶段。实验还表明,突发失稳岩石的动态错距等于或近似于终态错距。实测的动态应力降约为终态应力降的1.6倍。 相似文献
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在实验室内，模拟了在构造应力和引潮力的共同作用下岩石失稳破裂的过程，记录了整个过程中不同应力条件下通过岩石样品的纵波波形曲线．以此为基础，分别在时间域和频率域计算了Ｐ波波列能量随应力的变化；并根据Ｑ值的定义，导出了接收到的波列的能量与岩石衰减Ｑ的关系式，从而计算出不同应力条件下相应的Ｑ值及其变化．利用加卸载响应比的定义，得到以Ｑ为响应参数时岩石系统的加卸载响应比随应力的变化曲线，其结果和响应比理论的预测相当吻合．因此认为，Ｑ值的加卸载响应比可以表征岩石系统的稳定程度，并可以用于预测岩石的非线性失稳． 相似文献
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岩石破裂扩展过程中的声发射b值动态特征及意义 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
利用多道声发射（ＡＥ）采集系统记录了不同构造的岩石试件变形破坏过程中的ＡＥ全波形，由扫描算法求得试件变形全过程的ＡＥｂ值动态曲线；根据变化幅度和演化方式，将ＡＥｂ值曲线分为山脊线状和台阶状两类；经与应力－应变时程曲线及试件破裂特征对比，发现山脊线状和台阶状ＡＥｂ值曲线分别对应于较均匀岩石试件的渐进式稳态破裂扩展和含扁平状非均匀构造岩石试件的突发式失稳破裂扩展，后者的破裂状态及其转变可用破裂相和相变来描述 相似文献
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在实验室对不同岩性不同结构的岩石试件进行单轴加载至试件破裂试验，得出了如下主要结果：（１）岩石试件的红外辐射温度随应力增加而变化，温度变化的范围在０．２℃－０．８℃。（２）岩石试件临破裂前出现明显的岩石破裂温度前兆。（３）有一部分岩石试件临破裂前出现高温条带、高温区或低温条带、低温区。不久，试件沿高温条带、区或低温条带、区发生主破裂。（４）有一部分岩石试件在临破裂前出现温度脉冲，正脉冲达到２．８℃，负脉冲达到－１．０℃。（５）当应力增加时，岩石试件的辐射温度增加与声发射率增加呈互补关系。 相似文献
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《地球物理学进展》2017,(3)
各向同性岩石中裂隙随机分布,施加单轴方向的压应力后,与压应力方向垂直的缝隙会优先闭合.应力作用下裂隙的闭合导致岩石呈现出横向各向异性的特征,进而影响弹性波的传播特征.前人对干燥岩石中应力引起的弹性波速度各向异性开展了大量研究,但未考虑充填流体对于应力诱导各向异性和弹性波传播的影响.弹性波通过应力作用的岩石时会诱导微孔隙结构上的"挤喷流"效应,从而造成弹性波显著的频散和衰减.在本文中,我们分析应力诱导各向异性岩石中挤喷流对弹性波传播的影响.利用硬币型裂隙模型,同时考虑挤喷流和应力诱导各向异性的影响,我们建立了应力作用下含流体岩石各向异性模型.基于本文的模型,我们研究了裂隙介质中单轴应力和充填流体对弹性波传播的影响.我们的模型成功预测了弹性波速度随应力的增加,同时表明了挤喷流造成纵波的各向异性频散更显著. 相似文献
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１９９２年１月海南省东方县发生小震群活动，本文利用在震中附近设立的５台ＤＣＳ－３０２数字磁带加速度地震仪记录的近场资料，进行了剪切波分裂的研究采用相关函数方法，通过对１８个做了精确定位的地震事件共４２条有效记录的分析，计算出了快剪切波的偏振方向为１１３°±１８Ｏ°，慢剪切波的时间延迟为（３．１±１．１）ｍｓ／ｋｍ，裂隙密度的平均值为０．００９７±０．００３３．结合该地区的地震活动性，分析了区域应力变化对时间延迟的影响，并根据ＥＤＡ理论讨论了分裂剪切波的时间延迟的变化特征，发现快、慢剪切波的到时差（时间延迟）随地震活动性及应力积累而变化，并推断出该区的主压应力场为北西西方向． 相似文献
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D. K. Wagh 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1970,82(1):62-65
Summary Cauchy theory of initial stress has been applied to investigate the influence of uniform initial stress on the propagation of plane waves in an unbounded elastic medium. It is found that if the initial principal stresses are unequal, the velocity depends on the direction in which the wave propagates, whereas when the initial principal stresses are equal, the velocity is independent of the direction of wave propagation. 相似文献
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为了解水库水体加、卸载及渗透过程中,库底岩石介质有效应力变化对弹性波速的影响,以及弹性波速变化与孔隙压力、有效应力变化之间的定量关系,以四川省紫坪铺水库为例,在前期已建立库区地质构造与水文地质结构模型,并推导出岩石介质变形与流体渗流耦合数学模型的基础上,进一步建立了有效应力对岩石弹性波速影响的数学模型,利用有限元方法定量计算了库底岩石介质的孔隙压力、附加有效应力和弹性波速的变化。结果表明:在水库水体加、卸载及渗透过程中,地下岩石介质弹性波速增量值的变化并不明显,最大变幅仅为±0.013km/s,变化范围主要集中在库底5km以上的局部区域;弹性波速增量值与附加有效应力变化同步,与水库水位变化形态相似;不同观测点弹性波速变化量的大小与埋藏位置、深度及附加有效应力的变化幅度有关,同一观测点,弹性纵波波速变化幅度大于弹性横波波速。文中数值模拟的结果与一些学者通过环境噪声方法获得的紫坪铺水库附近区域相对波速变化的反演结果在变化形态上大体一致,但变化幅度略有差异。 相似文献
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运用三维非线性动态有限元方法(Non-linear Dynamic FEM)仿真模拟研究了菱形模型的动态应力作用,分析了1976年唐山7.8级地震.结果表明:(1)唐山地震前增强的中强地震产生的冲击力形成的应力波反射后发生半波损失, 成为动态的拉伸应力,通过减小内摩擦而引起岩石产生裂纹、局部破裂并发生串通,一方面触发地震,另一方面为孕育唐山地震积累能量,表现为正反馈过程.(2)唐山地震产生的冲击力加卸载存在时间差,造成加卸载冲击波相位不同,结果产生的动应力和围压叠加致使围压波动和下降,导致抗剪切强度降低,使初始破裂分别向北东、西南方向传播.(3)冲击力的卸载,相对于产生拉伸性的应力波,反射后发生半波损失,成为动态的压缩应力,致使围压增大并导致破裂停止;而动态应力在传播过程中衰减.因此,余震的发生是一个负反馈过程. 相似文献
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弹性波在储层渗流场中的传播与衰减规律是研究波场强化采油动力学机理的重要基础.基于等效流体理论和饱和静态流体弹性波传播Biot理论,建立油水两非混相流体渗流条件下储层多孔介质中弹性波传播的动力学模型,通过算例求解与分析,发现含油水两相渗流储层多孔介质中同时存在着3种纵波P1、P2、P3和1种横波S;受频率和含水饱和度的影响,各波波速和品质因子呈现出不同变化规律,4种体波波速与频率、饱和度正相关,P1、P2波品质因子与饱和度正相关,P3和S波品质因子与饱和度负相关;最后,通过与传统静态弹性波模型结果对比,进一步分析了宏观渗流场对弹性波传播特征的影响规律,为揭示低频人工地震波辅助强化采油技术的动力学机理和工艺参数优化提供了重要理论依据. 相似文献
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We present 2D dynamic rupture models of the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake based on linear slip-weakening friction. We use different types of available observations to constrain our model parameters. The distribution of stress drop is determined by the final slip distribution from slip inversions. As three groups of along-dip slip distribution are suggested by different slip inversions, we present three slip-weakening models. In each model, we assume uniform critical slip distance eastward from the hypocenter, but several asperities with smaller critical slip distance westward from the hypocenter. The values of critical slip distance are constrained by the ratio of deep to shallow high-frequency slip-rate power inferred from back projection source imaging. Our slip-weakening models are consistent with the final slip, slip rate, rupture velocity and high-frequency power ratio inferred for this earthquake. The average static stress drop calculated from the models is in the range of 4.5–7 MPa, though large spatial variations of static stress drop exist. To prevent high-frequency radiation in the region eastward from the hypocenter, the fracture energy needed there is in the order of 10 MJ/m2, and the average up-dip rupture speed cannot exceed 2 km/s. The radiation efficiency calculated from our models is higher than that inferred from seismic data, suggesting the role of additional dissipation processes. We find that the structure of the subduction wedge contributes significantly to the up-dip rupture propagation and the resulting large slip at shallow depth. 相似文献
16.
Cracks play a very important role in many geotechnical issues and in a number of processes in the Earth’s crust. Elastic waves can be used as a remote sensing tool for determining crack density. The effect of varying crack density in crystalline rock on the P- and S-wave velocity and dynamic elastic properties under confining pressure has been quantified. The evolution of P- and S-wave velocity were monitored as a suite of dry Westerly granite samples were taken to 60, 70, 80 and 90 % of the unconfined uniaxial strength of the sample. The damaged samples were then subjected to hydrostatic confining pressure from 2 MPa to 200 MPa to quantify the effect of varying crack density on the P- and S-wave velocity and elastic properties under confining pressure. The opening and propagation of microcracks predominantly parallel to the loading direction during uniaxial loading caused a 0.5 and 6.3 % decrease in the P- and S-wave velocity, respectively. During hydrostatic loading, microcracks are closed at 130 MPa confining pressure. At lower pressures the amount of crack damage in the samples has a small but measureable effect. We observed a systematic 6 and 4 % reduction in P- and S-wave velocity, respectively, due to an increase in the fracture density at 2 MPa confining pressure. The overall reduction in the P- and S-wave velocity decreased to 2 and 1 %, respectively, at 50 MPa. The elastic wave velocities of samples that have a greater amount of microcrack damage are more sensitive to pressure. Effective medium modelling was used to invert elastic wave velocities and infer crack density evolution. Comparing the crack density results with experimental data on Westerly granite samples shows that the effective medium modelling used gave interpretable and reasonable results. Changes in crack density can be interpreted as closure or opening of cracks and crack growth. 相似文献
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在油、气储层的勘探和开发中观察到的一个现象是储层岩石中普遍存在孔隙和裂隙.随着近年来孔、裂隙介质弹性波动理论的进展,我们可以将此理论应用于测井技术,以此来指导从声波测井中测量孔、裂隙地层的声学参数.本文计算了孔、裂隙地层里充流体井眼中的多极子声场,分析了声场随裂隙介质的两个主要参数(即裂隙密度和裂隙纵横比)的变化特征.井孔声场的数值计算表明裂隙密度可以大幅度地降低井中声波纵、横波的波速和振幅.随着裂隙密度的增加,在测井频段内也可以看到纵、横波速的频散现象(这种频散在孔隙地层中一般是观察不到的).本文还研究了多极子模式波 (即单极的Stoneley波、伪瑞利波以及偶极的弯曲波)随裂隙参数的变化特征.结果表明,这些模式波的振幅激发和速度频散都受裂隙密度的影响.裂隙密度越高影响越大.此外,裂隙还对模式波的传播造成较大的衰减.相对裂隙密度而言,裂隙纵横比是一个频率控制参数,它控制裂隙对声场影响的频率区间.本文的分析结果对裂缝、孔隙型地层的声波测井具有指导意义. 相似文献
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G.S. Murty 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》1975,11(1):65-79
Assuming that the interface of two loosely bonded half spaces permits a finite amount of slip, and that a simple linear relation exists between the prevailing shearing stress and the slip, a generalised secular equation for the Stoneley mode is derived and solved numerically. The two limiting cases of smooth interface and bonded interface are shown to be special cases of this general problem.For some range of values of the elastic constants of the half spaces, unattenuated and undispersed interfacial waves can propagate along the interface only when the interface is smooth or bonded. For the same combination of elastic properties of the half spaces, the loosely bonded interface will cause the interfacial wave to be attenuated and dispersed.The usefulness of this model in relation to the problem of attenuation and dispersion of elastic body waves is briefly discussed. 相似文献
19.
固体围压下完整花岗岩粘滑现象的实验研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文用完整的花岗岩样品在固体围压三轴实验装置上压缩,研究围压和应变速率对岩样变形破裂过程、粘滑应力降、粘滑复发间隔及样品主破裂几何分布的影响。结果表明,加载速率较低时,粘滑应力降较大,复发间隔较长且分布无规律。加载速率越大,粘滑应力降越小,复发间隔也近似相等,粘滑事件表现出准周期性。围压和应变率较低时,岩石的主破裂会演变成两个交叉的共轭断裂面;而围压和应变率较高时,岩石的主破裂则演变成单一断裂面或入字形断裂面。本文结果对认识中国大陆板内地震孕育、发生及重复过程;研究地震重复发生的机制及影响地震复发间隔的主要因素都有重要意义。 相似文献
20.
Summary Two different viewpoints of the phase velocities of the elastic surface waves in isotropic, laterally inhomogeneous media have led to inconsistent results. Arguments in terms of surface wave modes give the conclusion that the phase velocity is independent of the propagation direction, while the outcome of calculations based on a constructive interference of body waves in a surface layer is that the phase velocity is dependent on the propagation direction. Both arguments are summarized and an error in the calculations giving dependence is pointed out. The calculations and observations of surface wave amplitude changes in laterally inhomogeneous media are also summarized. 相似文献